PSYCH FINAL RIP

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Imagine that a picture of a blue circle is briefly flashed in the left visual field of an individual with a severed corpus callosum. At the same time, a picture of a red square is briefly flashed in the right visual field. Based on Roger Sperry's work with split-brain patients, you could predict that this individual will say

"I saw a red square"

Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the weakest relationship between the two variables being measured is

+0.01.

You flip a coin at the fair 10 times. Each time it comes up heads, you get 10 cents. Each time it comes up tails, you lose 5 cents. What is your expected value for each flip of the coin?

+5 cents

Of the following correlation coefficients, the one that would allow the most accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would be

-0.79.

Suppose researchers find a negative relationship between alcohol consumption and the number of correct responses on a skills test: the more alcohol consumed, the lower the score. Which of the following fictitious statistics could possibly represent that correlation?

-0.87

A correlation coefficient will always have a value between

-1 and +1.

A correlation coefficient will always have a value between

-1 and 1

A theory that can account for the fact that people suffering from pain sometimes report pain relief from a sugar pill placebo is

. gate-control theory.

If a 100-Hz tone had to be increased to 110 Hz for a subject to just notice the difference, you would predict that a 1,000-Hz tone would have to be increased to

1,100 to be noticed.

A child's first words are generally spoken at about what age?

10 to 13 months

Research suggests that about ____ of the population does NOT respond to hypnosis.

10-20%

The vocabulary spurt typically begins at around

18-24 months

The vocabulary spurt typically begins at around

18-24 months.

While driving with her two young children, Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone, and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next ____ or she will forget the number.

20 seconds

Humans can hear sounds ranging in frequency from

20-20,000 Hz.

What is the mode of the following data? 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 12

Valerie is 18 months old. Her productive vocabulary probably consists of

3 to 50 words

Valerie is 18 months old. Her productive vocabulary probably consists of

3 to 50 words.

The median of the following distribution of scores 1, 2, 3, 7, 7 is

What is the median of the following data? 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 9

According to Pinker and Bloom (1992), if the acquisition of language produced a 1% difference in mortality rates among overlapping Neanderthal and human populations, Neanderthals would have become extinct in

4,000 generations

4,000 generations.

The English language contains approximately

40 phonemes

The English language contains approximately

40 phonemes.

With the exception of the sex cells, every cell in the human body contains

46 chromosomes.

Babies start babbling at about what age?

6 months

A recent investigation of potential sampling bias in psychological research indicated that approximately ___ of the samples in published studies came from the United States.

68%

If Beth is a typical infant, she will first show signs of understanding the meaning of familiar words such as Beth, milk, and Mommy at about ____ months of age.

When Celeste was playing her stereo at 40 decibels and turned it up to 44 decibels, she could notice that it was louder. Based on this information you could predict that if Celeste has her stereo playing at 80 decibels, her just noticeable difference for loudness would be

8 decibels, twice as much as it was at 40 decibels.

Ashley is just starting to show signs of understanding the meanings of familiar words. Based on research that has investigated milestones in language development, you should expect that Ashley is approximately

8 months old

8 months old.

Ivan's bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was first issued his credit card. Last week, a different company bought out the credit card division and issued him a new PIN of 9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you would expect that he will enter the digits

8624, his old PIN.

Which research method involves an in-depth investigation of an individual subject?

A case study

a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.

A conditioned stimulus is

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be associated with the use of Ecstasy (MDMA)?

A high risk for physical dependence

associate the opponent with a negative emotional response

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be LEAST likely to dream about?

A political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases

Which of the following is an example of what is meant by perceptual constancy?

A round pie tin always appears to us as round.

Skinner Box

A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a

The implantation of electrodes in the brains of animals is accomplished through the use of which of the following?

A stereotaxic instrument

Which of the following situations would lead you to suspect that a child has a language development problem?

A two-year-old child babbles and uses a few words.

Dopamine hypothesis

Abnormal activity at dopamine synapses plays a crucial role in the development of schizophrenia

actually performing a behavior that has been learned

According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual

your expectation of being reinforced for the response

According to Bandura, your motivation to perform an observed response depends on

are attending to complicated, high-load tasks

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals

accurately predicts the presentation of the US

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with a US is a CS that

Jeremy is sitting quietly when the muscles in his left leg begin to "twitch." This activation of movement in his voluntary muscles is most likely due to the release of the neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

Which of the following transmitters is NOT a monoamine? (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine)

Acetylcholine

___ nerves receive information, while ___ nerves carry out instructions.

Afferent; efferent

____ nerves receive information, while ____ nerves carry out instructions.

Afferent; efferent

Which of the following has NOT been shown to influence the perception of pain in humans?

Age

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

Algorithms exist for all clearly defined problems.

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate? . Algorithms can be used to apply the trial-and-error approach systematically. B. Algorithms exist for all clearly defined problems. C. If an algorithm is available for a problem, it guarantees that a solution can eventually be found. D. Algorithms may be impractical when the problem space is large

Algorithms exist for all clearly defined problems.

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

All languages use all of the phonemes of which humans are capable.

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate? A. Humans are capable of producing about 100 phonemes. B. Phonemes are combined into morphemes. C. All languages use all of the phonemes of which humans are capable. D. A letter of the alphabet is represented by more than one phoneme if it has more than one pronunciation.

All languages use all of the phonemes of which humans are capable.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Although subliminal perception was once dismissed by scientists as preposterous, recent data have made the notion less implausible.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Although telegraphic speech is not unique to the English language, it is not a cross-culturally universal aspect of language development.

A patient's fear outbursts are found to be caused by pressure applied to the brain by a tumor. Where is the tumor likely to be found?

Amygdala

You are having a conversation with your psychology professor, and he proposes that neural circuits supporting language emerge gradually in response to language-learning experiences. Which type of theorist would likely agree with his assertions?

An emergentist theorist

Statistical procedures are used during which step in conducting a scientific investigation?

Analyze the data and draw conclusions

Evolutionary psychology

Analyzes behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive significanc

What is true about anecdotal evidence?

Anecdotal evidence can usually be found to support any position. Anecdotal evidence often reflects a distortion in self-report. Anecdotal evidence is based on a single example and may reflect sampling bias.

Which of the following statements concerning anecdotal evidence is false?

Anecdotal evidence rarely influences a person's opinion or behavior.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of animals in psychological research is MOST accurate?

Animals are used as subjects in less than 10% of psychological research studies

Which of the following reasons for conducting psychological research with animals is MOST controversial?

Animals can be exposed to treatments that would be unacceptable for human exposure

Which of the following statements concerning the ability of animals to acquire language is FALSE?

Animals have never shown behavior that suggests an understanding of grammatical rules.

Which of the following statements concerning the ability of animals to acquire language is FALSE? A. Some language-like skills have been taught to a number of species. B. Questions remain concerning whether the language-like behavior of animals demonstrate all the critical properties of language. C. Animals have never shown behavior that suggests an understanding of grammatical rules. D. The ability to use language in a very basic, primitive way may not be entirely unique to humans.

Animals have never shown behavior that suggests an understanding of grammatical rules.

What are goals of scientific psychology

Applications of research findings to solve everyday problems Understanding why certain behaviors occur The development of measurement techniques for describing behavior precisely and accurately

Endorphins

Are like morphine, deal with body's pain

Parietal lobe

Area that registers touch (primary somatosensory cortex)

negative reinforcement; avoidance learning

As a teenager, it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually, you learned that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning, you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your mother was successful in getting you to clean your room through the use of ____ to establish ____.

Adoption studies

Assess hereditary influence by examining resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents

a conditioned response

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

Thalamus hypothalamus and limbic system are where?

At the top of brain stem

Cognitive processes are involved in which of the following key processes associated with observational learning?

Attention and retention

Parasympathetic division

Autonomic nervous system, conserves bodily resources

Based on past experience, Sue decides not to take her two five-year-old grandsons to the movies at the same time. Sue is using which decision-making strategy?

Availability heuristic

A cue light comes on in a dog's shuttle box. The dog jumps the hurdle to the other side. What procedure is being used?

Avoidance

negative reinforcement

Avoidance conditioning develops through

Efferent nerves

Axons carry information from CNS to periphery

In light of their views on language acquisition, which theorist would expect apes to progress the furthest in language development?

B. F. Skinner

In the 1930s, learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by

B. F. Skinner.

In light of their views on language acquisition, which theorist would expect apes to progress the furthest in language development?

BF Skinner

It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by

BF Skinner

Two students took a memory test that involved 20 nouns shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor; Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that

Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.

The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Bandura's theory of observational learning.

use conscious, careful deliberation

Based on the results from the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, if an individual is faced with a simple decision, you should encourage the individual to

The fact that your memory for a specific event may be influenced by the amount of attention you pay to the event, the level at which you process information about the event, how you organize the information, and the amount of interference you experience reflects which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

Behavior is determined by multiple causes.

Natural selection is applicable to?

Behavioral traits and physical characteristics

The fact that children appear to learn rules, rather than specific word combinations, when acquiring language skills argues most strongly AGAINST which theory of language development?

Behaviorist

You are having a conversation with your psychology professor, and he proposes that your language determines the nature of your thought. Which theorist would agree with his assertions?

Benjamin Whorf

Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?

Beta

Of the following individuals who would be least likely to develop heart disease?

Bill who is a Type B personality

Which of the following individuals is likely to be at the HIGHEST level of sympathetic arousal?

Bill, who is anticipating an exam he will take within the hour and for which he is unprepared

Eric Kandel earned a Nobel Prize for his research showing that specific memories depend on

Biochemical alterations in transmission at specific synapses

Given our present knowledge concerning pitch perception, which theory seems more accurate?

Both the frequency and place theories are partly correct

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

EEG used to diagnos?

Brain damage, epilepsy, neurological disorders

The study of source monitoring, the process of making attributions about the origins of memories, is MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?

Brenda Milner

Which child is exhibiting underextension?

Brenda, who uses the word "car" only when referring to her mother's car

The area of the frontal lobe that plays an important role in the production of speech is called

Broca's area.

Nerves

Bundles of axons routed togehter in the PNS

Afferent nerve fibers

Carry info inward to the CNS

Cerebrum

Center of complex thought--sensing, thinking learning, emotion, voluntary movement

The ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions is handled by the ____ component of working memory.

Central Executive

Hindbrain

Cerebellum, medula, pons

What was an item of evidence Chomsky would use to support the idea of an inborn language-learning mechanism?

Children learn language very quickly and effortlessly. The general rate of language learning is similar for kids from diverse backgrounds. The errors in child speech are common and indicate lawfulness.

Which of the following are generally considered the key functional units in hereditary transmission?

Chromosomes

rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns

Chunking involves

sensory memory works

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The "blurred" image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?

Citrus

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

Cocaine

Which of the following statements concerning functional fixedness is MOST accurate?

Compared to older children and adults, young children are less likely to show evidence of functional fixedness.

classical conditioning

Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of

Spinal cord

Connects brain to rest of body through peripheral nervous system

When you attempt to recall the name of a high school classmate by imagining yourself back in English class with her, you are making use of

Context cues

Assuming the reinforcer is the sound of the rattle, a baby's response of shaking a rattle is reinforced according to which type of schedule?

Continuous reinforcement

Medula

Controls blood circulation, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing, coughing, salivatin

Which of the following is NOT one of the pictorial depth cues?

Convergence

Cerebellum

Coordination of movement, equilibrium, physical balance--damage kills fine motor skills

distributed practice

Corbin is convinced that he remembers the material from his text much better when he studies for 3 hours straight through on the night before the exam, rather than when he studies for 30 minutes each night on 6 consecutive nights. Corbin's experience is NOT consistent with memory research that has documented the effectiveness of

The school of painting that reduces reality to combinations of geometric forms laid out in a flat space is

Cubism.

Split brain surgery

Cut corpus callosum to reduce severity of epileptic seizures

retrograde amnesia

Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Deception has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s.

Which of the following is NOT a common effect produced by hypnosis?

Decrease in sensitivity to suggestions

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

Decreasing the amount of time spent watching television

Which of the following statements regarding the use of definitions in psychology is the MOST accurate?

Definitions are typically crafted by experts in a specific field.

Seratonin and norepinephrine

Depression

Which of the following pairs of terms related to the goals of science are MOST clearly associated with the concept of correlation?

Description and prediction

Genetic mapping

Determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes ion specific chromosomes

EEG

Device that monitors electrical activity of the brain over time--electrodes on scalp

Which of the following BEST describes how we hear according to place theory?

Different sound frequencies vibrate different portions of the basilar membrane, producing different pitches.

Which of the following is one of the six standard parts of a psychological journal article?

Discussion

Which of the following is one of the six standard parts of a psychological journal?

Discussion

Which section of a journal article describing psychological research contains the author's interpretation and evaluation of the data?

Discussion

Which of the following does NOT guide our perceptual hypotheses?

Distal stimuli

Monoamines

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

emergentist theories of language acquisition

Dr. DeGroot believes that children gradually acquire language skills as neural circuits that support language develop within the brain. Dr. DeGroot further believes that these neural circuits will not develop unless children are exposed to appropriate language-learning experiences. Dr. DeGroot's views MOST closely mirror those found in

interactionist theories

Dr. Grath believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Grath's views are MOST consistent with those of

You are having a conversation with your psychology professor, and she proposes that language evolved as a device to build and maintain social coalitions in increasingly larger groups. Which theorist would agree with her assertions?

Dunbar

Meditation has its roots in

Eastern religions.

Bonnie has a disease that disrupts the functioning of her hypothalamus. With which of the following areas of functioning is she likely to have serious difficulty?

Eating, drinking, and body temperature control.

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

Electromyograph

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

Electrooculograph

If an alternative is eliminated whenever it fails to satisfy some minimum criterion on an attribute, which decision-making strategy is being used?

Elimination by aspects

Natural selection

Engine that fuels the process of evolution

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Escape

Which of the following is a major assumption of science?

Events occur in a relatively orderly or predictable manner.

Why does the text advocate the spacing of study sessions as a method for improving your memory?

Evidence suggests that massed study sessions leads to poor retention.

PET

Examine brain function, map activity in brain over time

voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

Glutamate

Excitatory effects

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive/correlational research method?

Experiment

Which type of error is the research study by Rosenthal and Fode described in the text used to illustrate?

Experimenter bias

What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

Exposure to light

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

Fear of the balcony

Corpus callosum

Fibers passing info between two hmispheres

Walter Cannon

Fight or flight

____ refers to the reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population.

Fitness

A salesperson earns a commission for each item of clothing she sells. Commission on clothing sales is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Fixed ratio

Mark is meditating by concentrating on a specific sound to narrow his attention. Mark is using which style of meditation?

Focused attention

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Food

Which of the following heuristics would you probably employ if assigned the task of carrying out a school election?

Form subgoals

Nina is overregularizing a grammatical rule

Four-year-old Nina says, "I runned all the way home." This MOST likely indicates that

Fred needs major heart surgery, and he has consulted with two doctors about the operation. Dr. Marx tells Fred he has a 90% chance of surviving the surgery; Dr. Scalli tells Fred there is a 10% chance that he won't survive the surgery. Based on Kahneman and Tversky's research,

Fred is most likely to let Dr. Marx perform the operation.

The ____ were more concerned with interpreting a viewer's fleeting perception of reality than with recreating the photographic "reality" of a scene.

French Impressionists

Primary motor cortex

Frontal lobe, fine motor control/motor control in general

Which of the following are generally considered the key functional units in hereditary transmission?

Genes

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

George Miller

The organizational principles that are evident in the paintings of Cubists are

Gestalt principles.

Rather than provide details about the party she just attended, Patty tried to give her overall impression, operating on the assumption of ____, that the whole may be greater than the mere sum of its parts.

Gestalt psychology

steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction

Given the same overall frequency of reinforcement on a fixed and a variable schedule of reinforcement, you should predict that the variable reinforcement schedule will tend to produce

Reticular formation

Group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal through brainstem

The text described the case of H. M. who following brain surgery developed a severe case of anterograde amnesia. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe H. M.'s memory?

He could not remember events that occurred between one year prior to and one year after his surgery

What has been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?

Health problems, including ulcers and asthma Emotional problems including depression Excess anxiety and tension

Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games, had cake and ice cream, and got goodie bags." In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake. Christine's inaccurate memory most likely resulted from

Her birthday party schema

Alice decided that her dream of flying reflects her desire to escape from an unfulfilling marriage. What would a contemporary dream theorist say to Alice?

Her interpretation may be accurate because she is the person best equipped to decipher her dream.

Which of the following theorists encouraged the study of cognitive activity that helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s?

Herbert Simon

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects the roles of heredity and environment in shaping our behavior?

Hereditary endowment plays an indirect role in molding our behavior.

Darwin's theory of natural selection is MOST directly related to which of the text's unifying themes in psychology?

Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.

In a set of identical twins who have been raised together, one of them develops schizophrenia, but the other does not. Which of the unifying themes discussed in the text is this illustrative of?

Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects the roles of heredity and environment in shaping our behavior?

Heredity endowment plays an indirect role in molding our behavior

The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Prefrontal cortex

Higher-order functions, like working memory

Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?

Highly subjective

The idea that hypnosis is associated with divided consciousness and is an altered state is MOST consistent with which of the following theories of hypnosis?

Hilgard's dissociation theory

Damage to which of the following is MOST likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?

