Psych Final Exam-Chapters 12-13

_____ is a technique in cognitive therapy.

Decatastrophize

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression? A. Men are nearly twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with depression. B. Studies have found very low rates of depression in Native American groups. C. Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen. D. Individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to develop depression than their higher-SES counterparts.

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

_____ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

_____ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health.

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.

anti-anxiety

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of

resistance.

Which of the following class of drugs is used to treat agoraphobia? A. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors B. neuroleptics C. tetracyclic drugs D. tricyclic drugs

tricyclic drugs

A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by

trying to get the patient to identify irrational and self-defeating thoughts.

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least

two weeks.

Which of the following features of group therapy helps individuals who share a psychological disorder observe that others feel anguish and suffering as well? A. information B. universality C. altruism D. interpersonal learning

universality

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by

warmth and support.

Alex has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following, if true, is most likely to have played a role in the development of his disorder? A. Alex has very sensitive and liberal parents. B. Alex is unambitious and has low self-standards. C. Alex has respiratory system abnormalities. D. Alex suffered a head injury as a child.

Alex has respiratory system abnormalities.

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE? A. Panic disorder is associated with neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and GABA. B. Theories of the origins of panic attack take into account biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. C. Lactate, which plays a role in brain metabolism, has been found to be elevated in individuals with panic disorder. D. American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

Beck's cognitive

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

_____ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to influence and change the feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

Cognitive

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

Dissociative disorders

_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

Effexor

Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques? A. Freud believed that transference was an avoidable aspect of the analyst-patient relationship. B. Transference is the psychoanalytic term for the client's unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from understanding the person's problems. C. Resistance is the psychoanalytic term for the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life. D. Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs? A. Neuroleptic drugs treat the causes of schizophrenia, not its symptoms. B. Neuroleptic drugs have substantially increased the length of hospital stays for individuals with schizophrenia. C. Neuroleptic drugs are widely used to treat bipolar disorder. D. If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis? A. In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish. B. Dreams represent unconscious conflicts which should be excluded while practicing psychodynamic therapy. C. Dreams provide individuals with an outlet to express their conscious wishes and desires. D. In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst asks a person to say aloud whatever comes to mind.

In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder? A. The brain chemical, lactate, is deficient in individuals with panic disorder. B. In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder. C. In terms of sociocultural factors in the United States, men are twice as likely as women to have panic attacks. D. Individuals who suffer from panic attacks are less likely to display overgeneralization of fear learning.

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true? A. It is the only diagnostic system. B. It relies on procedural norms and objective judgments. C. It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction. D. It was devised by the World Health Organization.

It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.

Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5? A. It classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions or axes. B. It lays strong emphasis on a person's strengths and weaknesses to destigmatize psychological disorders. C. It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma. D. It does not rely on social norms and subjective judgments.

It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE? A. Biological therapies are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning. B. Drug therapy is the most common form of biological therapy. C. Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states. D. Medical doctors can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders.

Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Psychosis

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model? A. According to the biopsychosocial model, biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior. B. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior. C. According to the biopsychosocial perspective, a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder. D. The biopsychosocial model gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior.

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE? A. Psychosurgery is a biological therapy that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment. B. A prefrontal lobotomy is a type of psychosurgery that involves severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus. C. The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy. D. Present-day psychosurgery involves making just a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system.

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of these statements supports that underlying belief? A. Older siblings are usually relied upon to provide therapeutic solutions. B. The individual must be cured before the remainder of the family is infected. C. The psychological symptoms of a person are a function of the family relationship. D. Mothers and fathers are the cause of almost every psychological problem.

The psychological symptoms of a person are a function of the family relationship.

Which of the following indicates the view of a humanistic therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems? A. They occur as a result of transference between the therapist and the client. B. They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level. C. They occur as a result of learned inappropriate behaviors. D. They occur as a result of irrational thoughts and beliefs.

They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level.

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies? A. They encourage self-awareness as the key to psychological health. B. They offer action-oriented strategies to help people change underlying thoughts or emotions. C. They lay emphasis on the person's self-healing capacities. D. They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

_____ treat depression by increasing the level of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Tricyclics

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy? A. transference B. altruism C. self-efficacy D. self-actualization

altruism

A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from

anxiety disorder

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for

anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating

anxiety disorders.

Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders? A. systematic desensitization B. flooding C. applied behavior analysis D. aversion therapy

applied behavior analysis

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT A. behavior that is deviant. B. behavior that is maladaptive. C. behavior that is inconsistent. D. behavior that involves personal distress over a long period of time.

behavior that is inconsistent.

Which of the following classes of drugs are NOT considered antidepressants? A. tricyclics B. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors C. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) D. benzodiazepines

benzodiazepines

Which of the following treatments reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning? A. psychotherapies B. humanistic therapies C. cognitive-behavioral therapies D. biological therapies

biological therapies

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

biopsychosocial

Lithium is commonly used to treat

bipolar disorder.

Genetic factors are stronger predictors of _____ than of _____.

bipolar disorder/depressive disorders

According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?

bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness

The release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience is known as

catharsis.

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy

clearly shows that psychotherapy works.

All of the following are considered a form of behavior therapy EXCEPT A. operant conditioning. B. aversive conditioning. C. systematic desensitization. D. client-centered therapy.

client-centered therapy

A major advantage to group therapy is that

clients have more opportunity to develop social skills.

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy.

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing

cognitive-behavior therapy.

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? A. hypnosis B. cognitive restructuring C. deep relaxation D. dream analysis

deep relaxation

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from

depression.

One aspect of family therapy is the idea that a family member's symptoms are a function of the family relationships. If, for example, a teenage son is the scapegoat of the parents, which family-therapy technique would be the most appropriate to use? A. validation B. reframing C. structural change D. detriangulation

detriangulation

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.

disease

According to biological forms of therapy, when an individual is suffering from a severe episode of major depressive disorder, which of the following treatment approaches will be useful in reducing his symptoms in the short-run and provide rapid relief to the person's mood? A. psychoanalysis B. electroconvulsive therapy C. cognitive-behavioral therapy D. rational-emotive therapy

electroconvulsive therapy

Community mental health programs seek to help people who are disenfranchised from society to lead happier, more productive lives through the concept of

empowerment.

Adrian is a cognitive therapist. He intends to help his client Troy, who feels that he is a born loser and will continue to be a loser in the future. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques should be implemented by Adrian? A. questioning the evidence B. examining options and alternatives C. examining advantages and disadvantages D. guided association

examining advantages and disadvantages

Systematic desensitization involves

exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.

Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.

family therapy

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in

family therapy.

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to

help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

Decatastrophize technique in cognitive therapy involves

helping the client evaluate whether he is overestimating the nature of a situation.

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on

illogical thoughts.

The primary premise of humanistic therapy is that

individuals possess the capacity to heal themselves.

Dr. Guerrero uses different therapies based on the benefits they provide for her clients. Currently she is using a behavioral approach to treat an individual with panic disorder and a cognitive therapy approach to treat a client with major depressive disorder. Dr. Guerrero is practicing

integrative therapy.

Chaz has been on antipsychotic medication for several weeks now. As a consequence, he is most likely to experience the side effect of

involuntary muscle movement.

According to Freudian dream analysis, the unconscious, hidden aspects that are symbolized by the manifest content of dreams refers to the _____ content.

latent

Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to

learn how to relax.

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the

lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

maladaptive thoughts

ames dreamed that he went to his neighbor's house at midnight and made himself a sandwich. His psychoanalyst interpreted the dream to mean that James really wanted to have sex with his neighbor's wife. Making the sandwich was the A. hidden content of the dream. B. manifest content of the dream. C. latent content of the dream. D. resistant content of the dream.

manifest content of the dream.

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.

medical model

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug? A. nervousness B. increased appetite C. memory difficulties D. suicidal thoughts

memory difficulties

Gabriella has been diagnosed with depression and is currently under medication. Her doctor has prescribed her selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. According to this information, which of the following side effects will be experienced by Gabriella as a result of taking this medication? A. nausea B. toxicity C. drowsiness D. trembling

nausea

Which of the following is a class of antipsychotic drugs that is administered as a part of drug therapy? A. tricyclics B. neuroleptics C. benzodiazepines D. tetracyclics

neuroleptics

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

nondirective

Abnormal behavior is

personally distressful over a long period of time.

