Psych final

By the time people reach 80 years of age, the average brain will have decreased in weight by about ______ percent.

5

About when does menopause occur in most women?

50 years of age

Currently in the United States, ____ percent of those polled regard an unmarried couple with children to be a family.

80

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development?

A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community.

Patients with Alzheimer's disease show reduced levels of which neurotransmitter in their brains?

Acetylcholine

Charles has Alzheimer's disease. What can Charles and his family expect in the coming years?

His condition will worsen.

A developmental psychologist is MOST likely to study which of the following research questions?

How do children's eating habits change as they progress from childhood through adolescence?

Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood?

It emerges gradually in industrialized countries.

Which scenario exemplifies a key factor in predicting the timing of attachment?

Jayce is starting to crawl.

A saleswoman visited Kassandra and told her about a great new vacuum that cost $

Low-ball

For which of the following has Piaget's theory of cognitive development been criticized?

Piaget viewed the developing child in relative isolation from his or her family, community, and culture.

Which activity might allow Gwyneth to help her six-month-old granddaughter develop object permanence?

Playing peek-a-boo with her

The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called ____.

adolescence

Any action carried out with the intention of harming another person is referred to as

aggression

Roger attempts to get his way no matter whether it hurts other people's feelings or not. He tends to choose and make decisions for his family members without considering what they would prefer. Roger's behavior would best be described as

aggressive.

Being born into an organized society means that which of the following are present when we arrive?

all of these

Which physical change is not typical for people between 40 and 70 years of age

an increase in metabolism

Gloria's parents has a large minivan she calls a car. Her grandmother buys a small hybrid that Gloria also calls a car. This is a demonstration of ____.

assimilation

Yan has never seen a zebra. While watching a television show on animals, a zebra is shown and Yan says, "Look at the horse." According to Piaget, Yan is engaging in ____.

assimilation

The liking or disliking we have for people, places, and things in our world are known as ____.

attitudes

According to the textbook, the "ideal" parenting approach is the ________ style.

authoritative

Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.

avoidant

More so than mothers, fathers tend to ____.

be less accepting of cross-gender behaviors in their sons

Research suggests that if you wish to persuade an audience, both sides of the argument should

be presented only to a well-informed audience.

Regarding research on pubertal timing, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Boys tend to benefit from early maturation, while girls tend to benefit from late maturation.

Regarding gender differences in cognitive abilities, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Greater differences in cognitive abilities exist among females and among males than between females and males.

Which type of psychologist would most likely study such phenomena as the effects of parenting style on a child's emotional growth?

Developmental

Petra is able to imagine what would happen if parents were held legally responsible for the crimes of their children. She is capable of making an argument for or against this, regardless of her opinion. Which stage in Piaget's theory best describes this ability?

Formal operations

Which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development best describes the infant s/child's interaction with the world through action and purposeful manipulation of objects?

Sensorimotor

Marjorie is in her seventh month of pregnancy with her first child. Which of the following is true regarding her fetus's development?

The fetus can hear and recognize Marjorie's voice.

A six-month-old fetus has a good chance of surviving if born prematurely. Why?

The lungs function.

Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow's study (1958) of rhesus monkeys and attachment?

The mother's ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant.

Xan's offspring is in the embryonic stage of development. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be happening to Xan's offspring in this stage?

The offspring has grown from one ounce to two pounds.

Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment

What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism?

Theory of mind

Principal Sockman believes that weekly seminars designed to reward children for sensitivity and cooperation will help to reduce acts of aggression in his school. What does the research say about this type of intervention?

These programs have failed to gain research support.

Which statement is the most accurate with regard to the different domains studied within developmental psychology?

They are independent but interwoven.

Ping has a birth defect affecting her right arm. During which weeks of prenatal development is it likely that she was exposed to a teratogen that caused this defect?

Weeks 4 to 8

What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities?

When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.

Kohlberg's postconventional reasoning has been criticized as not representing a universal stage of moral development, but rather being ____ (Murphy, Gilligan, & Puka, 1994).

a characteristic of males in Europe and the United States

All of the following are likely to encourage helping behavior EXCEPT

a diffusion of responsibility.

Alma tells a fellow coworker that so many minority group members wouldn't be poor if they weren't so "lazy" and wanted to "live off the government." Alma's prejudiced statement is an example of

a just-world belief.

Penelope has decided to nurse her newborn daughter instead of using bottles and formula. She noticed that her daughter nurses for different amounts of time based on what Penelope has eaten that day. Which of the following snacks would be likely to lead the baby to breastfeed for the longest amount of time?

a plate of sweet pastries

What is the likely purpose of the palmar reflex?

a possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult's fur

In his experiments on conformity, Solomon Asch found that ____ of the participants conformed to an obviously incorrect group norm at least once in a series of trials.

about three-fourths

Postconventional moral reasoning is based on ____.

abstract principles of morality

Teachers are more likely to ____

accept incorrect answers from girls

Regarding Sternberg's triangular theory of love, empty love involves

commitment only.

During the ____ stage of cognitive development, children are capable of logical mental operations but only on physically present objects.

concrete operations

Ava, age five, and her mother are playing with clay. They make two round balls of the same size. Ava flattens one into a pancake shape and says "Look, Mommy, now this one has more clay." In this context, Ava does not yet understand ____.

conservation

Kyle takes some beers from a couple of cases his father keeps in the garage refrigerator. Kyle does this every once in a while so he can go drinking in the woods with friends and keep in good standing with them. Kyle is most likely in Kohlberg's ______ stage of moral reasoning.

conventional

Jean Piaget would have been most interested in the ____.

differences between the thought processes of children and adolescents

Racial profiling by law enforcement in which specific racial groups are targeted for questioning or cited more often than other groups for minor infractions, such as illegal lane change, is an example of

discrimination.