Hippocampal region

Which of the following areas of the brain is associated with the severe memory impairment that occurs in Alzheimer's disease?

Hippocampal region

In addition to its role in motor behavior, acetylcholine has been suggested to be involved in attention, arousal, learning, and memory, and its degeneration related to Alzheimer's disease. Given what you have learned about the brain, in what structure would you expect to find a high percentage of acetylcholine receptors?

Hippocampus

the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You."

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You," her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

The child learned the rule for making the past tense of verbs as a result of hearing the speech of others

How would Chomsky MOST likely explain a young child saying, "I runned around the house?"

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Human beings begin life with an overabundance of synapses

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Human beings begin life with an overabundance of synapses.

In regards to the repressed memory controversy, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

If a specific case of alleged child abuse cannot be proven by independent evidence, individuals should conclude that the allegation was false.

an avoidance response

If you perform a behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening, your behavior is classified as

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

If you try to remember something but cannot, yet you know the information is in memory, you are experiencing the

retrieval

If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is

infants distinguish more phonemes than adults do

If you were to compare adult language ability with the language ability speech of infants under 6 months of age, you should expect to find that

Fixed interval

Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the LONGEST pause before its next response?

tone

In Pavlov's principle experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the

elicited; emitted

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning, the response is ____.

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

a wide variety of phonemes and consonant-vowel combinations.

In language development, babbling refers to producing

B. F. Skinner

In light of their views on language acquisition, which theorist would expect apes to progress the furthest in language development?

there was a long delay between CS and US

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

B. F. Skinner

In the 1930s, learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by

in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of Rocky behaving

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for decreasing the frequency of an undesirable behavior?

Increasing exposure to antecedents of the response

Which of the following statements is NOT correct in describing cultural differences concerning dreams?

Individuals in many non-Western cultures tend to have poorer recall of dreams than individuals in Western cultures

Series-completion problems are examples of which of Greeno's (1978) categories?

Inducing structure

Which class of problems involves discovering the relations among the parts of the problem?

Inducing structure

GABA

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Midbrain does what?

Integrates sensory processes like vision and hearing

Autonomic nervous system

Involuntary, visceral functions--nerves that connect to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands

Which of the following is a criticism of Skinner's model of language acquisition?

It is unreasonable to expect children to learn an infinite number of sentences by imitation.

Over the course of several nights Jack is selectively deprived of REM sleep and Jill deprived of slow-wave sleep. Which of the following best describes their pattern of sleeping when first allowed uninterrupted sleep?

Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased slow-wave sleep

With which of the following individuals is BF Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal mental events?

John Watson

Research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was redefined as the science of behavior by

John Watson.

Which of the following has NOT been described as a language-related behavior exhibited by Savage-Rumbauugh's star pupil, the chimpanzee Kanzi?

Kanzi developed comprehension of simple English sentences shown on a computer monitor

What did Kanzi do?

Kanzi developed comprehension of spoken English Kanzi acquired a vocabulary of hundreds of words and used thousands of word combinations Kanzi exhibited understanding and use of grammatical rules

Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a memory test,

Karina will recall more words than Calvin.

extinction

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

extinction

Kylee used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day. Her parents would put the pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylee how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven't been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylee has stopped bringing drawings home with her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of

Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to result in a fatal overdose?

LSD

Which of the following is NOT an item of evidence Chomsky would use to support the idea of an inborn language-learning mechanism?

Language learning in young children is different across cultures.

Which of the following is NOT an item of evidence Chomsky would use to support the idea of an inborn language-learning mechanism? A. Language learning in young children is different across cultures. B. Children learn language very quickly and effortlessly. C. The errors in child speech are common and indicate lawfulness. D. The general rate of language learning is similar for kids from diverse backgrounds.

Language learning in young children is different across cultures.

Left hemisphere processes what

Language, reasoning, remembering, problem solving

Forebrain

Largest, most complex region of brain--thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum

Earlier learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?

Latent learning, signal relations, and preparedness

Glutamate is best known for

Learning and memory contributions

Verbal stimuli, language, speech, reading, writing

Left hemisphere

Destroying a piece of brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as which of the following?

Lesioning

Which of the following brain structures is MOST closely associated with the regulation of emotion?

Limbic system

Which of the following brain structures or network of brain structures is MOST closely associated with the regulation of emotion?

Limbic system

WHat are pictorial depth cues?

Linear perspective Relative height Texture gradients

Kareem is working on a practical problem with his 16-year-old son, Josh, and his 8-year-old daughter, Lisa. They don't have the right tools for the job, and they need to come up with a creative solution that uses the items they have available. Based on research findings into the prevalence of functional fixedness, you should predict that

Lisa is most likely to come up with a solution because, in general, young children are less vulnerable to functional fixedness.

information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event

Loftus's work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

The long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses of a specific neural pathway is referred to as

Long-term potentiation

losses loom larger than gains of an equal size.

Loss aversion occurs when

Which procedure results in a high-quality, three-dimensional picture of the brain?

MRI scan

MRI

Magnetic fields, radio waves, computerized enhancement to map out brain structure, 3D immages with high resolution

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Making a child sit in the corner until he says "I'm sorry"

There is the GREATEST amount of debate on the risks associated with which of the following drugs?

Marijuana

Pituitary

Master gland that regulates other endocrine glands

Your grade point average is an example of which measure of central tendency?

Mean

What is associated with the use of ecstacy?

Memory deficits Strokes and seizures Depression and anxiety

episodic memory

Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as

The series of water-jug problems described in the text illustrates which barrier to effective problem solving?

Mental set

A researcher who wants to get a broad perspective on an area of research by combining the results from a large number of existing studies would be MOST likely to use which statistical technique?

Meta-analysis

The dopamine system involved in Parkinson's disease is located in which of the following areas of the brain?

Midbrain

Dopamine system for Parkinsons is where

Midbrain--involved in performing voluntary movements

What is good advice for avoiding sleep problems

Minimize consumption of stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine Establish a daytime exercise program Avoid daytime naps if you're having trouble sleeping at night

Strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to enrich encoding are termed

Mnemonic devices

Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Mobilizes body's resources for emergencies, creates fight or flight

The fact that the corner of a building thrust toward the viewer looks shorter than an inside corner thrust away from the viewer can be accounted for by the

Müller-Lyer illusion.

Night terrors are MOST closely associated with which of the following?

NREM sleep

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is MOST likely that Melissa is currently in

NREM sleep, and her movements are random.

Which type of theory BEST accounts for the apparent rapidity and ease of language acquisition in early childhood?

Nativist theory

Which research method involves a researcher engaging in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects?

Naturalistic observation

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Negative reinforcement involves

Somatic nervous system

Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

Peripheral nervous system

Nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

Mirror neurons

Neurons that are activated by performing an action/seeing another thing perform the same action

TMS

New technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain--virtual lesions, painless, noninvasive

Wernicke's area.

Newborn kittens

Which of the following usually occurs in REM sleep?

Nightmares

Four-year-old Nina says, "I runned all the way home." This MOST likely indicates that

Nina is overregularizing a grammatical rule.

Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings,. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone?

No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals.

Dr. Sciorro believes that because the majority of children acquire language without any effort, there must be a biological mechanism that facilitates language learning. Dr. Sciorro's views of language development most closely mirror those of

Noam Chomsky

You are having a conversation with your psychology professor, and he proposes that people have an inborn predisposition to develop language. Which theorist would agree with his assertions?

Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky.

Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your

Nondeclarative memory

Which of the following studies can truly demonstrate that specific traits are indeed inherited? (Twin studies, adoption studies, family studies)

None of the above

Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?

Nonsense syllables

Which of the following groups appears to be at increased risk of reality-monitoring errors?

Older adults

Adult humans form new neurons where

Olfactory bulb, hippocampus

The new fruit-flavored soft drink, because it was a novel stimulus and was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness

On Thursday morning, Charles prepared his typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with his breakfast, he tried eating guava for the first time. At lunchtime, he ate his typical lunch of tuna salad and potato chips. However, instead of having a Coke to drink with his lunch, he drank a new fruit-flavored soft drink for the first time. During the mid-afternoon, he became extremely ill. If his illness causes him to develop a conditioned response to something, which stimulus is likely to be the conditioned stimulus?

How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?

One day for each time zone crossed

One is most likely to encounter problems with the social desirability bias when using

Mark is meditating by attending to his immediate experience in a non-judgmental way. Mark is using which style of meditation?

Open monitoring

Which theory of color vision states that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors?

Opponent-process theory

The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies BEST illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

The fact that variations in cognitive style sometimes reflect the ecological demands of one's environment helps to illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Our construction of perceptual hypotheses illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?

Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

The fact that choices that are objectively identical can seem very different when reframed in different terms helps to illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of cerebrum

A child who says, "I sawed a cat in the yard," is making which of the following errors?

Overregularization

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Overregularizations reflect the fact that children do not acquire the rules of grammar in a single leap.

Which of the following brain-imaging techniques portrays the brain's actual activity across time

PET Scans

Which two procedures allow researchers to visualize changes in brain activity over time?

PET scan and fMRI

Amygdala

Part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

Hippocampus

Part of limbic system involved in learning and memory

Which of the following is NOT included in the ethical guidelines for human participants in psychological research?

Participants should be paid for their participation.

Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

People cannot remember their dreams because of too much time passing between when they dreamed and when they try to recall the dream.

Schemas, the misinformation effect, source monitoring, and the repressed memory controversy all reflect which unifying theme in psychology?

People's experience of the world is highly subjective.

The Featured Study presented in the text on how motives can affect perception demonstrates which of the texts's unifying themes?

People's experience of the world is highly subjective.

The observations that both the setting in which a psychoactive drug is taken and an individual's expectations influence the drug's effect and individuals vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology?

People's experience of the world is highly subjective.

The reconstructive nature of memory BEST reflects which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

People's experience of the world is highly subjective.

If Professor Trong were to argue that we discriminate different pitches because sound waves of different frequency displace different regions on the basilar membrane, which theory of auditory perception would Dr. Trong be arguing?

Place

Broca's area

Plays role in production of speech, left side of frontal lobe

Every time Brianna does the dishes, her parents give her a dollar. What type of reinforcement are Brianna's parents using?

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following techniques is likely to be MOST useful for locating specific neurotransmitter substances in the brain?

Positron emission tomography

What are common effects produced by hypnosis?

Posthypnotic suggestions Anesthesia Sensory distortions and hallucinations

The Gestalt principle of ____ implies that people organize visual perception in the ____.

Pragnanz; simplest manner possible

Executive control system is where?

Prefrontal cortex

they satisfy basic biological survival needs

Primary reinforcers are effective because

Classical conditioning does not account for how a child learns to

Print letters tie shoe laces sing a song

Which drugs are in the same group as LSD?

Psilocybin Mescaline

Joel is asked to provide a description of his neighbor's car after the car and the neighbor both disappear. He is surprised to find that he really can't accurately recall the make of the car or any special details that might help in identifying it. In this case, Joel may be experiencing

Psuedoforgetting

A computerized database that allows individuals to locate journal articles and other published works related to psychological research is

PsycINFO.

The fact that researchers focus their attention on findings that are unlikely to have occurred by chance illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?

Psychology is empirical.

How are hormones released

Pulsatile--several times per day in brief bursts or pulses that last only a few minutes

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

Punishment increases the frequency of undesired behavior.

Which of the following is NOT one of the perceived or psychological qualities of sound waves?

Purity

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

REM

If you normally sleep 8 hours each night and last night you only slept for 6 hours, which stage of sleep would be most affected by the loss of total sleep time?

REM (probably)

Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for

REM and slow-wave sleep.

Differences between a REM dream and a non-REM dream include

REM dreams are more vivid, visual, and story-like.

A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with

REM sleep.

Recent research suggests that neurogenesis may be fostered by

REM sleep.

number of responses given.

Ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the

Which of the following heuristics has been shown by evolutionary psychologists to be both simple and surprisingly effective?

Recognition heuristic

Hodgkin and Huxley

Recorded electrical activity of neurons

Research suggests that which of the following colors tends to HINDER performance in situations that demand achievement?

Red

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be one of the first words a child would learn?

Red

Hypothalamus

Regulates basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temp control, sex

Limbic system

Regulates emotion, memory, otivation (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus)

Thalamus

Relay center for cortex, handles incoming and outgoing signals except smell, integrates sensory info

media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults

Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that

have lower IQs

Research shows that children who are spanked tend to

Twin studies

Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait

Family studies

Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait

the immunosuppression

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would be

What happens when a person is meditating?

Respiration rate decreases Respiration rate decreases Heart rate decreases

Spinal cord

Responsible for transmitting info between brain and rest of body, handles reflexes

Medial forebrain bundle

Rich in dopamine releasing neurons

An elderly person has a stroke that leaves her unable to talk and part of her body paralyzed. Which part of the body is MOST likely to be paralyzed?

Right side

a recall task to recover information from Roberto's memory

Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using

Ron is making potato soup. His roommate tastes it and tells Ron it is great, but Ron thinks it needs more salt. He adds just a little salt and thinks the soup now tastes perfect. However, his roommate tastes it again and tells Ron that the soup is ruined because it is too salty. Apparently, for the taste of salt,

Ron has a higher absolute threshold than his roommate does.

Raul's parents make certain they thank Raul every time he clears the dishes from the table without being asked. Sadie's parents try to remember to thank Sadie every time she clears the table without being asked, but about half the time, they forget. Based on principles of operant conditioning, you should predict that

Sadie's table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than Raul's.

fear of the balcony

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

Salvador hates to work through the problems on his calculus assignments step by step, and he often tries shortcuts that might save him some time. It appears that Salvador prefers to use

heuristics rather than algorithms in solving calculus problems

Salvador hates to work through the problems on his calculus assignments step by step, and he often tries shortcuts that might save him some time. It appears that Salvador prefers to use

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

Schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory

Which is NOT among the goals of scientific psychology?

Searching for absolute truths about behavior

Which of the following is not an example of a direct effect health-related risk associated with recreational drugs?

Sedatives and alcohol can increase the risk of automobile accidents

Midbrain

Segment of brainstem that lies between hindbrain and forebrain

Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?

Semantic and episodic

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

Semantic encoding

ESB

Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to activate it--rats like it when you do the hypothalamus

A circus trainer wants to train a cat to pull a rope as part of an animal act. The probability that the cat will just pull a rope is very low. What technique would be the best choice to use to help the cat learn to emit the desired response?

Shaping

a variable-ratio schedule

Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes, the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being reinforced on

Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

Short-term memory

Which of the memory stores can hold the FEWEST pieces of information?

Short-term memory

The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes how visual information is transmitted to the brain?

Signals from both eyes go to both hemispheres of the brain.

Which of the following is the MOST general of the Gestalt principles describing how individual elements are grouped into higher-order figures?

Simplicity

A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a

Skinner box.

Pons

Sleep and arousal

Seratonin

Sleep, maybe aggression

To reduce exposure to predators

Sleep/wake cycle

Which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired by damaging the reticular activating system?

Sleep/wake cycle

Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?

Social psychology

With regard to the topic of deception in research with human subjects, which of the following is MOST accurate?

Some topics could not be investigated unless deception was used.

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

Stage 4

Peter is in a deep sleep, and his brain-wave pattern consists of low-frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

Stages 3 or 4

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

Storage

Which of the following is NOT a common methodological flaw to consider when evaluating scientific research?

Subject effect

In which of the scientific research methods are distortions in self-reports MOST likely to be of concern to the researcher?

Survey method

What is true about the gustatory system?

Taste cells live only about ten days. Taste cells are not distributed evenly across the surface of the tongue. Taste cells are concentrated in taste buds on the tongue.

Primary auditory cortex

Temporal lobe

Wernicke's area

Temporal lobe of the left hemisphere, comprehension of language

Photographers use special filters to cloud the image and give the perception of distance to photographs. Which monocular cue of depth perception does this demonstrate?

Texture gradient

What are picture depth cues?

Texture gradients Linear perspective Relative size

Amy has lost her sense of sight, hearing, and touch. Her symptoms are found to be caused by pressure applied to the brain by a tumor. Where is the tumor most likely to be found?

Thalamus

Amy has lost her senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Her symptoms are found to be caused by pressure applied to the brain by a tumor. Where is the tumor likely to be found?

Thalamus

Which brain structure appears to play an active role in integrating sensory information?

Thalamus

some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning.

The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology because

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

The American Psychological Association has developed strict ethical guidelines for research involving animals.

40 phonemes

The English language contains approximately

What event causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

The arrival of the action potential at the terminal buttons

semantics

The component of language that would be evident if an individual recognizes that "give" and "take" have opposite meanings is

the semantic level of encoding

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is

Which of the following statements BEST reflects current thinking regarding the evolutionary roots of consciousness?

The evolutionary bases of consciousness remain elusive.

An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on Monday and Tuesday and those in the control group on Wednesday and Thursday. What is the independent variable?

The exercise

Overconfidence in recalling information is MOST likely to be fueled by which of the following errors in thinking?

The failure to seek disconfirming evidence

In summarizing recent research in neuroscience, science writer Ronald Kotulak concluded that which of the following periods is critically important to an individual's brain development?

The first 3 years of life

specify the target behavior

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

consolidation

The hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory is known as

Which of the following is NOT one of the difficulties that may emerge when solving problems requiring insight?