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Charlotte is a psychologist who believes in the following statement, "Abnormal behavior is the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts." Since she believes in this statement, it can be inferred that Charlotte practices _____ therapy.

psychodynamic

Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows a _____ approach.

psychodynamic

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems? A. psychodynamic therapies B. humanistic therapies C. social learning therapies D. biological therapies

psychodynamic therapies

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

psychological

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the _______ to psychological disorders

psychological approach

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often? A. aversive conditioning B. psychotherapy C. psychosurgery D. drug therapy

psychosurgery

Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions? A. drug therapy B. cognitive therapy C. psychosurgery D. psychoanalysis

psychosurgery

Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment? A. electroconvulsive therapy B. psychotherapy C. psychoanalysis D. psychosurgery

psychosurgery

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

Neuroleptic drugs _____.

reduce schizophrenic symptoms

"I have never been a good problem solver. I am not direct enough to be successful," the client complained. "You do not see yourself as a direct problem solver?" responded the therapist. This conversation is an example of _____ and is typical of _____. A. free association/client-centered therapy B. transference/psychodynamic therapy C. reflective speech/psychodynamic therapy D. reflective speech/client-centered therapy

reflective speech/client-centered therapy

Elizabeth, a family therapist, tells Roy's family that his problem of cocaine addiction is related to the dynamics that exists within their family. According to this information, it can be inferred that Elizabeth practices the _____ technique.

reframing

In the context of family therapy, getting the family to acknowledge that the problem is a family problem and not just the problem of one individual is known as

reframing.

Which of the following is a cognitive therapy technique whereby clients rate their emotions in order to gain a perspective of their situation? A. distraction B. questioning the evidence C. labeling of distortions D. scaling

scaling

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

schizophrenia.

Clozapine is used to treat

schizophrenia.

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs? A. tricyclics B. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors C. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) D. benzodiazepines

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy? A. self-efficacy B. insight C. self-awareness D. cultural sensitivity

self-efficacy

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize

self-fulfillment rather than illness.

Carlos intends to help one of his clients who feels that he is a failure and is not capable of achieving anything in life. Which of the following cognitive therapies should be implemented by Carlos in this situation? A. contingency approach B. reflective speech C. self-instructional technique D. free-association technique

self-instructional technique

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression.

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario? A. biological approach B. anthropological approach C. sociocultural approach D. cognitive approach

sociocultural approach

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder? A. sociocultural approach B. behavioral approach C. biological approach D. cognitive approach

sociocultural approach

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.

sociocultural approach

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to

stabilize moods.

Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the _____ technique.

structural change

Which of the following is a technique that is used in family therapy? A. scaling B. guided Association C. structural change D. reattribution

structural change

Which of the following techniques should be most likely implemented by a behavioral therapist when a client has a fear of public speaking? A. dream analysis B. systematic desensitization C. aversive conditioning D. client-centered therapy

systematic desensitization

Frank is seeing a therapist for his spider phobia. The therapist first teaches him muscle relaxation and then they develop a stimulus hierarchy. Frank is seeing a therapist who uses

systematic desensitization.

The potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is _____, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.

tardive dyskinesia

What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD? A. the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts B. the presence of agoraphobia C. a history of past sexual abuse D. overprotective parents

the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts.

In psychoanalytic theory, the term transference is used to describe A. the gradual shifting of erogenous desires from the mouth to the genitals. B. the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life. C. efforts to redirect anxiety-provoking desires into socially acceptable actions. D. the repression of painful memories from conscious awareness.

the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life.

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders? A. the sociocultural approach B. the psychological approach C. the humanistic approach D. the biological approach

the psychological approach

Among the techniques used in family therapy, validation involves

the therapist finding something positive to say to each family member.

The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because

they are far removed from reality.

Which of the following is a primary goal of humanistic therapists? A. to change maladaptive behaviors B. to encourage personal growth C. to resolve unconscious conflicts D. to focus on illness rather than self-fulfillment

to encourage personal growth

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

to set off a seizure in the brain.

The side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors prescribed for agoraphobia is

toxicity.

In the context of psychoanalysis, a client interacting with an analyst as if the analyst were a parent or lover exemplifies the concept of

transference.

Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called

transference.

In the context of community mental-health movement, deinstitutionalization involves

transferring individuals with psychological disorders from mental institutions to community-based facilities.