Regarding the long-term effects of early and late maturation in puberty, the research studies show that negative effects are generally not significant in the long run except for ____.

early-maturing females

As a baby, Inna was generally in a good mood, approached new people, and had a regular pattern of eating and sleeping. Inna most likely has a(n) ____ temperament.

easy

A psychologist taking the _____ view might look at the impact of where someone grew up when considering their development.

ecological

Finding something attractive or unattractive, desirable or undesirable is the basis for which component of an attitude?

emotional

On television, female characters are most likely to be depicted as ____.

emotional

Once children have entered into the preoperational stage of development, they are typically capable of ____.

symbolic thinking

As part of a psychology experiment, Rohit had to solve a set of math problems by himself and then another set of problems with three other people. Rohit found that he didn't apply himself as much in the group as when he was working alone. Remembering his psychology material, Rohit said to himself, "Oh, wow! I must be

exhibiting social loafing."

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of an attitude?

experience

Newborns demonstrate a marked preference for looking at ______.

faces

You ask your friend to review a couple of pages of your term paper as you begin writing the paper, and she agrees. Later, you ask her to read the whole 15-page paper after you finish. She will most likely comply because of the

foot-in-the-door effect.

In what Piagetian stage can an individual consider abstract ideas and hypothetical concepts?

formal operations

A compulsion by decision makers to maintain each other's approval, even at the cost of critical thinking and good judgment, is called

groupthink.

Carmen is at the age where she is likely to experience menopause. What is likely to greatly affect her experiences with menopause?

her expectations

The study of attribution is most closely associated with ____.

impression formation

A(n) ____ attachment style is characterized by the infant paying little attention to the mother and easily separating from her, whereas an ____ attachment style is characterized by the infant clinging to the mother and being reluctant to explore.

insecure-avoidant; insecure-resistant

A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____.

language and spatial relations

In terms of physical strength, stamina, coordination, dexterity and endurance, both men and women peak when they are in their ____.

late 20s and early 30s

The motivation behind the self-serving bias appears to be to ____.

make ourselves feel better

Research has shown that young infants do not see detail at a distance as well as adults do and need more contrast than adults in order to see well. According to the text, what research method was used?

measurement of the amount of time the baby spends viewing a pattern rather than a uniform screen

A woman ceases menstruation, marking the end of her fertile years, during ________.

menopause

The time in a woman's life when menstruation ends is called ____.

menopause

Through assimilation and accommodation, Piaget believes we attempt to maintain ____.

mental equilibrium

Shawn was born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Shawn's symptoms would be LEAST likely to include ____.

missing extremities

When your teacher announces that you are going to be discussing the theories and research of Lawrence Kohlberg, you can expect that you will be talking about ____ development.

moral

Asch is to conformity as Milgram is to

obedience

A gender identity is ____, whereas a gender role is ____.

one's sense of being male or female; society's expectation of femininity or masculinity

Which ability most contributes to the strength and endurance of the human species?

our ability to communicate, work together, and form alliances

After three hurricanes hit the state of Florida, many colleges relaxed their institutional policies on course refunds recognizing the special circumstances of why many students were unable to continue classes. According to Kohlberg, these colleges were operating at the ____ level of moral reasoning.

postconventional

An automobile driver who justifies speeding by saying that it is okay as long you do not have to pay a fine is most likely reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.

preconventional

Racism, sexism, and ageism are examples of

prejudices reflected in governmental policies.

There are three interwoven threads that are addressed in the chapter on developmental psychology. Which is not one of them?

psychiatric development

In what order do the following steps of development occur?

raise head, roll, sit, crawl, walk, hop

Joshua is very clingy with his parents. He generally refuses to move more than short distances from them and shows extreme distress when they leave. His behavior most likely reflects a(n) ____ attachment.

resistant

Conventional moral reasoning is to ____ as postconventional moral reasoning is to ____.

rules; principles

When one-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings, he will explore freely if his mother watches him. If she leaves the room he begins to cry, but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing. Terrace would be considered a(n) ____ infant.

securely attached

In a study by Steele, African-American college students performed poorer on a task than European-American college students when they were told the task was a test of academic ability, while they performed the same as the European-American college students when they were told the task was a laboratory problem-solving task. The results of this study illustrate the concept of

stereotype threat.

The study of human development considers changes in behavior ____.

that correlate with growth or maturation

Accommodation is the visual process by which ____.

the lens changes its shape to focus images more clearly on the retina

Older adults who are bilingual seem to experience a delayed onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease compared to monolingual older adults, possibly due to ____.

the presence of alternate routes for processing information

Which of the following is a classic model that is used to assess people's likelihood of acting in a cooperative or competitive manner?

the prisoner's dilemma

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development have been criticized because ____.

the procedures he used are considered unethical by today's standards

A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____.

the volume of gray matter in her child's brain

Developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in ____.

three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal

Assimilation is to ____, as accommodation is to ____.

use of existing schema; creation of new schema

The fetal stage of prenatal development lasts from ____.

week nine through delivery

In a jigsaw classroom, students ____.

work together on projects in ways that make them dependent upon each other

According to Lev Vygotsky, instruction from a parent can aid a child's cognitive development, particularly if the instruction is within the child's ____.

zone of proximal development