The inability to find an appropriate analogy for the problem in long-term memory

acquisition

The initial stage of learning a response is called

Which of the following is NOT a type of clue that is commonly used to make reality-monitoring inferences that an event really happened?

The memory involves other individuals

The fact that recall by eyewitnesses can be distorted by information introduced after the event by police officers, attorneys, etc., is BEST explained by which of the following?

The misinformation effect

Which theory of color vision BEST explains why the color of an afterimage is the complement of the original color?

The opponent-process theory

Which statement about the gustatory system is NOT accurate?

The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance.

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

The pineal gland

Shaping

The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information.

If the left hemisphere of the brain were damaged, which part of the body would be MOST directly affected?

The right half

Which of the following parts of the brain is MOST likely to play a major role in the work of artists, architects, and engineers, who must rely heavily on visual-spatial skills?

The right hemisphere

If A and B are highly correlated, which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between A and B?

The score on A can be used to predict the score on B

What is true about napping practices

The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions. Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition. Napping practices vary along cultural lines.

Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate?

The siesta tradition is generally found in most nomadic groups.

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of using animals in psychological research?

The studies cost too much for the limited amount of information they provide.

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.

The technique in which radioactively tagged chemicals are introduced into the brain and then equipment monitors where the chemicals appear in the brain is

partial retrieval

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate

The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?

The use of certain drugs, including narcotics

When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which component of working memory?

The visuospatial sketchpad

Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car. She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Mia was utilizing

The visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box's position.

Difficulties that my emerge when solving problems requiring insight

The way in which people structure the problem The way in which people apply prior knowledge to the problem How much information people need to juggle in working memory

Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is LEAST accurate?

They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding commonsense analyses of behavior?

They are typically based on precise definitions and hypotheses

What si true about sleeping pills?

They reduce the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep. They gradually become less effective with continued use. There is some danger of overdose.

phonemes

Three-year-old Johnny used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of milk. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, Johnny has made a gain in his use of

What are suggested hypotheses concerning the evolutionary basis of sleep?

To conserve energy To restore energy and other bodily resources To reduce exposure to predators

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep?

To reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle

Which of the following is the MOST common posthypnotic suggestion given to people?

To show amnesia and forget something

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?

Total loss of personal control

In which class of problems is it necessary to carry out a sequence of intermediate actions in order to solve the problem?

Transformation

According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words should be linked MOST closely?

Tree-bird

Answering the question of "why" something happens is most closely associated with which goal of science?

Understanding and prediction

Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?

Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Variability

fMRI

Variation on MRI, monitors blood flow/O2 consumption to identify areas of high activity--over time

Which of the following is NOT good advice for avoiding sleep problems?

Vary the time when you go to bed at night

anterograde amnesia

Victims of organic amnesia who can recall memories stored before a head injury but cannot recall information processed after the injury are showing

Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and then spent one hour studying European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and then spent one hour studying calculus. In this example, it is likely that

Victor will have better recall of events in early American History.

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?

We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the absence of convincing corroboration.

If you have difficulty understanding someone's speech, you may suspect damage to

Wernicke's area

If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to

Wernicke's area

If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to

Wernicke's area.

The brain structure involved in comprehension of speech is

Wernicke's area.

stimulus generalization

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today, she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

classical conditioning

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is

In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?

When a problem has a well-defined endpoint

determining how you can reduce the frequency of the target behavior

When gathering baseline data for a behavior modification program, all of the following are necessary EXCEPT

a large decline

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows

stimulus discrimination

When you approach a traffic light and see a red light, you stop. On the other hand, when you approach that same light and see a green light, you continue driving. This example illustrates

Hippocampal region

Which of the following areas of the brain is associated with the severe memory impairment that occurs in Alzheimer's disease?

Which of the following does NOT happen when a person is in a meditative state?

Kanzi developed comprehension of simple English sentences shown on a computer monitor

Which of the following has NOT been described as a language-related behavior exhibited by Savage-Rumbauugh's star pupil, the chimpanzee Kanzi?

red

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be one of the first words a child would learn?

Increasing exposure to antecedents of the response

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for decreasing the frequency of an undesirable behavior?

food

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Animals have never shown behavior that suggests an understanding of grammatical rules.

Which of the following statements concerning the ability of animals to acquire language is FALSE?

Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

For stimulus discrimination to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus

Which of the following statements regarding stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination is CORRECT?

Which of the following statements regarding the study of consciousness is ACCURATE?

Which of the following techniques is likely to be MOST useful for locating specific neurotransmitter substances in the brain?

reinforcement

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first, Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ____ for his saying "trick or treat."

Which of the following BEST summarizes researchers' views concerning subliminal perception?

While subliminal perception may influence behavior, it appears unlikely to have much practical importance

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?

Why do we like some people and not others?

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is most closely linked with

Wilhem Wundt

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?

Wish fulfillment

The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

Working-memory capacity

Which of the following statements regarding yawning is LEAST accurate?

Yawning is a response to a buildup of carbon dioxide.

Yawning is...?

Yawning is seen in other mammals, as well as in birds, fish, and reptiles. Yawning is correlated with sleepiness and boredom. Yawning is seen in all cultures.

A three-year-old boy observes his father yelling at his mother every time she says something the father doesn't like. Based on principles of observational learning, whenever the mother says something to the boy that he does not like in the future, the boy is MOST likely to do which of the following?

Yell at his mother

An emergentist theorist

the availability heuristic

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea.

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?

+5 cents

You flip a coin at the fair 10 times. Each time it comes up heads, you get 10 cents. Each time it comes up tails, you lose 5 cents. What is your expected value for each flip of the coin?

latent learning

You have familiarized yourself with the streets of your town without any reinforcement; then one day, you are asked to go to the post office. You are able to do so with ease by following a route that you have never taken. This is an example of

You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea.

Which of the following has NOT been demonstrated through scientific research?

Young infants exposed to classical music show higher cognitive performance in preschool

proactive interference

Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have difficulty remembering her new last name because of

nondeclarative memory

Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your

When reinforcement for a behavior is removed, the consequence will be

a brief increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior.

A hormone is

a chemical secreted into the blood by a gland.

Our ability to reason constitutes primarily

a cognitive activity

Our ability to reason constitutes primarily

a cognitive activity.

Sigourney's doctors think she might have a tumor, and they would like to use brain-imaging technique that will provide them with an accurate image of her brain structure. The technique that they are most likely to use would be

a computerized tomography (CT) scan

Sigourney's doctors think she might have a tumor, and they would like to use a brain-imaging technique that will provide them with an accurate image of her brain structure. The technique that they are most likely to use would be

a computerized tomography (CT) scan.

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called

a conceptual hierarchy.

The experience Seligman had with sauce béarnaise was unique in that

a conditioned response was established even though there was a long delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be

a conditioned response.

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be

a conditioned response.

Charity used to really enjoy potato salad, so at a family reunion, she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. In this example, the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is

a conditioned response.

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringeing in the waiting room is

a conditioned response.

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

a conditioned response.

In higher-order conditioning ____ now functions as if it were ____.

a conditioned stimulus; an unconditioned stimulus

Maribel is on a jury, and she is already convinced that the defendant in the case is not guilty. She listens very attentively to everything the defense attorneys have to say, but she tends to pay less attention when the prosecution is presenting evidence. In this instance, Maribel is showing evidence of

a confirmation bias.

a confirmation of bias

The center-surround arrangement of visual fields contributes to the eye being

a contrast detector.

Scarlett is a graduate student who is observing children playing together after watching a film. She knows that some children saw a film that contained graphic scenes of violence and some children saw a non-violent film, but she doesn't know which film each child she is observing watched. In this case, Scarlett is recording data for

a double-blind research study.

Kelly is taking antibiotics for an ear infection, but she finds she often forgets to take the medication when she is supposed to. She has tried leaving the container for the medication in plain view, but she still forgets on occasion. Kelly's difficulty in remembering to take her medication illustrates

a failure in prospective memory.

Joan was sitting talking with some friends when she suddenly left the room to check on her baby. She was sure she heard little Emily cry out, but when she checked, Emily was sleeping peacefully. Based on signal-detection theory, the fact that Joan thought she detected a baby's cry would be considered

a false alarm.

Maxwell runs a lawn care service; he charges his clients based on the square footage of their yard, rather than charging an hourly rate for his services. In this example, Maxwell is working on

a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Light, the stimulus for vision, is

a form of electromagnetic energy.

A mental "rule of thumb" for problem-solving is referred to as

a heuristic

Esmeralda wants to use her roommate's computer to work on her term paper. However, the roommate has password protection on the computer's boot sequence. Rather than starting at "a" and systematically testing every possible word in the English language, Esmeralda makes some educated guesses about the password, based on what she knows about her roommate. In this case, Esmeralda is using

a heuristic to get past the password protection.

A mental "rule of thumb" for problem-solving is referred to as

a heuristic.

Michiko lives in Japan, and Krystal, Michiko's pen pal, lives in the United States. Based on the research by Nisbett and colleagues into cultural differences in cognitive styles, you should predict that when these two friends are solving problems, Michiko will tend to use ____ cognitive style, while Krystal will tend to use ____ cognitive style.

a holistic; an analytic

Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task, they will make more errors. Dr. Licciardi's prediction is an example of

a hypothesis.

Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class. Dr. Malm's prediction is an example of

a hypothesis.

A good analogy for the way in which a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites is

a key fitting in the lock of a door

Evelyn turned the thermostat up from 68 degrees to 70 degrees; however, she doesn't think it feels any warmer, so she wants to turn it up even higher. Her roommate thinks that it is now too hot, so she wants to turn the thermostat back down. Apparently, Evelyn has

a larger just noticeable difference for temperature than her roommate does.

Frances is daydreaming during her botany class and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name and is waiting for her to respond to a question. Incidents of this type lend support to

a late-selection model of attention.

Milo's doctors believe he might have schizophrenia, but before they make their final diagnosis, they want to study detailed, three-dimensional images of Milo's brain structures. The technique the doctors are most likely to use in this case would be

a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing

a mental set

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing

a mental set.

An algorithm is

a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem.

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as

a model.

Damage to the temporal lobe of the brain would probably be MOST harmful to the career of

a musician.

As interest rates increase, house sales decline, indicating

a negative correlation between the two variables.

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses a sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. In this case, avoiding a sunburn functions as

a negative reinforcer for using a sunscreen.

The tendency to experience a stable perception of an object even though the sensory input we receive is continually changing is

a perceptual constancy.

A scientific journal refers to

a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles.

In anterograde amnesia,

a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

a person loses memories of events that occur before a head injury.

In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants were given regular colas that contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated colas. In this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as

a placebo.

Skin color is determined by three to five gene pairs. This makes skin color

a polygenic trait

Skin color is determined by three to five gene pairs. This makes skin color

a polygenic trait.

To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late afternoon and evening hours, the student services department sends questionnaires to 50 students selected at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus. In this instance, the 5,000 students who are registered at the campus would be

a population.

Marie received a puzzle as a present for her birthday. The puzzle has three pegs, and to solve the puzzle, a person is required to move nine disks from the center peg to one of the outside pegs. However, only one disk can be moved at a time, and a larger disk can never be placed on top of a smaller disk. Marie's puzzle is an example of

a problem of transformation

a problem of transformation.

Brett is trying to decide which graduate schools he will apply to. He is making up a list of all the positive and negative aspects he feels are associated with 100 different schools, and he plans to send applications to the 10 schools that score the highest when he adds up all the positive points and subtracts all the negative points. The decision strategy that Brett is using is referred to as

a purely additive strategy.

Car A has good mileage, a low price, and low maintenance, or three pluses. Car B has only a low price and low maintenance, or two pluses. So, I'll choose Car A. This is an example of

a purely additive strategy.

You recall being lost in a shopping mall at the age of five, but your parents assure you that it never happened. Errors like this are most likely due to

a reality-monitoring error.

LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically using

a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.

To discover whether residents of a city are in favor of building a new sports stadium, the team's owner randomly selected and interviewed 500 of the city's 500,000 residents. In this instance, the 500 people that the owner interviewed would be

a representative sample.

Malinda is filling out a survey for a marketing agency in order to be eligible for a grand prize drawing. She doesn't actually read many of the questions and simply answers "yes" to everything. Malinda's answers to the survey reflect

a response set.

The tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is NOT receiving or sending information is called

a resting potential.

A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as

a sedative.

Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as

a semantic network.

The difference in the flow rates of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane leads to

a slightly higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell

Reinhold is filling out the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and as he reads each question, he thinks about the way most other people would probably respond. When he answers, he selects the alternative that he thinks will present the most favorable impression. Reinhold's answers reflect

a social desirability bias.

You would not be able to receive sensory input from the environment, or act on the environment, if you did not have

a somatic nervous system

Behavior modification works best when used to modify

a specific overt behavior, for example, "I will stop smoking."

A schedule of reinforcement is

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert and has an "I can conquer the world" euphoria, he most likely took

a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine

A retrieval cue is

a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is

a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.

One of your friends is writing a research paper and wants to obtain information about the depth of personal information people typically reveal during a first date. Directly observing a large number of people during a first date will be difficult, so your friend asks for your advice on the best way to collect this type of data. The best suggestion would be for your friend to use

a survey.

A theory is

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Dr. Marqueta believes that "misery loves company." Based on this belief, Dr. Marqueta predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people. Dr. Marqueta's belief is an example of ____, and her prediction is an example of ____.

a theory; a hypothesis

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on

a variable-interval schedule.

a variable-ratio schedule.

Marisa is trying to decide between two computers that are advertised at the same price. Both computers are the same in most respects; however, Computer A has a 2.5-GHz processor and 2 Gbytes of RAM, while Computer B has a slower 2.0-GHz processor but 4 Gbytes of RAM. Because Marisa thinks that the speed of the processor matters more than the amount of RAM, she decides to buy Computer A. In this case, Marisa has made her decision using

a weighted decision strategy.

In language development, babbling refers to producing

a wide variety of phonemes and consonant-vowel combinations.

The primary reason for the ethical dilemmas psychologists encounter regarding the use of deception in research reflects concerns

about the possibility of inflicting harm on human subjects.

The neurons in Michael's arm just sent a neural impulse. It will be 1-2 millseconds before another neural impulse can be generated. This brief time period, when another neural impulse cannot occur, is called the

absolute refractory period

The process in which the lens adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is

accommodation

The process in which the lens adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is

accommodation.

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with a US is a CS that

accurately predicts the presentation of the US.

Jeremy is sitting quietly when the muscles in his left leg begin to "twitch." This activation of movement in his voluntary muscles is most likely due to the release of the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

The neurotransmitters released by motor neurons that results in movement of the voluntary muscles is (are)

acetylcholine

Pinker and Bloom (1992) suggest that human language may be a result of evolutionary processes because language allows humans to

acquire information about the world secondhand.

The initial stage of learning a response is called

acquisition.

If you remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) by recalling the word "HOMES" as a cue, you are using a(n)

acronym.

Using the phrase "Every good boy does fine" to remember the order of musical notes is an example of a(n)

acrostic

According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual

actually performing a behavior that has been learned.

In order to decide which car to buy, Jim makes a list of desired qualities and rates each of the cars he is considering on a scale of one to ten. After totaling the points each car receives on all the desired qualities, he is going to purchase the car with the most points. Jim is using the ____ strategy of decision-making.

additive

Research suggests that when making a decision involving relatively few options, people tend to use

additive strategies.

Which strategy for decision-making might involve the weighting of individual attributes differently, based on the importance of the attributes?

additive strategy

Handyman Bob just hit his thumb with a hammer; the sensation will be transmitted to the central nervous system by ____ nerve fibers.

afferent

Sensory information is carried from your eyes to your brain by way of

afferent fibers

In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given

after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Dr. Seelig has just discovered a new drug named BXY79 that produces schizophrenic-like side effects. Based on this information, Dr. Seelig's drug may be acting as an

agonist for dopamine

Dr. Seelig has just discovered a new drug named BXY79 that produces schizophrenic-like side effects. Based on this information, Dr. Seelig's drug may be acting as an

agonist for dopamine.

Joe Camel believes that smoking tobacco is beneficial when he is studying because nicotine is an ____ for acetylcholine, which ____.

agonist; contributes to attention, arousal, and memory

Common effects of ____ include mood swings, quarrelsomeness, and impaired mental and motor functioning.

alcohol

Rachel has been using a non-prescription drug on a regular basis for several years. She has now developed liver disease and ulcers, and she has been in three car accidents. It is MOST likely that Rachel is a chronic user of

alcohol.

Massed practice refers to learning material

all at once.

According to the ___ law, a neuron fires an action potential at only one level of intensity

all-or-none

According to the ____ law, a neuron fires an action potential at only one level of intensity.

all-or-none

Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

alleviate pain.

One advantage of naturalistic observation is that it

allows behavior to be studied in realistic settings.

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax, but not fall asleep, your dominant brain wave pattern would most likely consist of

alpha waves

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax but not fall asleep, your dominant brain-wave pattern would MOST likely consist of

alpha waves.

The function of the middle ear is to

amplify the sound.

An inherited characteristics that, through natural selection, increases in a population because it helps to solve a survival problem at the time it emerges is called

an adaptation

An inherited characteristic that, through natural selection, increases in a population because it helps to solve a survival problem at the time it emerges is called

an adaptation.

When nicotine acts on the brain, it acts like acetylcholine and binds to ACh receptor sites causing postsynaptic potentials. Nicotine is

an agonist.

A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in search of a solution to a problem is

an algorithm

Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is

an altered state of consciousness.

Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested

an amphetamine.

Zeke has no problem understanding what other people say to him, but he has difficulty producing spoken language. If Zeke's problem stems from damage to the cerebral cortex, the damage would most likely be in

an area known as Broca's area

an area known as Broca's area.

Monique is not able to understand spoken language. If Monique's problem stems from damage to the cerebral cortex, the damage would MOST likely be in

an area known as Wernicke's area

Natalie is not able to understand spoken language. If Natalie's problem stems from damage to the cerebral cortex, the damage would MOST likely be in

an area known as Wernicke's area.

Logan has a dream in which he is taken captive by a band of talking cats who force him to solve complex algebra problems for them. According to Rosalind Cartwright's cognitive theory of dreaming, the images in Logan's dream represent

an attempt to work through problems he is currently experiencing in his life.

If you perform a behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening, your behavior is classified as

an avoidance response.

Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background. Later, he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung. Incidents of this type would lend support to

an early-selection model of attention.

Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game of "Where Are You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's memory was assisted using

an effective retrieval cue

An action potential is

an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron

A neurologist believes that Hillary may have epilepsy. To confirm this diagnosis, the neurologist needs to record the overall electrical activity in Hillary's brain. The best way for the neurologist to obtain this information would be to use

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

an electroencephalograph (EEG).

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is

an event that precedes a behavior.

A variable, other than the independent variable, that appears to have influenced the dependent variable in a study is referred to as

an extraneous variable.

Hailey recently began meditating on a regular basis. Over the short term, Hailey should expect to experience

an increase in relaxation and a decrease in autonomic arousal.

When animals or humans are shifted to higher fixed-ratio schedules, which require more responses to obtain each reinforcer, the typical result is

an increase in the overall rate of responding.

Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on

an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of

an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

A researcher is measuring the heart rate of subjects as an index of anxiety. In this study, heart rate is

an operational definition of anxiety.

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You," his girlfriend gave him a long, passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is

an unconditioned stimulus.

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is

an unconditioned stimulus.

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is

an unconditioned stimulus.

Kesha has begun taking a new drug named BXY79 that produces side effects like muscular rigidity and tremors. Based on this information, Kesha's drug may be an

antagonist for dopamine

Kesha has just begun taking a new drug named BXY79 that produces side effects like muscular rigidity and tremors. Based on this information, Kesha's drug may be an

antagonist for dopamine.

Victims of organic amnesia who can recall memories stored before a head injury but cannot recall information processed after the injury are showing

anterograde amnesia

Faith had brain surgery to remove a small tumor from her temporal lobe. While recovering from the surgery, Faith appeared to be fine, and she was able to talk about events from both her childhood and just before the surgery. However, she really cannot remember anything that has happened since the surgery. Faith's memory difficulties are consistent with those seen in

anterograde amnesia.

During a recent election campaign, the incumbent stated, "Only uninformed individuals who have no understanding of basic economics would disagree with my state budget proposal." This incumbent is apparently trying to shape public opinion through the use of

anticipatory name calling.

Dr. Athorp has just discovered a new drug named P3X that is an agonist for GABA. It is likely that this new drug will produce effects such as

anxiety reduction and general relaxation.

Claude and Marie are excited because they have just bought a restaurant. The two partners know that the last seven restaurants that have been operated at that location have gone bankrupt within a year of their openings, but Claude and Marie are certain their restaurant will be successful because they plan on working hard. In this case, the two new business partners are

apparently ignoring base rates

Autumn has been figure skating since she was five years old. She has never placed higher than third in any of the competitions she has been in, but she is still convinced that she will be able to become a professional figure skater in a few years. Her coach and her parents have tried to tell her that not many people make it as professional skaters, but Autumn is convinced that she can beat the odds. In this case, Autumn is

apparently ignoring base rates.

Leah is surprised to receive a second notice regarding her electric bill. She is sure that she mailed in the check. As a matter of fact, she can see herself writing out the check and mailing it. However, when she goes through her duplicate checks, she cannot find a copy of this particular one. In this example, Leah

appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.

Susan is shopping for a new car. She was planning on purchasing a car she could afford if she takes out a small loan. She just looked at a car that she "fell in love with" but she would need to double the size of her car loan to buy it. As Susan decides whether to purchase the more expensive car, she will most likely experience an

approach-avoidance conflict

In humans, the prefrontal cortex accounts for ___ of the cerebral cortex

approximately one-third

In humans, the prefrontal cortex accounts for ____ of the cerebral cortex.

approximately one-third

Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees. He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about the previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. Up to this point in time, Jackson has been engaged in

archival research.

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals

are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.

The physical stimuli for the sense of taste

are chemical substances that are soluble in water.

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals

are involved in simple, low-load tasks.

The explanation of the Müller-Lyer illusion that relates the lines to inside and outside corners accounts for the observation that people from non-Western cultures

are less susceptible to the illusion than people from Western cultures.

The Featured Study is representative of a great deal of recent research that suggests that the effects of sleep deprivation

are more serious than widely believed.

Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system you would find

areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated

Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system, you would find

areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated.

Reorganizing the letters "OSHUE" to form an English word is an example of an anagram, which constitutes a problem of

arrangement

Since one of the main goals of playing Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score), Scrabble can BEST be described as a game that involves a problem of

arrangement

Reorganizing the letters "OSHUE" to form an English word is an example of an anagram, which constitutes a problem of

arrangement.

To solve the "string problem" described in the text, you have to catch the screwdriver while holding the second string. This ____ problem is often solved in a burst of ____ when a person overcomes ____.

arrangement; insight; functional fixedness

Syntax refers to rules for

arranging words into phrases and sentences.

When curare blocks the action of acetylcholine by occupying its receptor sites, it is acting

as an antagonist

When curare blocks the action of acetylcholine by occupying its receptor sites, it is acting

as an antagonist.

According to the concept of semantic networks, you would be most likely to easily remember John F. Kennedy's name if the professor in your history class was discussing

assassinated US presidents

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

associate the opponent with a negative emotional response.

According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items ____ of a list than for items ____.

at the beginning and end; in the middle

Terminal buttons are located

at the end of axons

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

attention

The structure of the ear that conducts sound waves to the middle ear is the

auditory canal.

The hearts, glands, and smooth muscles are controlled by the

autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system that controls digestion and blood flow is the

autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system that controls digestion and blood flow is the

autonomic nervous system.

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

availability heuristic

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

availability heuristic.

Tammy finds writing papers to be a very aversive task. As a result, she always checks out the requirements for all her classes before she registers and never takes classes that require term papers. Tammy's behavior is an example of

avoidance learning.

Next semester John needs to take one required course to complete his history major. The two sections of the course are offered at 8:00 a. m. (not ideal for John who likes to sleep until 10:00 a. m.) and at noon with a Professor usually referred to as Dr. Dull. As John decides on his schedule he will most likely experience an ________ conflict.

avoidance-avoidance

Efferent nerve fibers cary messages ___ the brain and spinal cord

away from

Efferent nerve fibers transmit messages ____ the brain and spinal cord.

away from

The part of a neuron that transmits information away from the neuron and toward another neuron is the

axon

The part of a neuron that transmits information away from the neuron and toward another neuron is the

axon.

When an infant produces repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "babababa," it is

babbling.

Evolutionary theorists argue that if decision problems were stated in terms of raw frequencies, then

base rate neglect and the conjunction fallacy would both disappear.

The subjects who participate in an experiment should

be carefully chosen so that they represent a sample of the population.

Imagine that a group of researchers conducted a single-blind study designed to test the effectiveness of subliminal-message weight-loss tapes. Suppose the researchers found that everyone lost weight during the study, even those who were given tapes without any subliminal messages. This type of result would

be evidence of a placebo effect.

Fiona puts her hands into a sinkful of lukewarm water; Luke puts his hands into a sinkful of ice-cold water. Based on what is known about neural transmission, you could predict that the action potentials will

be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle

Peggy smells a very strong odor; Harry smells an odor that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neutral transmisison, you could predict that the action potentials will

be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle

be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle.

As a neuron is stimulated and starts to receive information, the neuron's electrical charge

becomes less negative

As a neuron is stimulated and starts to receive information, the neuron's electrical charge

becomes less negative.

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements, you probably would report that you had

been dreaming.

The principles of learning and conditioning have

been widely applied in education, business, and industry.

One's risk of developing heart disease is related to the amount of stress in his life, whether he has Type A personality, is depressed, obese or smokes. This partial list of risk factors best reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

behavior is determined by multiple causes

Schizophrenia may be related to abnormalities in neurotransmitter activity, structural defects in the brain, and genetic vulnerabilities. These observations MOST directly relate to the text's unifying theme that

behavior is determined by multiple causes

behavior is determined by multiple causes.

The linguistic relativity hypothesis is MOST consistent with the unifying theme in psychology that

behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.

The observations that many approaches to meditation are rooted in Eastern religions and some societies use hallucinogens in religious practices BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.

Application of conditioning principles to solve behavior problems is generally known as

behavior modification.

It often helps an individual comply with a behavior modification program if he signs a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of the program. This type of agreement is referred to as a(n)

behavioral contract.

An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits is

behavioral genetics

An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits is

behavioral genetics.

The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is

behaviorism

The fact that children appear to learn rules, rather than specific word combinations, when acquiring language skills argues most strongly AGAINST which theory of language development?

behaviorist

The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in the labratory setting would be a

behaviorist

Subliminal means

below threshold.

The lens in the eye

bends entering light rays and focuses them onto the retina.

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain-wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.

At this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly, your dominant brain-wave pattern MOST likely consists of

beta waves.

The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is

beta.

The typical speed of an action potential is

between 2 and 200 miles per hour

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember

between 5 and 9 items from the list.

In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.

Evidence from research studies investigating bilingualism suggests that

bilinguals score higher than monolinguals in analytical reasoning and metalinguistic awareness.

Glasses used to watch 3D movies are based on the principle of

binocular cues.

When Joanne was overwhelmed with studying for exams and writing papers at the end of last semester, she was very critical of herself for procrastinating during the semester, for not being as bright as her classmates, and for spending too much time with her boyfriend. Joanne responded to the end of the semester by When Joanne was overwhelmed with studying for exams and writing papers at the end of last semester, she was very critical of herself for procrastinating during the semester, for not being as bright as her classmates, and for spending too much time with her boyfriend. Joanne responded to the end of the semester by

blaming herself

An antagonist

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

An antagonist

blocks the action of neurotransmitters.

Hormones are transported throughout the body via the

bloodstream

Hormones are transported throughout the body via the

bloodstream.

It is most accurate to state that family, twin, and adoption studies are designed to determine the effect of ___ on human behavior

both experience and genetics

Assume that developing a sixth toe is a recessive trait that is controlled by a single pair of genes. If a child has six toes, but both the child's biological parents have normal feet, you can conclude that

both parents are heterozygous for the trait in question

The research on adopted children and intelligence has found that there is a significant similarity between them and

both sets of parents

The research on adopted children and intelligence has found that there is a significant similarity between the children and

both sets of parents.

Kanzi's ability to distinguish between "Pour the Coke in the lemonade" and "Pour the lemonade in the Coke" illustrates an understanding of

both syntax and semantics

Kanzi's ability to distinguish between "Pour the Coke in the lemonade" and "Pour the lemonade in the Coke" illustrates an understanding of

both syntax and semantics.

Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of

bottom-up processing.

The central nervous system consists of the

brain and spinal cord

Recent research suggests that experienced meditators are able to endure more pain than non-meditators because of differences in

brain structure.

REM sleep behavior disorder is most likely caused by

brainstem deterioration.

Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.

bright light

If the human eye were not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in

brightness

Helen conducted a study in which she measured the response time for males and females to complete a spatial task. She found that the mean response time was 1.48 minutes for males and 1.63 minutes for females. For Helen to be confident that an actual difference exists between the males and females in her study, she must

calculate an inferential statistic.

Individuals who think critically do NOT rely on anecdotal evidence because this type of evidence

can be distorted by reporting biases.

Trevor plans to study the relationship between people's responses to highly stressful situations and their overall health. He decides he must use correlational research, rather than experimental research, to investigate this problem. Trevor most likely chose a correlational method because correlational studies

can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study.

Recent research has demonstrated that adult humans

can form new neurons in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus

Recent research has demonstrated that adult humans

can form new neurons in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus.

What psychoactive drugs are associated with a low risk of lethal overdose?

cannabis. marijuana. hallucinogens.

According to the ethical guidelines for conducting psychological research with animals, exposing animals to harmful or painful procedures

cannot be justified unless the potential benefits of the research are substantial.

Dr. Kincaid was interested in the topic of autistic savants (individuals with limited abilities in many areas, but with an exceptional talent in one specific area). In the initial part of the investigation, Dr. Kincaid carefully observed and compiled detailed files on three individuals who were autistic savants. Dr. Kincaid is conducting

case study research.

While Kimberly was hypnotized, she vividly recalled the events of her first birthday party. However, when the events she described were compared with an actual video from her birthday party, most of the things she described did not actually happen. Kimberly's inaccuracy in recall lends support to the view that hypnosis

causes people to act out a role.

The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of a visual cell is referred to as the

cell's receptive field.

The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

The mode in a group of scores describes the ____ for that group of scores.

central tendency

The drunken suspect was unable to hold his hand out to the side and bring his finger to a stop on his nose because one of the brain structures depressed first by alcohol is the

cerebellum

Wanda fell down some stairs and hit her head. Prior to her accident she was an excellent flute player, but she now has difficulty coordinating the finger movements required in complex musical pieces. It is likely that in the fall Wanda damaged her

cerebellum

Monique fell down some stairs and hit her head. Prior to her accident, she was an excellent flute player, but she now has difficulty coordinating the finger movements required in complex musical pieces. It is likely that in the fall, Monique damaged her

cerebellum.

Studies by Richard Thompson and colleagues suggest that specific memories depend on localized neural circuits in the brain. The brain structure identified as accounting for the memory of a conditioned eyeblink response in a rabbit is the

cerebellum.

The brain structure responsible for the coordination of motor movements and sense of equilibrium is the

cerebellum.

The consolidation view suggests that after the consolidation of a long-term memory, the memory is stored in a region of the

cerebral cortex

The ___ fluid nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it

cerebrospinal

The ____ fluid nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it.

cerebrospinal

The brain structure that is responsible for the human ability to engage in higher mental activity such as thinking and philosophizing is the

cerebrum

The largest and most complex part of the human brain is the

cerebrum.

Inferential statistics help us determine whether ____ played a role in an experiment.

chance

Diagrams sometimes facilitate problem-solving because they

change the representation of the problem.

Overall, it appears that we perceive

changing stimuli better than constant ones.

In setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program, you should

choose a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent.

The carriers of genetic information in the form of DNA are the

chromosomes

Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of

chunking

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.

circadian

Concluding that a person drinks too much because he/she is an alcoholic is an example of

circular reasoning.

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

classical and operant conditioning.

Belinda was very close to her father; she claims that he always made her feel safe. Belinda's father always wore Stetson cologne. Today, every time she smells the scent of Stetson cologne, she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort. The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is

classical conditioning.

Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of

classical conditioning.

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is

classical conditioning.

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is

classical conditioning.

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from

classical conditioning.

When Justin looked up at the night sky, he perceived the three stars that make up the belt in the constellation Orion as a single complete figure, rather than as individual stars. Justin's perception of the night sky illustrates the Gestalt principle of

closure

Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of

clustering

Ralph has been using a drug on a regular basis for several years. He has now developed damaged nasal membranes and a host of respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. It is MOST likely that Ralph is a chronic user of

cocaine.

The retina is to the eye as the

cochlea is to the ear.

The fluid-filled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing is the

cochlea.

The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the

cochlea.

The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is

cognition

The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is

cognition

Three people look at the same sketch and report seeing three different things. This illustrates the contribution to perception of

cognitive interpretation.

The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the

collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina.

When politicians point out that their misdeeds are only miniscule when judged against their competitors, they are making use of

comparitors.

Pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together are known as

complementary colors.

Recent research has suggested that mirror neurons may play a role in all of the following except

complex mathematical calculations

Recent research has suggested that mirror neurons may play a role in all of the following EXCEPT

complex mathematical calculations.

CT scan

computer enhanced xray of brain structure, makes horizontal slice of the brain, useful for structure

Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic, and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of

conceptual hierarchies

If a child covers her ears when seeing fireworks, before hearing the sound of them, seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

conditioned stimulus.

A good strategy for minimizing interference with retention of course material is to

conduct a last, thorough review of material as close to exam time as possible.

When two variables are linked and their individual effects cannot be separated out, we speak of the variables as being

confounded variables.

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

conjunction fallacy

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

conjunction fallacy.

The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your

consciousness.

The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the STRONGEST support suggests that sleep evolved to help individuals

conserve energy.

The hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory is known as

consolidation.

When we view cars in a distant parking lot, we know that the cars are not actually the size of toy cars because of a perceptual

constancy.

Nisbett and colleagues suggest that a holistic style of thinking is one that focuses on

context and relationships among the elements in a field.

Christina was skiing down an intermediate run when it broke into two separate trails. One trail turned off at a 90-degree angle; the second trail appeared to continue in the same general direction she had been headed. If Christina takes the second trail, her actions would be consistent with the Gestalt principle of

continuity.

While new responses are more easily established with ____ reinforcement, responses maintained with ____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

continuous; intermittent

Last year, Fiona had a yard sale. She marked the prices of items very reasonably, and she refused to reduce them when people tried to "deal." This year, she had another yard sale, but this time, she marked the prices of items quite high, and then reduced them by 50% or more when people asked to "deal." Fiona was surprised to find that she made much more money this year. When she asks you why this might have happened, you explain how judgments can be affected by

contrast effects.

Aretha had severe epilepsy, and surgeons removed portions of her hippocampus to control the severity of her seizures. It is quite likely that Aretha will find that the surgery has also affected her ability to

control her urges to eat and drink

As the large butterfly flew toward Richard, he could tell it was getting closer because he could feel his eyes turning inward toward his nose as he watched it. In this instance, Richard was able to judge how far away the butterfly was using the depth cue of

convergence.

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is called the

corpus callosum

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum.

While Andre was hypnotized, he was able to endure painful jaw surgery without any anesthesia. This could be taken as support for the view that hypnosis

creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.

In a Skinner box, the cumulative recorder

creates a graphic record of operant responding as a function of time.

Following their first experiment, the authors of the Featured Study in the text conducted additional research to be sure that ____________ did not account for their initial findings.

deception by participants

The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known as

decision-making

The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known as

decision-making.

Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is being retrieved from Hayden's

declarative memory

The tendency for participants to participate in survey research appears to have

declined noticeably in recent decades.

Which of the following is not associated with a state of hypnosis?

decrease in suggestibility

The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to ____ the frequency of a response such as ____.

decrease; smoking

While Barb frequently talks to others about her emotions when in a stressful situation, her husband Mike actively tries to suppress his emotions and does not like to discuss the stress in his life. Most likely compared to Barb, Mike exhibits

decreased immune functioning and increased autonomic arousal

As adults age, the proportion of sleep time they spend in slow-wave sleep ____ while the proportion of time spent in REM sleep ____.

decreases; remains stable

The delta-wave EEG pattern is associated with

deep sleep.

In Parkinsonism, the tremors, muscular rigidity, and reduced control over voluntary movements appears to be a function of

degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter

The correct order that information passes through in a neuron is

dendrite, soma, axon.

Branches are to trees as __________ are to neurons.

dendrites

Information is received by a neuron through the ___ and is transmitted toward other neurons through the ___

dendrites; axon

A researcher is investigating the effects of caffeine consumption on student writing performance. Because the researcher will evaluate both the speed of assignment completion and the number of grammatical errors, she will need to include more than one ____________ variable in her study

dependent

A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the rats' maze-running performance is the

dependent variable.

In experimental research, the variable that the researcher measures because it is thought to be affected by the manipulation of another variable is the

dependent variable.

The interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are defines

depth perception.

The two basic types of statistics are

descriptive and inferential.

Statistics that are used to summarize and organize data are called

descriptive statistics.

Recent studies suggest that people see __________ objects as closer to them than other objects.

desirable

Remembering who we told what is known as

destination memory

When you tell a joke to a friend only to be reminded that you've told that joke to the same friend before, you have experienced a failure of

destination memory.

When gathering baseline data for a behavior modification program, all of the following are necessary EXCEPT

determining how you can reduce the frequency of the target behavior.

Fast mapping in children's language skills has been suggested to be related to all of the following EXCEPT children's

development of a mental representation of one's environment.

Fast mapping in children's language skills has been suggested to be related to all of the following EXCEPT children's A. development of a mental representation of one's environment. B. underlying cognitive development. C. improved articulation skills. D. improved understanding of syntax.

development of a mental representation of one's environment.

Research has revealed that subjects who participated in research involving deception

didn't mind being misled and generally enjoyed taking part in research.

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various species have led to some species-specific learning tendencies.

In dim light, the pupil of the eye is

dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp.

Chronic, heavy use of marijuana is associated with

disabling cognitive deficits. increased risk for respiratory and pulmonary disease. increased risks of automobile accidents.

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response are referred to as

discriminative stimuli.

A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a

discriminative stimulus.

Family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies are primarily designed to

disentangle the effects of genetics and experience on behavioral traits.

Three-month-old infants can

distinguish phonemes from all languages, including those they do not hear in their own language.

distributed practice.

The neurotransmitter believed to be associated with schizophrenia is

dopamine

Amphetamines appear to exert their main effects by altering the release and reuptake of

dopamine and norepinephrine.

The neurotransmitter believed to be associated with schizophrenia is

dopamine.

The ____ is a research strategy that minimizes the potential methodological problems associated with the placebo effect and experimenter bias.

double-blind procedure

The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the

double-blind procedure.

Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?

dual-coding theory

College health clinics are most likely to experience an increase in students seeking treatment for colds and other minor illnesses

during finals' week

During the first half of the 20th century, the study of cognition was discouraged because

earlier studies using the method of introspection had yielded unreliable results.

The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night's sleep.

early in

When you are walking, the brain sends messages to the skeletal muscles in the legs by way of

efferent fibers.

When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter, read the definition of the term, and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.

elaboration

When their mom took them to the store yesterday, she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew ____.

elaboration; visual imagery

In terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the

elapsed time between reinforcements.

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

electrical activity of the brain.

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is

electroencephalograph.

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning, the response is ____.

elicited; emitted

Christine wants to buy a new television. She will not purchase a television with a screen smaller than 25 inches or that costs more than $500. Her decision-making strategy is referred to as

elimination by aspects

You apply to a graduate school that decides on who is accepted by demanding that three successive criteria be met: major GPA over 3.50; overall GPA over 3.00; GRE over 1,000. Failure to meet any one eliminates an applicant. This is an example of

elimination by aspects

Christine wants to buy a new television. She will not purchase a television with a screen smaller than 25 inches or that costs more than $500. Her decision-making strategy is referred to as

elimination by aspects.

The theories of language acquisition that emphasize both the importance of children's learning experiences and their information-processing skills are

emergentist theories

The theories of language acquisition that focus on the development of neural circuits within the brain in response to language experience are known as

emergentist theories

emergentist theories of language acquisition.

The theories of language acquisition that emphasize both the importance of children's learning experiences and their information-processing skills are

emergentist theories.

The theories of language acquisition that focus on the development of neural circuits within the brain in response to language experience are known as

emergentist theories.

Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence all of the following except

emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

encoded

Recent research suggests that strong motivation to remember something may actually enhance memory, but only if the motivation is present at the time of

encoding

The memory improvement strategies of elaboration, using visual imagery, and engaging in deeper processing all involve which memory process?

encoding

Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

encoding only

The principle that proposes that the values of a retrieval cue depend on how well it corresponds to the memory code is known as

encoding specificity.

The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

encoding.

People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their

endocrine system

People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their

endocrine system.

A family of chemicals produced in the body that resemble opiates are

endorphins.

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.

Bilingualism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

enhanced processing speed.

Typically, most people would

enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished.

Donovan was adopted at birth by Mr. and Mrs. Erndt. Although neither of his bioloical parents had much musical ability, Donovan has become an excellent pianist, just like Mr. Erndt. This information could be used to suggest evidence that

environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors in musical talent

Anthony was adopted at birth by Mr. and Mrs. Erndt. Although neither of his biological parents had much musical ability, Anthony has become an excellent pianist, just like Mr. Erndt. This information could be used as evidence to suggest that

environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors in musical talent.

Surgically disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres has its origins in the treatment of

epilepsy.

The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.

episodic buffer

Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through town. This information is stored in his

episodic memory

Ruben and Maya are describing their recent trip to Brazil. They describe all the interesting things they did while they were there and all the interesting people that they met. In describing their trip, Ruben and Maya are largely relying on their

episodic memory

Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as

episodic memory.

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

escape learning.

Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling up, you will hear an annoying sound. If you learn to buckle up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling up before you turn on the ignition, you show ____.

escape learning; avoidance learning

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

If you find that you have more positive feelings toward a product after an attractive spokeperson gives you a free sample, your change in attitudes would be said to have resulted from

evaluative conditioning.

Shane and Blane are identical twins; however, people seldom get the two brothers mixed up because Blane is almost 2 inches shorter than Shane. The difference in height means that

even though both brothers share the same genotype, they display different phenotypes

Shane and Blane are identical (monozygotic) twins; however, people seldom get the two brothers mixed up because Blane is almost 2 inches shorter than Shane. The difference in height means that

even though both brothers share the same genotype, they display different phenotypes.

The scientific approach assumes that

events are governed by some lawful order

Continuous reinforcement occurs when

every occurrence of the designated response is reinforced.

An electric potential that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire is called an

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Baddeley's concept of working memory

expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.

A morphine addict experiences a state of euphoria after a dose of morphine, and a postsurgical patient experiences a reduction in pain after the same dosage. This difference in effect most clearly reflects the influence of _______ on drug effects.

expectations

Tanya insists she never dreams; she is convinced of this because she has never recalled a single dream. If Tanya were tested in a sleep lab, it is likely that she would

experience REM sleep, and she would report a dream if she was awakened from REM sleep.

Conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used.

experimental

In experimental research, while subjects in the ___ group received some special treatment in regard to the independent variable, subjects in the ___ group did not

experimental; control

In experimental research, while subjects in the ____ group received some special treatment in regard to the independent variable, subjects in the ____ group did not.

experimental; control

Experimenter bias occurs when

experimenters' beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects' behavior or their observations of the subjects.

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that

extinction does not erase a learned association, it only suppresses or interferes with a conditioned response.

Bart used to go to his health club every day after work because he almost always saw Abigail there. For two full weeks, Abigail wasn't at the club when Bart went there for his workout, and now Bart has stopped going to his health club. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of

extinction.

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as

extinction.

The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called

extinction.

A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of

extraneous variables.

It is fairly easy to manipulate many types of judgments by selecting

extreme comparitors that may be unrepresentative.

Mary occasionally takes a dose of melatonin in the afternoon. Most likely she takes it to help her

fall asleep for a nap

In the signal-detection method, if a subject detects a stimulus when no stimulus is actually present, this would be a

false alarm.

If, in a painting, a figure of a person is drawn larger than a house, the house will seem to be ____ because of ____.

farther away; relative size

Arguing from an evolutionary perspective, Gigerenzer suggests that humans' reasoning largely depends on

fast and frugal heuristics

Arguing from an evolutionary perspective, Gigerenzer suggests that humans' reasoning largely depends on

fast and frugal heuristics.

At dinner, three-year-old Bobby overhears his father tell the waitress that his tasty hamburger was delicious. The next day, Bobby tells his mother that the grilled-cheese sandwich she made him for lunch was delicious. Apparently, Bobby learned the word delicious through the process of

fast mapping

Dean ate ice cream for the first time yesterday. All day today, he has been asking for ice cream. This would be an example of

fast mapping

The process by which a child learns a new word after only one exposure to the word is

fast mapping

Dean ate ice cream for the first time yesterday. All day today, he has been asking for ice cream. This would be an example of

fast mapping.

The process by which a child learns a new word after only one exposure to the word is

fast mapping.

In a cumulative record of responses from a Skinner box, a steep slope in the line indicates

fast responding taking place.

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

fear the dark.

Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called

feature detectors.

Simple and complex cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli have been characterized

feature detectors.

Leonard's mother became dehydrated during a recent illness, and the levels of sodium in her body were significantly reduced. If enough sodium was lost, you might expect that

fewer action potentials would occur in her nervous system

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called

flashbulb memory

Food generally tastes bland when you have a severe head cold because

flavor is influenced by smell as well as taste, and with a reduced sense of smell, your sense of taste will be diminished.

Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the Earth is gradually slowing down and that in 10,000 years, the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future world, you might expect that people would tend to

follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours.

form new memories.

Which of the following heuristics would you probably employ if assigned the task of carrying out a school election?

form subgoals

Seventeen-year-old Ashley is driving her brother's car when she has her first-ever flat tire. She realizes that she needs to find where the spare tire, the jack, and other tools are stored in the car, remove the flat tire, and install the spare tire. Ashley is approaching the problem by

forming subgoals

forming subgoals.

Dr. Dobbins wants to study attachment patterns in single-parent families. The first step in her scientific investigation would be to

formulate a testable hypothesis.

When working on complex problems, a useful strategy is to

formulate subgoals or intermediate steps toward a solution.

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.

four

People generally prefer a choice that provides an 80% chance of success over one that provides a 19% chance of failure. This illustrates the effect of

framing

People generally prefer a choice that provides an 80% chance of success over one that provides a 19% chance of failure. This illustrates the effect of

framing.

Imagine that human neurons reach a maximum firing rate of 5,000 impulses per second, rather than only 1,000 impulses per second. Using the volley principle, this would mean that

frequency theory could explain the full range of human pitch perception.

The theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead is

frequency theory.

The primary motor cortex is located in the

frontal lobe

The primary motor cortex is located in the

frontal lobe.

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell. You are lamenting the fact that you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker. Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates ____ on your part.

functional fixedness

People often find it difficult to solve a problem by using a familiar object in a novel way because of

functional fixedness.

Christine has been following the state lottery for over a year, and she has a record of the number of times every number has been selected. She is ready to invest $1,000 in lottery tickets with the same six-number combination on each ticket. She is going to choose the six numbers that have occurred the least frequently in the last year because she is sure they will be picked eventually. In this case, Christine is showing evidence of

gambler's fallacy

Donald and Ronald are identical twins who have been raised apart, in separate adoptive homes. However, both brothers have developed the same psychological disorder. This information could be used as evidence to suggest that

genetic factors have more influence than environmental factors in this disorder

genetic factors have more influence than environmental factors in this disorder.

Dr. Rolls is a molecular geneticist in researching the influence of heredity on behavior. The technique that Dr. Rolls would be MOST likely to use is

genetic mapping

Contemporary models account for or explain evolutionary theory in

genetic terms

The most impressive attempts to teach language to chimpanzees have involved teaching chimps to use

geometric symbols on a computer-monitored keyboard.

Which of the following statements is the BEST example of telegraphic speech?

give cookie

Cells found in the nervous system that insulate, nourish, and direct the growth of neurons as well as remove dead neurons and waste products are known as

glia

The cells that provide structural support and insulation for neurons are called

glia

The cells that provide structural support and insulation for neurons are called

glia.

The newest discovery in the research on the experience of pain is that certain types of ____ may play in important role in chronic pain.

glial cells

In the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, the researchers found that when decision complexity was low, conscious deliberation was associated with

greater satisfaction

Eric has been wearing red welding goggles for the past 30 minutes. Based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, when Eric takes off the red goggles, he should expect that objects will temporarily appear to be

green.

While visiting the art museum, Laura stared at a black-and-white photograph in a red frame for over a minute. When she looked away from the photograph, she saw an afterimage of a rectangle. Consistent with the opponent-process theory, the image she saw was

green.

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later, she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will MOST likely be to

guava, because it was a novel stimulus.

The sense associated with the perception of taste is referred to as the

gustatory system.

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you

had been dreaming

The actual, direct receptors for hearing are the

hair cells.

Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is exhibiting paranoia and "jumbled" thought processes. Renee is most likely under the influence of a

hallucinogen

Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is exhibiting paranoia and "jumbled" thought processes. Renee is most likely under the influence of a

hallucinogen.

Seymour used to get quite a "buzz" from his first cup of coffee in the morning. Now he finds that he doesn't start to feel alert until his third cup. This suggests that Seymour

has developed a drug tolerance for caffeine.

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low-amplitude, irregular brain-wave patterns. Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey

has just entered REM sleep.

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

has just entered Stage 1 sleep.

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour. This change in body temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla

has just woken up.

Nathaniel's wife cannot sleep through the night. She claims that her husband seems to stop breathing in his sleep and then suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath. This not only disturbs his sleep, it also awakens her. It is likely that Nathaniel

has sleep apnea.

Derrick designed an experiment in which participants listened to a persuasive speech delivered either by a person who was very tall or a person who was average in height. In addition, the speeches were delivered either by individuals wearing business clothes or by people wearing casual clothes. In this example, Derrick

has two independent variables and will be able to determine if height and style of clothing interact.

You are watching a pigeon pecking a disk in a small chamber. There is a cumulative recorder connected to the disk. While you are watching, the pigeon is pecking at a slow, steady rate. Based on this information, you can predict that the line on the cumulative recorder will

have a shallow, upward slope.

All of the following are valid criticisms of brain-imaging research EXCEPT that brain-imaging procedures

have become too accessible to untrained researchers

Research shows that children who are spanked tend to

have lower IQs.

People who rarely remember their dreams probably

have their last REM sleep period a relatively long time before they awaken.

Hunter was dreaming, but he knew that he was dreaming. During his dream, he was able to control some of the events that occurred in it. In this case, Hunter is

having a lucid dream.

For the past two weeks, Cameron has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep. He is likely to find that

he now needs to take a larger dose in order to fall asleep because sedatives become less effective over time.

Deception is used in some research in order to

help control for placebo effects.

When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the gene pair is said to be

heterozygous.

Salvador hates to work through the problems on his calculus assignments step by step, and he often tries shortcuts that might save him some time. It appears that Salvador prefers to use

heuristics rather than algorithms in solving calculus problems.

The place theory of pitch perception BEST accounts for the perception of ____-frequency sounds.

high

Sensitivity to _________ sounds declines most as adults age.

high-frequency

Roommates Ann and Margaret both woke up yesterday with a headache, upset stomach, and muscle stiffness. While Ann was showering for her 9:00 art history class, Margaret rushed off to the college health clinic. Most likely Margaret exhibits a ________ than Ann.

higher level of anxiety and higher level of neuroticism

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as

higher-order conditioning.

Based on the research into the role of glutamate circuits in the brain, you might predict that a reduction in this neurotransmitter would

hinder memory formation.

Knowing that a particular person has been arrested and accused of the crime in question can influence the recollections of eyewitnesses. This finding can BEST be explained by

hindsight bias

The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called

hindsight bias

The current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the ____ and stored in the ____.

hippocampal region; cortex

Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret labratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures, he has created superheroes who have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes has a fantastic memory and is able to remember new information almost instantly. In this case, one of the brain structures that the scientist MOST likely altered would be the

hippocampus

The function of sensory memory is to

hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer.

Individuals from Eastern Asian cultures tend to focus on context and the relationships among elements in a field. This is referred to as a(n)

holistic cognitive style.

Individuals from Eastern Asian cultures tend to focus on context and the relationships among elements in a field. This is referred to as a(n)

holistic cognitive theory

Connectionist models of memory are based on

how neural networks process information.

The study by Domjan et al. (1998), which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning, may shed some light on

how sexual fetishes develop in humans.

Prior to the Renaissance, artists were generally unsuccessful in painting realistic scenes because they did not understand

how to use monocular depth perception cues.

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

human brains are wired to think in terms of base rates and probabilities.

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that A. traditional research on decision-making has imposed invalid and unrealistic standards of rationality. B. humans only seem irrational because cognitive psychologists have been asking the wrong questions. C. human brains are wired to think in terms of base rates and probabilities. D. human decision-making and problem-solving strategies have been tailored to handle real-world adaptive problems.

human brains are wired to think in terms of base rates and probabilities.

Evolutionary theorists argue what?

humans only seem irrational because cognitive psychologists have been asking the wrong questions. traditional research on decision-making has imposed invalid and unrealistic standards of rationality. human decision-making and problem-solving strategies have been tailored to handle real-world adaptive problems.

If electrical stimulation of a brain structure results in an animal's eating constantly and gaining weight rapidly, the structure stimulated MOST likely is the

hypothalamus

Much of the endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the

hypothalamus

The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the

hypothalamus

If electrical stimulation of a brain structure results in an animal's eating constantly and gaining weight rapidly, the structure stimulated MOST likely is the

hypothalamus.

In carrying out the "fight or flight" response, the role of supervisor is assigned to the

hypothalamus.

The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the

hypothalamus.

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is a(n)

hypothesis.

In the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, the researchers found that when people are faced with complex choices, they tend to make better decisions

if they make intuitive decisions.

Skinner suggested that children learn how to construct grammatical sentences as a result of

imitating the sentences of adults and older children.

For the past month, Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell has only been getting 5 to 6 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 hours he is used to. Mitchell is likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to

impaired attention.

Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

impermanent storage.

Overlearning material will

improve retention

Most typically, researchers report their findings

in a journal

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of Rocky behaving

in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.

A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your classmates because you are

in the same context as you were when you learned them.

If a radio play-by-play announcer describing each pitch during a baseball game fails to notice a naked fan running across the infield, the announcer would be demonstrating

inattentional blindness.

You are sitting in an arena watching the end of a very close basketball game, and you fail to notice that one of the referees has removed his shirt. This an example of

inattentional blindness.

Research has shown the long-term benefits of meditation to

include benefits for both physical and mental health.

When John was rejected for a summer internship he really wanted, he thought that all his plans were ruined and he would no longer be able to get into a good graduate school. John is angry and upset. Albert Ellis believes that, if John is like most people, he will ______ attribute his anger to being caused by _________.

incorrectly: the rejection

Some theorists believe that the rewarding effects of most abused drugs depend on

increased activity in specific dopamine pathways

Some theorists believe that the rewarding effects of most abused drugs depend on

increased activity in specific dopamine pathways.

Psychologists who accept the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse are most likely to attribute the recent upsurge in recovered memories to

increased sensitivity to an issue that people used to be reluctant to discuss.

Recent research yielded the surprising finding that questioning an eyewitness immediately after he viewed an event

increased the misinformation effect.

What is bilingualism associated with?

increased working memory capacity. higher metalinguistic awareness. reduced risk of dementia.

Cutting fibers in the neural pathway leading away from the periacqueductal gray in the midbrain

increases the perception of pain.

According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it

increases the probability of the response that produced it.

Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response.

increases; decreases

Darla was struggling to solve a difficult problem so she took a break to have lunch. As she ate, the solution to the problem suddenly occurred to her when she was not even consciously thinking about it. Darla experienced the ___________ effect.

incubation

The ___________ effect occurs when solutions emerge for a problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem.

incubation

can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study.

independent variable.

If we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause-effect relationship, the ____ variable would be the cause, and the ____ variable would be the effect.

independent; dependent

Analogy problems such as "Mickey Mouse is to Minnie Mouse as Donald Duck is to <blank>" are problems of

inducing structure

Series-completion problems are examples of which of Greeno's (1978) categories?

inducing structure

Analogy problems such as "Mickey Mouse is to Minnie Mouse as Donald Duck is to <blank>" are problems of

inducing structure.

Martin can't remember who invented flush toilets because he was flirting with a classmate when his history professor described this momentous event. His forgetting appears to be due to

ineffective encoding.

If you were to compare adult language ability with the language ability speech of infants under 6 months of age, you should expect to find that

infants distinguish more phonemes than adults do.

If you were to compare adult speech with the speech of infants under four months of age, you should expect to find that

infants distinguish more phonemes than adults do.

Researchers use ____ to determine whether the observed difference between the two groups in the study was large enough to support the hypothesis.

inferential statistics

Visual illusions tend to be

influenced by our experiences.

Loftus's work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event.

The "a ha!" feeling when you suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem is called

insight

Dr. Grath believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Grath's views are MOST consistent with those of

interactionist theories

Dr. Grath believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Grath's views are MOST consistent with those of

interactionist theories.

Research suggests that when information is forgotten from long-term memory, ____ exerts a stronger influence on forgetting than ____.

interference; the passage of time

When a researcher does NOT reinforce every correct response that an organism makes, it is referred to as

intermittent reinforcement.

Gabriella was looking for shelter from the sudden cloudburst, but she had difficulty judging whether the old barn or the farmhouse was closer. However, when she noticed that the barn partially obscured the corner of the house, she headed for the barn. She was able to judge which building was closer based on

interposition.

When your psychology professor is lecturing to your class, she can tell which students are sitting in the first, second, third, etc., row, in part because students in the closer rows obstruct her view of students in more distant rows. This illustrates the depth perception cue of

interposition.

The hypotheses for a research study are MOST likely to be found in the

introduction section of a journal article.

The correct sequencing of the sections of the main body of a journal article would be

introduction, method, results, discussion.

The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the

iris

Simon's theory of bounded rationality asserts that people frequently make

irrational decisions that are less than optimal.

Studies that examine the ability of individuals from various cultures to take advantage of pictorial depth cues present in two-dimensional drawings indicate that the application of pictorial depth cues

is an acquired skill that depends on experience.

Nate is watching the cumulative recorder that is connected to a box where a rat is pressing a lever to receive food reinforcement. The slope of the line is becoming flatter and flatter over time. Based on this output, Nate can conclude that the rat's response rate

is decreasing over time.

Extinction of an operantly conditioned response occurs when the response

is no longer followed by reinforcement.

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

is the most predictive signal for the US.

The confirmation bias

is the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.

A child who uses "wented" as the past tense of the verb "to go"

is using a general rule in an irregular case where it does not apply.

it is not practical or ethical to manipulate people's smoking behavior.

According to Paivio's dual-coding theory,

it should be easier to remember the word "banana" than the word "justice."

If inhibitory postsynaptic potentials did not exist,

it would be "easier" for a neuron to fire its action potential

If inhibitory postsynaptic potentials did not exist,

it would be "easier" for a neuron to fire its action potential.

A sample is representative if

its composition is similar to the composition of the population.

The main advantage associated with the experimental method is

its precise control.

Williams (1994) followed up on females who had been brought to a hospital emergency room for treatment of sexual abuse when they were children. When these women were interviewed 17 years after their emergency room visit,

just over one-third of the women (38%) failed to report the original incident.

Symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages are known as

language

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows

large decline

When variability in a data set is large, the standard deviation will be ____; when variability is small, the standard deviation will be ____.

large; small

The psychoanalyst interpreted his patient's dream of riding a horse as indicative of her repressed sexual urges. This interpretation constitutes the

latent content of the dream.

Learning that is NOT apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

latent learning.

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as

learning

For most people, the production of language resides in the

left cerebral hemisphere

For most people, the production of language resides in the

left cerebral hemisphere.

When people are seeking gains, they are ____ to make risky decisions than when they are attempting to cut their losses.

less likely

In the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, the researchers found that when decision complexity was high, conscious deliberation was associated with

less satisfaction.

MOST accurately, additive color mixing occurs when combining

lights of different colors.

According to the Featured Study described in the text, a target woman wearing a red blouse was rated higher by male observers on all of the following EXCEPT

likability.

Research shows that when consumers have a very high number of products to choose from, they are

likely to purchase no items.

Timothy was painting a picture of a jet on a runway; however, in his painting, the sides of the runway are parallel to each other. Timothy's picture will seem to lack depth because he has failed to make use of the monocular depth cue of

linear perspective.

The hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought is the

linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Which of the following is NOT a mnemonic device that involves verbal encoding?

link method

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is

long-term memory

The last dream period of the night is usually the

longest

As people age, the lens of the eye loses its ability to accommodate, and it tends to remain flat instead of becoming fat and round. This suggests that as people age, they will

lose their ability to focus on objects that are close.

Loss aversion occurs when

losses loom larger than gains of an equal size.

The perception associated with the amplitude of a sound wave is

loudness.

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

love the smell of her father's aftershave.

If two variables have a positive correlation, you would expect that ____ scores on one variable are generally associated with ____ scores on the second variable.

low; low

Weak cerebral lateralization is associated with

lower IQ

Weak cerebral lateralization is associated with

lower IQ.

The memory process of storage involves

maintaining information in memory over time.

When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should

make sure you have the opportunity to earn some reinforcers, too.

McMillan and colleagues (1997) asked a random sample of almost 10,000 adults about whether they had experienced abuse during childhood. These researchers found that

males were more likely to have experienced physical abuse, while females were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse.

One health disadvantage identified for supertasters is that they respond negatively to the taste of

many vegetables.

Fast mapping is

mapping words to underlying concepts after only one exposure.

Haley has severe glaucoma; she finds that its symptoms can be relieved by using a non-prescription drug. In addition to relieving the symptoms of glaucoma, the drug relaxes her and induces a mild feeling of euphoria. It is MOST likely that Haley is treating her glaucoma using

marijuana.

Madeline uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects she experiences are anxiety and impaired memory. It is MOST likely that Madeline is using

marijuana.

People often assume that it is necessary to use all the numerical information provided in a problem in order to solve the problem. In reality, numerical information sometimes makes it more difficult to solve a problem because the information

may be irrelevant.

Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that

media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults.

Declarative memory appears to be handled by the

medial temporal lobe

The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores, such that half the scores fall below that score and half the scores fall above it, is the

median.

Scott's brain is producing alpha and theta waves, and he shows a decrease in his heart rate, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination. Scott is probably

meditating.

The brain function that controls unconscious but essential functions such as breathing and circulation is the

medulla

The brain structure that controls unconscious but essential functions such as breathing and circulation is the

medulla.

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

melatonin

Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to

memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.

The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following EXCEPT

memory.

The enclosing sheaths that protect the brain and spinal cord are referred to as

meninges

Alcoholism is categorized as?

mental illness. physical illness. a personal weakness.

Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of

mental set

Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience

mental set in his problem-solving

mental set.

An eight-year-old shows irony and sarcasm in his speech by saying "That's just great, I'm a regular Michael Jordan!" after he misses a free throw in a basketball game; this suggests that his ____ has improved.

mentalinguistic awareness

Seven-year-old Tracy heard a joke in school and asks you, "How could you find a lost dog in the woods?" When you are stumped, she explains, "You stand near a tree and listen for the bark." Tracy's play on words indicates that she is developing

mentalinguistic awareness

The ____ neural pathway has been characterized as a "reward pathway" that is believed to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs.

mesolimbic dopamine

metalinguistic awareness

When a child says that "tub" and "but" are constructed of the same three letters, she is showing an awareness of

metalinguistics.

An agonist

mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

An agonist

mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or seeing others perform that same action are called

mirror neurons

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or seeing others perform that same action are called

mirror neurons.

When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information, it is referred to as the

misinformation effect.

In the signal-detection method, if a subject fails to detects a stimulus when a stimulus is actually present, this would be a

miss.

Artists use ____ cues to create a perception of depth on a two-dimensional surface.

monocular

Dr. Zelke surveys 50 university students to discover the relationship between textbook price and ratings of readability. Dr. Zelke finds that for these two variables the correlation coefficient is -0.70. This indicates that

more expensive books tend to receive lower readability ratings than less expensive books.

A study revealed that people gave higher ratings of a wine when the wine was

more expensive.

Research on hypnosis most clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report

more incorrect information

Recent research suggests that bilingual people learn another language ___________ monolingual people.

more quickly than

It appears that most human characteristics are influenced by

more than one pair of genes

It appears that most human characteristics are influenced by

more than one pair of genes.

The word "slow" would be an example of a

morpheme

The word "slow" would be an example of a

morpheme.

When using elimination by aspects, it is best to evaluate the ____ aspect first.

most important

Imagine you complete a computer programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years, you should expect

most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.

After visual input has been processed in the primary visual cortex, signals are processed further along a number of pathways. The dorsal stream processes information about

motion and depth.

All of the following are picture depth cues EXCEPT

motion parallax.

Zoe has a small brain tumor that is pressing on areas in her right frontal lobe. You would most likely suspect that Zoe will experience difficulties

moving some portions of the left side of her body

The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the

myelin sheath.

Research shows that Democrats tend to predict that Democratic candidates will win elections, while Republicans tend to predict that Republicans will win. This is likely the result of

myside bias

The tendency to evaluate evidence in a way that supports one's own opinions is referred to as

myside bias.

Which of the following have both been shown to be effective methods of controlling pain?

narcotics and hypnosis

Which type of theory BEST accounts for the apparent rapidity and ease of language acquisition in early childhood?

nativist theory

The hypothesized "language acquisition device" is associated with the

nativist theory of language.

The notion that heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations is known as

natural selection

A group of researchers wanted to investigate allegations of sexual harassment on a company's assembly line. To make their observations, the researchers took jobs working on the assembly line and pretended to be new employees. In this example, the researchers were using

naturalistic observation.

Recording all instances of an event for a particular time period (such as how many times an older brother strikes his younger brother) without the subjects' awareness is an example of

naturalistic observation.

As an adult ages, his/her physical strength declines. The relationship between age and physical strength is a(n)

negative correlation.

Avoidance conditioning develops through

negative reinforcement.

Escape conditioning is maintained by

negative reinforcement.

Nancy has a headache; she takes some aspirin, and the headache goes away. Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again. This is an example of

negative reinforcement.

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called

negative reinforcement.

Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding to

negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement; avoidance learning

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain; Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

negative; positive

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are

negatively correlated.

According to the interactionist theories of language acquisition,

neural circuits supporting language emerge gradually in response to language-learning experiences.

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units, or nodes, that operate much like

neurons

The cells of the nervous system that do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information are the

neurons

The cells of the nervous system that do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information are the

neurons.

Most psychoactive drugs work primarily by altering

neurotransmitter activity in the brain.

An impulse moves from one neuron to another through the action of

neurotransmitters

The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapses are

neurotransmitters

A postsynaptic potential occurs when

neurotransmitters bind or attach to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron.

Kelli wakes up abruptly from NREM sleep with intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic. Kelli has just experienced a

night terror.

Which memory system is characterized by both requiring little effort to recall a memory and not declining much over long retention intervals?

nondeclarative memory

Historically alcoholism has been categorized under all of the following labels EXCEPT

normal behavior.

Even though he knows only a small percentage of high school athletes go on to professional careers, Charlie believes that he will receive a scholarship to play football in college and then will have a career in the NFL. Charlie is

not applying base rates to himself.

When an object is placed unseen in the left hand of a person who has had split-brain surgery, the person will

not be able to describe it

Functional fixedness refers to

not seeing a new function for a familiar object.

Sensory adaptation is probably a behavioral adaptation that allows people to

notice changes in their environment that may signal threats.

Telegraphic speech normally includes only

nouns and verbs

Ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the

number of responses given.

Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of ____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that ____ is also very important.

nurture; nature

According to Nisbett and colleagues, an analytic cognitive style is one that focuses on

objects and their properties, rather than overall context.

The Gestalt principle of proximity refers to the idea that

objects nearer to each other are seen as forming a unit.

After watching his father wash the car, five-year-old Bob washes his bike. This is an example of

observational learning.

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. (In fact, your parents were probably happier when they had control over the TV.) In this case, your learning would MOST likely be an example of

observational learning.

In the Featured Study on modeling and behavior by Bandura, Ross, and Ross, the results suggest that

observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior leads to positive consequences.

When Jeffrey slipped on the stairs and hit his head he saw "stars" for several minutes. The "stars" were most likely a result of activity in Jeffrey's

occipital lobes

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

occur together in time and space.

During the first half of the 20th century, the study of cognition was discouraged because

of the theoretical dominance of behaviorism

The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as

olfactory cilia.

The memory process of retrieval is associated with

only long-term memory

As a result of the pathway through which visual information travels from the eye to the visual cortex, images seen in the left visual field are received in

only the right visual cortex.

Among the amino acid neurotransmitters, excitatory effects are associated

only with glutamate

Among the amino acid neurotransmitters, excitatory effects are associated

only with glutamate.

Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say "please" and "thank you." They will be most successful in altering Dillon's behavior if they use

operant conditioning.

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

operant conditioning.

Learning to tie one's shoes is most likely acquired via the process of

operant conditioning.

The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is

operant conditioning.

A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication.

operational

After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots floating before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by

opponent-process theory.

The main pathway visual signals travel from the eye to the visual cortex is

optic nerve - optic chiasm - thalamus - occipital lobe

The empirical finding that outlining material from textbooks can enhance retention of the material is MOST consistent with which of the following approaches for improving memory?

organization

Distributed practice refers to learning

over several sessions.

Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can't find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has

overcome functional fixedness in solving her problem.

Research suggests that people tend to ____ how much regret they will experience as a result of a poor decision.

overestimate

People tend to inaccurately estimate that more deaths occur as a result of tornadoes than from asthma because of a tendency to

overestimate the improbable

People tend to inaccurately estimate that more deaths occur as a result of tornadoes than from asthma because of a tendency to

overestimate the improbable.

The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

overestimate; underestimate

According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ____ because researchers have not controlled for ____ by participants.

overestimated; covert chunking

Kailee has learned the word "kitty," but she uses this word when she is referring to cats, bunnies, squirrels, and other small furry animals. Kailee's use of this word illustrates

overextension

Robert knows how to say "red," but when his cousin asks him to name the colors of the cars that drive past their house, he says red for the red cars, the blue cars, the green cars, and the black cars. Robert's use of this word illustrates

overextension

overextension.

When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than the word is meant to describe, the child is making an error of

overextension.

Even though Esmeralda was able to say all of her lines for the upcoming play without any errors in last night's rehearsal, her director insists that she run through them completely at least five additional times before opening night. In this case, the director is recommending that Esmeralda strengthen her memory of the lines using

overlearning

Practicing material already learned in order to improve retention is referred to as

overlearning

Dr. Redding has found a correlation of +0.65 between snoring and weight. This indicates that

overweight individuals tend to snore more than underweight individuals.

After inhaling a secret substance, Felix displays more empathy and is more trusting of others. It is likely that the secret substance contained

oxytocin.

Brenda was startled when a large shadow unexpectedly passed across her living room window. When she realized that it was just a cloud passing in front of the full moon her racing heart began to slow down, and her blood pressure started to return to normal. These physical reactions were triggered by Brenda's

parasympathetic nervous system

The ____ is most likely to be in control of bodily processes during periods of rest and recovery for the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

Sam is highly relaxed. His blood pressure and heart rate are lower than usual. This relaxation response was most likely the result of activity in his

parasympathetic nervous system.

While the ___ nervous system is associated with conserving bodily resources, the ___ nervous system mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies

parasympathetic; sympathetic

According to learning theory, children's vocabularies increase and their pronunciation improves as

parents insist on closer and closer approximations of the correct word before they provide reinforcement.

Gilbert suffered a stroke, and even though he has recovered many functions, he finds he is still relatively insensitive to pain signals from his leg. In this case, it is likely that Gilbert's stroke affected his

parietal lobe

The next time you have an itch on your foot, the itch sensation will be sensed in your ___ lobe and the ___ lobe will transmit the message to move your hand and arm to scratch the itch

parietal; frontal

The next time you have an itch on your foot, the itch sensation will be sensed in your ____ lobe and the ____ lobe will transmit the message to move your hand and arm to scratch the itch.

parietal; frontal

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

partial retrieval

According to interference theory,

people forget information because of competition from other material.

Studies that have investigated the influence of anecdotal information have found that

people tend to be influenced by anecdotal information, even when they are forewarned that the information is not representative.

Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because

people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments

The incubation effect is thought to occur because

people work on problems at an unconscious level.

Imagine you studied for a psychology exam with two of your classmates. If one classmate, Becky, was very nervous and "stressed-out" about the exam, and the other classmate, Craig, thought the exam "wasn't a big deal," their differing attitudes are most consistent with the finding that

people's appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective

Barriers to effective problem-solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

people's experience of the world is highly subjective.

Three-year-old Kevin was flying in a plane for the first time. As the plane descended for its landing, Kevin became very excited at all the toy houses and cars he saw, and he couldn't wait for the plane to land so he could play with the toys. Kevin's misinterpretation of the true size of the houses and cars the plane passed over shows that he is still not fully utilizing

perceptual constancy.

An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed is

perceptual hypothesis.

You may interpret the trapezoid shape projected on your retina as a rectangular book, in which case you are formulating a

perceptual hypothesis.

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system comprise the

peripheral nervous system.

Sally has blue eyes and blond hair. Genetically, this description refers to Sally's

phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as that person's

phenotype

The successive blinking on and off of the lights on the neon sign gave the impression of beer filling a glass. This illusion of motion is the

phi phenomenon.

Last Halloween, 4-year-old Jillian called the decorations at her house "punkins." This year, she is able to say "pumpkins" when she describes them. In this instance, Jillian has made a gain in her use of

phonemes

The smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually are

phonemes

Three-year-old Johnny used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of milk. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, Johnny has made a gain in his use of

phonemes

When the word "jar" is changed to the word "jars," the number of

phonemes and morphemes are both increased.

When the word "oat" is changed to the word "boat," the number of

phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same.

phonemes.

The smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually are

phonemes.

In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

phonemic

As part of a memory test, Xavier was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list

phonemically

John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is demonstrating

physical dependence.

A psychologist monitors changes in the subject's heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is

physiological recording.

The gland located below the hypothalamus that produces a number of hormones, many of which trigger other endocrine glands to release hormones, is the

pituitary gland.

If a patient has severe damage to the prefrontal cortex, you would predict that he might also have difficulty

planning, paying attention, and getting organized

If a patient has severe damage to the prefrontal cortex, you would predict that he might also have difficulty

planning, paying attention, and getting organized.

Wilson is watching two different roulette-type games at a local charity bazaar. Each game costs $1 to play. In one game, there are 10 different numbers, and if the number he selects comes up, he will win $12. In the other game, there are 100 different numbers, but if the number he selects comes up, he will win $50. Based on expected value theory, Wilson should

play the first game because it has a higher expected value.

Recent research suggests that pain is experienced as less intense when looking at

pleasant pictures.

The hindbrain structure involved with sleep and arousal is the

pons

The hindbrain structure involved with sleep and arousal is the

pons.

Devin looked directly into a very bright light and damaged his retina. The ophthalmologist has told him that he sustained massive damage to his rods, but for the most part, his cones have not been affected. One change that you could predict for Devin's vision is that he will now have

poor peripheral vision.

When a neuron is firing its action potential, the neuron's electrical charge is

positive and travels along the axon.

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is called

positive reinforcement.

Based on the information on getting more out of lectures presented in the Personal Application section in Chapter 1, class attendance and grade average in the class would be

positively correlated.

Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are

positively correlated.

The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are

positively correlated.

The uncertainty effect refers to the fact that people

prefer to be sure of something when making decisions.

Some theorists believe that a sort of "executive control system," which is responsible for monitoring, directing, and organizing thought processes, is housed in the

prefrontal cortex.

Zane has been shocked on six separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane's only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was child. Zane's pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

preparedness.

James has an important job interview tomorrow morning and he obviously wants to do a good job of selling himself to the interviewer. James is most likely experiencing

pressure

Proactive interference occurs when

previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.

Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have difficulty remembering her new last name because of

proactive interference

Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new plays because he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen's problems illustrate the effects of

proactive interference.

Elisa is entering survey data from adult males in a research study. One respondent has listed his height as 6 feet 5 inches, but the occupation is hard to decipher. Elisa thinks it might be basketball player or bank president. She decides to enter basketball player as the occupation. In this case, Elisa

probably relied on the representativeness heuristic to make her decision.

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as

problem-solving

The observations described in the text that both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired, in part, by dreams provides support for the _______ theory of dreaming.

problem-solving

If you interpreted Peter's dream of arguing with a larger-than-life faceless authority figure as an attempt on his part to decide which approach to take in convincing his father of the merits of his future plans, you would be subscribing to the

problem-solving theory of dreams.

The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives and then use that information later when awake is consistent with the

problem-solving view of dreams.

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as

problem-solving.

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions, such as glove is to hand as sock is to <blank>. Questions of this type are considered to be

problems of inducing structure

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions, such as glove is to hand as sock is to <blank>. Questions of this type are considered to be

problems of inducing structure.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic classes of problems?

problems of probability

Damage to the cerebellum is MOST likely to result in

problems with coordination of movement.

The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile is the

procedural memory system

The primary disadvantage that bilingual learners have relative to monolingual learners is in the domain of

processing speed.

Remembering to perform actions in the future involves

prospective memory

When you look at an object such as a book, the image projected on your retina is known as the

proximal stimulus.

The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near each other is called

proximity.

When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense cravings for the drug, he is demonstrating

psychological dependence.

Many parenting books, dog training manuals, and business management approaches all advocate the use of operant conditioning techniques to encourage desirable behavior in children, pets, and employees. The widespread knowledge and application of conditioning techniques reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.

During the 1950s and 1960s, creative new ways of measuring mental processes paved the way for the cognitive revolution. The development of new research methods helps to illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

psychology is empirical

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a

punisher.

Jane was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of

punishment.

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by changes in the size of the

pupil.

Chase is using a single earphone to listen in on a conversation. Based on the research that investigated hemispheric specialization in intact brains, you might suggest that he will recognize the words he hears most quickly if he

puts the earphone in his right ear

Evolutionary theorists maintain that many human errors in reasoning would vanish if problems are presented in terms of

raw frequencies, rather than base rates and probabilities.

If you are trying to remember whether you told your roommate that you would not be home for dinner tomorrow or just thought about telling her, you are engaging in

reality monitoring.

Chunking involves

rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.

recall

The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is

recall

The main function of the dendrites is to

receive information

The main function of dendrites is to

receive information.

Cells in the nervous system that respond to touch sensation convey touch information from a specific area of skin or from a

receptive field.

Skin patches are to touch as ____ are to vision.

receptive fields

When people must choose between two alternatives, and they recognize one alternative but not the other, they often infer that the alternative they recognize has the higher value. This decision-making heuristic is called the

recognition heuristic.

A 45-year-old woman suddenly becomes aware of long-forgotten memories of being sexually abused by her father when she was 6 years old. Her father denies the allegations. This case can be described as a typical example associated with the

recovered memory controversy.

Chronic, heavy use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

reduced levels of testosterone.

Kim had a busy day at work and made many difficult decisions. Research suggests that she may now experience

reduced working memory

Kim had a busy day at work and made many difficult decisions. Research suggests that she may now experience

reduced working memory.

Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____.

reflexive; voluntary

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

regular breathing and pulse rate

In the physiological domain, research has suggested meditation may help with all of the following EXCEPT

regulating hormone levels.

It is very easy to recall the name of your high school because it has been subjected to extensive

rehearsal

You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called

rehearsal

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using

rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.

reinforcement

The rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer are called

reinforcement contingencies.

Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a

reinforcer.

Skinner demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences. Skinner termed these favorable consequences

reinforcers.

When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that

related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.

Images that occupy more space on your retina are seen as nearer relative to images that occupy less space. This is a cue to depth perception known as

relative size.

When compared to Type A people, Type B people tend to be more

relaxed, easygoing, and friendly

Noah had learned to play Mozart's Concerto Number 21 when he was eight years old. He is now 30 and hasn't played the piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her wedding. When Noah sits down to practice, he finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours, even though it took him weeks to learn the first time. This example illustrates

relearning as a measure of memory retention.

Opiate drugs bind onto the same receptor sites as the body's own endorphins. Therefore, opiate drugs tend to

relieve pain

Severing the ascending reticular activating system in cats caused them to

remain in continuous sleep.

Research involving the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results can be duplicated are referred to as

replication studies.

The final step in a scientific investigation is to

report the findings.

In psychology, MOST journal articles are

reports that describe original empirical studies.

Dr. Critell is studying aggression in children and plans to define aggression as the number of times one child pushes or strikes another child. Defining aggression in this way would

represent an operational definition.

When your initial attempts to solve a problem are unsuccessful, it is a good strategy to

represent the problem in a different way.

The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the

representativeness heuristic

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the prototype of that event is termed the

representativeness heuristic.

The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the

representativeness heuristic.

According to Sigmund Freud, the process that is at work when distressing thoughts and feelings remain buried in the unconscious is

repression

Following a rape, the victim had no memory of the event but became very anxious if approached by a man. According to Freud's view of memory, this would be an example of

repression.

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in

resetting circadian rhythms.

With three finals and two papers on her schedule at the beginning of finals' week, Kim was very aware of feeling her body "all keyed-up" as she worried how she could possibly do everything she needed to do. By the middle of the week, Kim felt calmer and was dealing fairly well with budgeting her time and was completing tasks in a timely fashion. During the middle of finals' week Kim was most likely in the _______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance

When resistance to extinction is high, it means that

responding will continue for a long time after reinforcement is discontinued.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which

responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

The data obtained in a research study, along with the statistical analyses, are reported in the

results section of a journal article.

Dr. Bates has implanted electrodes in the brain of a rabbit. When currents of different frequencies are passed through the electrodes, the rabbit will fall into a deep sleep or suddenly awaken. Based on this information, the electrodes are most likely stimulating the rabbit's

reticular formation

The structure of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain is the

retina

Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as, "Who was president after Richard Nixon?", but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as, "He has the same name as a type of car." The hint serves as a

retrieval cue

Freud's concept of repression involves a specific type of

retrieval failure.

If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is

retrieval.

____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.

retroactive interference

Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to switch and goes back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in recalling how to do certain tasks with the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the way he did with the new software he was testing. Curtis's problems illustrate the effects of

retroactive interference.

Adrianna was skiing when she fell and hit her head. When the operators of the ski resort ask her what she was doing just before she fell, she really can't remember. Adrianna's memory loss is consistent with

retrograde amnesia

Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of

retrograde amnesia

When, during a psychology test, you try to remember something your instructor said in class last week, you are using what researchers call

retrospective memory

Dennis is reminiscing about the trip he took with his parents to visit the house where his father grew up. He can still remember the wide front porch with the swing and the big trees in the backyard. As Dennis recalls this trip, he is relying on his

retrospective memory.

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as

reuptake

Visual spatial tasks, nonverbal processing, music

right hemisphere

Kim is good at reading maps and enjoys listening to music. Some researchers would suggest that these characteristics indicate that Kim is probably

right-brained

Carmen is good at reading maps and enjoys listening to music. Some researchers would suggest that these characteristics indicate that Carmen is probably

right-brained.

Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ____.

rod cells; cone cells

An animal species normally active at night (or nocturnal) would be expected to have a visual system that consists primarily of

rods

Imagine you are sitting at the dinner table and looking at the round plate in front of the person sitting across from you. From your perspective, the distal stimulus of the plate would be ____, while the proximal stimulus would be ____.

round; oval

Chad is an excellent golfer, very good at basketball, competent at tennis, and just started to play rugby. Chad's optimal level of arousal should be lowest when he is playing

rugby

The requirement that a declarative sentence have both a noun phrase and a verb phrase is an example of a

rule of syntax

The requirement that a declarative sentence have both a noun phrase and a verb phrase is an example of a

rule of syntax.

According to dual-process theories of decision-making, when complicated or important decisions need to be made, people use

rule-governed strategies.

Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs

salivating right before food was placed in their mouths.

While a(n) ____ is the group of individuals actually observed in a research study, the ____ is the group of individuals that researchers want to generalize or extend their findings to describe.

sample; population

Recent research suggests the existence of a fifth basic taste referred to as

savory.

A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a

schema

Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is called

searching for analogies

Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is called

searching for analogies.

When Graham is printing copies from the computer in the computer classroom, the paper keeps jamming in the machine. He takes the paper out of the paper tray, fans it, and then flips it over, so the other side of the paper feeds first. This is the way he solves similar problems on the photocopy machine at the office where he works. In this case, Graham's method of solving the problem is consistent with the problem-solving heuristic known as

searching for analogies.

Imagine you have a problem to solve that has some similarities to problems you have previously solved. If focusing on the similarities leads you relatively quickly to a solution, you would be benefiting from the ____ heuristic; on the other hand, if focusing on the similarities prevents or slows your finding a solution, you would be hindered by the ____ barrier to problem-solving.

searching for analogies; mental set

Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips that could be eaten. The coins served as a

secondary reinforcer.

Psychoactive drugs that are associated with a low risk of a lethal overdose include all of the following EXCEPT

sedatives

Problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia include all of the following except

sedatives increase the proportion of sleep time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep

Problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia include all of the following EXCEPT

sedatives increase the proportion of sleep time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep.

Problems associated with the use of sedatives to treat insomnia include

sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in REM sleep. the original dose of sedative becomes less effective. sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in slow-wave sleep.

If the occipital lobe of the brain is stimulated, a person would be most likely to report

seeing a flash of light

Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. Kara has probably experienced or undergone

selective sleep deprivation.

According to the Featured Study in the text, people MOST likely experience failures in destination memory because they are _________ when telling something to someone else.

self-focused

Several students are arguing over the actual year that the Berlin Wall came down. Some of the students think it was in 1990, several think it was in 1991, and one student thinks it may have been 1988. Seth confidently tells them it was in November 1989, because it came down the same week he won a statewide spelling bee. The fact that Seth is able to accurately recall the date illustrates the impact of

self-referent encoding.

Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information about their attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are returned, Darla needs to be aware that the responses may be distorted due to

self-report biases.

General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in

semantic memory

Cierra is taking a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Turkmenistan. In answering this question, Cierra is largely relying on her

semantic memory.

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your

semantic memory.

Owners of automobile junkyards prefer to use the term "automobile recycling centers." This is an example of the use of

semantic slanting

The deliberate choice of words to create specific emotional responses is referred to as

semantic slanting.

As part of a memory test, Taryn was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these words as pup, bucket, and loathe. Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

semantically

The component of language that would be evident if an individual recognizes that "give" and "take" have opposite meanings is

semantics

The two sentences, "The boy hit the ball," and, "The ball was hit by the boy," are the same in regard to

semantics

The two sentences, "The boy hit the ball," and, "The ball was hit by the boy," are the same in regard to

semantics.

If your psychology professor gives students two separate grades on their essay questions on exams, one for content or meaning and the other for grammar, the first grade can be said to refer to the ____ and the second grade to the ____ of the essays.

semantics; syntax

While ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ____ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

sensation; perception

If one is subjected to prolonged stimulation, eventually

sensory adaptation will occur.

Jacob has been working at his computer for the past 2 hours, and the hum that he found so annoying when he started no longer bothers him. The change in Jacob's sensitivity to the noise from the computer illustrates the process known as

sensory adaptation.

The fact that we are generally much more aware of the changes in our sensory environments than we are of the constants is the general idea behind

sensory adaptation.

If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her

sensory memory

Which stage, according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, is the first stage of memory processing?

sensory memory

sensory memory works.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called

sensory memory.

Children often have difficulty remembering the letters in the middle of the alphabet because of

serial-position effect

Recent studies have reported an unexpected link between cannabis use and

severe psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.

The color red tends to have positive effects in ________ contexts and negative effects in ________ contexts.

sexual; achievement

The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called

shaping

The technique used to teach animals complex tricks, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong, is

shaping

Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of

shaping.

Nicolas has autistic disorder and is mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of

shaping.

Jane hasn't been feeling well lately and she went to the doctor. Jane just told you the doctor diagnosed her with Illness X and said she needed to have surgery. Jane asks you for advice. Which of the following would be the least helpful advice for you to tell her to do?

she should immediately schedule the surgery

Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention would suggest that

she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her studying.

If you look at a sheet of notebook paper set on a table, the distal stimulus is the ____, and the proximal stimulus is the ____.

sheet of paper; projection on the retina

Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

short-term

Jeremy stops gambling five minutes after his slot machine last paid off; Jessica is still gambling, even though her slot machine hasn't paid off in over an hour. In this example, Jeremy's behavior ____ while Jessica's behavior ____.

shows low resistance to extinction; shows high resistance to extinction

According to ____, the ability to detect a stimulus depends not only on the intensity of the stimulus but also on other variables such as the level of noise in the system and your expectations.

signal-detection theory

Jerry, a nuclear operator, must monitor 50 different gauges that keep track of various aspects of the nuclear reactor. According to ____, Jerry's detection of any problems will be influenced by the probability of any problem occurring in conjunction with the payoff associated with detecting the problem.

signal-detection theory

The fact that your criterion for "hearing" mysterious noises at night may change after a rash of burglaries in your neighborhood can best be explained by

signal-detection theory.

Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is

similar to the material to be remembered.

Blake was at a football game, and even though people wearing green jackets were spread fairly evenly throughout the stands, he still perceived all the people in green jackets as a single group of visiting fans. Blake's perception is most consistent with the Gestalt principle of

similarity.

According to Simon's theory of bounded rationality, people tend to use

simple strategies in decision-making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal.

Research by John Payne found that people adapt their decision-making approach to the demands of the task. Specifically, as choices become more complex, people tend to shift toward

simpler decision strategies.

One hypothesis regarding the cause of crib death in babies is that they stop breathing during sleep, a sleep disorder known as

sleep apnea.

somnambulism.

sleepwalking.

The pathway for pain that results in the experience of pain being less localized and longer lasting is the

slow pathway.

Suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person's toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have

small toes.

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

snakes.

Bradley is deeply relaxes and his muscles are not moving at all. This suggests that, for Bradley's motor neurons,

sodium ions are concentrated outside the neurons and potassium ions are concentrated inside the neuron

The movement of voluntary skeletal muscles involved in doing calisthenics is under the control of the

somatic nervous system

Stimulation of sensory receptors of the skin is processed by the

somatosensory cortex, which is located in the parietal lobes.

Results from studies in which researchers have attempted to teach chimpanzees to use nonverbal language (i.e., sign language or communication boards) indicate that

some chimpanzees have appeared to learn many words and have combined words in appropriate ways.

The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology because

some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning.

Iris has been asleep for less than an hour. Her parents are surprised when she walks into the living room, and they tell her to go back to sleep. The next day, Iris does not remember getting up after she went to bed. From this description, it appears that Iris experienced

somnambulism

Stephen wanders about while remaining asleep. Stephen's condition is called

somnambulism.

Phonemes are the smallest units of ____ in a spoken language; morphemes are the smallest units of ____ in a language.

sound; meaning

The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as

source monitoring

Steven Pinker suggests that humans' language ability is a ____ that is the product of ____.

species-specific trait; natural selection

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

specify the target behavior.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

spontaneous recovery.

The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word, such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of other words, such as "apples and oranges."

spreading activation within a semantic network

Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus's theory of

spreading activation within a semantic network.

If one thinks of the general adaptation syndrome by the initials "GAS," it is most appropriate to say "the body runs out of gas" during the

stage of exhaustion

Sara is holding Scott's hand during a scary movie. Suddenly she squeezes his hand very hard. When she does this the neurons in Scott's hand will

start to fire at a faster rate

The organization or standard format of journal articles describing psychological research reflects or follows the

steps involved in conducting scientific research.

Early-selection theories of attention propose that

stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.

Continuing to pair a specific CS and US, but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not pairing them with the US, should result in

stimulus discrimination.

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of

stimulus discrimination.

When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor's chihuahua bit her on the ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. Lindsay's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

stimulus discrimination.

When an organism responds to a specific stimulus or conditioned stimulus and doesn't respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as

stimulus discrimination.

When you approach a traffic light and see a red light, you stop. On the other hand, when you approach that same light and see a green light, you continue driving. This example illustrates

stimulus discrimination.

An animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original US in both

stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning.

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of

stimulus generalization.

Recent research suggests that panic disorder may result in part from the process of

stimulus generalization.

When Kristen asks her grandmother for a cookie, her grandmother usually gives her one. Last week at the park, Kristen's mother was embarrassed when Kristen walked up to five different elderly ladies and asked them for cookies. Kristen's behavior illustrates the concept of

stimulus generalization.

When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of

stimulus generalization.

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of

storage

Synaptic vesicles are structures that

store neurotransmitters.

William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness.

stream of consciousness

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

structural

The fact that language has rules that govern the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences refers to the

structured aspect of language

The fact that language has rules that govern the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences refers to the

structured aspect of language.

Assume that odds of a new computer requiring any type of service in the first two years are less than 1 in 10,000, and the average cost of any computer service calls is only $120. However, Karen pays $300 for a two-year service contract on her new computer. She explains that her peace of mind is well worth the cost of the contract. In this case, Karen's decision to purchase the service agreement appears to be based primarily on

subjective utility

If you enjoy a day at the racetrack and don't really care if you end up with a little more or little less money at the end of the day, your behavior is most influenced by the ____ you put on your day's entertainment.

subjective utility

subjective utility.

While finger painting, Chris mixed yellow paint and blue paint and ended up with green, an example of

subtractive color mixing.

Imagine that anthropologists found a culture that had over 80 different words for rice. If researchers also found that the people in this culture thought about rice in different and more elaborate ways than people who have only one word for rice, it would

support the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Which of the following is not associated with moderating or reducing the effects of stress?

suppressing pent-up emotions

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the ____ of the ____.

suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

The research method that is often used to obtain information concerning individuals' behaviors, attitudes, and/or opinions is the

survey method.

The ____ nervous system mobilizes the body when one needs to exert tremendous energy (such as flee from an attacker).

sympathetic

Edmund was walking down a dark street when he heard a car backfire. His heart started to race and he began to perspire in response to this sudden, startling noise. These physical reactions were triggered by Edmund's

sympathetic nervous system.

The microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron is the

synaptic cleft

The elimination of old, less active synapses is known as

synaptic pruning

Last year, 5-year-old Alonda would say, "No he coming," when explaining to her younger sister that their older brother would be staying home. Now Alonda will tell her sister, "He's not coming." This example illustrates that Alonda has made gains in her use of

syntax

The sentence, "The nervous the stared thick at exam student" would be virtually impossible for an English speaker to understand because the sentence violates the rules of English

syntax

The two sentences, "Tom hit John," and, "John hit Tom," are the same in regard to

syntax

syntax.

The sentence, "The nervous the stared thick at exam student" would be virtually impossible for an English speaker to understand because the sentence violates the rules of English

syntax.

The two sentences, "Tom hit John," and, "John hit Tom," are the same in regard to

syntax.

In descriptive/correlational research, the investigator

systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them.

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, nonindustrialized village. Cody is likely to find that the inhabitants of the village

take a 1- to 2-hour midday nap each day.

Inattentional blindness is likely to increase when a person is

talking on a cell phone.

Two-year-old Owen rushes into the kitchen and tells his sister, "Baby throw. Baby bad." He wants her to know that his baby brother is bad because he just threw his toys on the floor. Owen's communication illustrates the use of

telegraphic speech.

You are listening to two-year-old Annie as she says "No eat. No like." She is trying to let you know that she is not going to eat her broccoli because she doesn't like it. Annie's communication illustrates the use of

telegraphic speech.

Theodore suffered a stroke recently, and now he finds he constantly hears a buzzing sound in his ears. In this case, it is likely that the stroke occurred in Theodore's

temporal lobe.

Neurotransmitters are secreted from the

terminal buttons.

A scientific theory has to be

testable.

Metalinguistic awareness refers to

the ability to reflect on the use of language.

According to psychologists, the minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is

the absolute threshold.

The research of both Tolman and Bandura distinguishes between

the acquisition of a learned response and the performance of the response.

The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower brain centers is the core of

the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. Diaz has a problem with his experimental design because

the age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable.

A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In this experiment, the dependent variable was

the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions.

Our perception of the brightness of a color is affected mainly by

the amplitude of light waves.

Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures, he has created superheroes who have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes is absolutely fearless and willing to undertake extremely dangerous missions. In this case, the brain structure that the scientist MOST likely altered would be

the amygdala.

The Ames room, in which people are seen to shrink or grow as they move about, demonstrates that our perception of the world depends strongly on

the assumptions we make about it.

Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of

the availability heuristic

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

the availability heuristic

Zackary's friend asks how well Zackary gets along with his younger brother. Zackary thinks about how irritating his younger brother was yesterday and the big fight they had as a result, and tells his friend that he doesn't get along with his brother at all. In this instance, Zackary's response is consistent with

the availability heuristic

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using

the availability heuristic.

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

the availability heuristic.

In computers, when the print command is executed, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer. In comparing a computer to a neuron, the cable that carries the signal between the computer and the printer would be equivalent to

the axon.

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

the basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.

The fact that overregularizations occur in many different languages as children master language skills provides evidence against

the behavioral theory of language development.

Mrs. Bondle seldom corrects her four-year-old's grammatical errors, such as, "Her drinked my milk." However, she is careful to correct factual errors, such as, "Tiger ate his milk." Assuming Mrs. Bondle's child develops normal language skills, her pattern of feedback would be inconsistent with

the behavioral view of language development.

Psychologists who took the structuralist approach to the study of consciousness believed that the best way to understand an individual's conscious experiences was to understand all the component parts that combined to produce the experience. This view is most consistent with

the bottom-up processing model of perception.

Nondeclarative memory appears to involve structures such as

the cerebellum and the amygdala.

Critics of the research with Washoe and other chimps that were taught ASL focused on whether

the chimps had truly acquired the rules of language.

Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to

the confirmation bias

Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to

the confirmation bias.

Walter mistakenly estimates that the probability of two separate events occurring at the same time is higher than the probability of either event occurring on its own. Walter's mistake is an example of

the conjunction fallacy.

Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory, while other memories last much longer. This evidence would create the MOST problems for

the decay theory of forgetting.

The correlation coefficient is a measure of

the degree of relationship between two variables.

An industrial designer wants to determine if the new design for a piece of office equipment will result in fewer errors. The designer sets up a machine with the old design in one room and a machine with the new design in a second room. He counts how many errors are made using each of the two machines. In this study, the number of errors that are made would be

the dependent variable.

the dependent variable. the dependent variable.

The amount of motor cortex devoted to each body area is determined by

the diversity of movements of the body area.

When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case,

the dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close.

The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that

the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user's personal makeup and experience.

Conditioned taste aversions illustrate that an organism's biological heritage may place constraints on general learning processes. These phenomena add support to

the evolutionary perspective on learning.

One of the main concerns with the case study method of research is that

the experiences reported may not be representative of other cases.

Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines

the experimental approach.

One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is

the fact that experiments often can't be done for practical or ethical reasons.

Zachary is looking at a reversible figure, which first appears to be a vase and then appears to be two faces. His perception of the figure keeps switching between these two interpretations. This switching perception is caused by the fact that

the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous.

When a neurotransmitter is released, but it does not fit into a suitable receptor channel on the postsynaptic neuron,

the firing potential of the postsynaptic neuron will not be affected

When a neurotransmitter is released, but it does not fit into a suitable receptor channel on the postsynaptic neuron,

the firing potential of the postsynaptic neuron will not be affected.

One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow-wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to

the firming up of the learning that took place during that day.

Recent research indicates that subliminal exposure to ____________ can affect a person's political opinions.

the flag of one's own country

Malcolm has been watching a roulette-type game at a local charity bazaar. The game has only 10 numbers on the wheel, and every number except 8 has come up as a winner during the last 15 minutes. Malcolm decides to bet $10 on number 8, because it has to come up eventually. In this case, Malcolm is showing evidence of

the gambler's fallacy

the gambler's fallacy.

One's ability to overcome tremendous amounts of pain in certain situations (such as an athlete who plays with a broken foot and does not feel the pain until later) can be partially explained by

the gate-control theory of pain.

In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer's disease, half the patients were given the actual drug while the other half were given a placebo (sugar pill). In this study, the experimental group is

the group that received the actual drug.

In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was given special instructions and asked to group the items on a list into categories while they tried to memorize them. A second group of participants was given the same list, but they did not receive any special instructions. In this study, the experimental group is

the group that received the special instructions.

If your boss thinks very highly of you in general, she may tend to see even your mediocre projects as excellent work. This would be evidence for

the halo effect.

The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that

the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories.

Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures he has created superheroes who have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes seldom feels hungry or thirsty and can go for days without feeling the need to eat or drink. In this case, the brain structure that the scientist most likely altered would be

the hypothalamus

Research by Olds and Milner (1954) identified a "reward center" in rat brains. Rats will press a lever thousands of times as long as a small electric current stimulates

the hypothalamus.

the immunosuppression.

A correlation coefficient of zero describes

the lack of a relationship between two variables.

When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes

the likelihood of an action potential to increase

When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes

the likelihood of an action potential to increase.

Carson used to enjoy lime sherbet, so when he was in Mexico, he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita, Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is

the lime margaritas that Carson consumed.

When three-year-old Garret is coloring a picture, he carefully selects a brown crayon to color a tree trunk, a green crayon for the leaves in the tree, and a red crayon for the bird in the tree. When Garret is asked to name the colors he has been using, he confidently answers "blue" each time. The fact that Garret can distinguish between the colors, even though he can't accurately name them yet, suggests that

the linguistic relativity hypothesis does not accurately reflect the link between thought and language.

If you associate a word with an image to represent the word, you are using

the link method.

Sabrina forms an image of her dog wearing a formal dress and foaming at the mouth. She is hoping that this interactive image will help her remember to pick up dog food, her dry cleaning, and shaving cream for her son. Sabrina's strategy illustrates the use of

the link method.

Suppose a researcher discovered a strong negative correlation between the length of people's hair and the amount of money they paid for their automobile. In general, people who paid the least amount of money for their automobile also had

the longest hair.

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the unconditioned stimulus was

the loud noise.

In Margaritte's sociology discussion group, 4 of the 5 students are between the ages of 19 and 23; the fifth student is 54 years old. If Margaritte wants to report the statistic that BEST represents the "average" age for her discussion group, she should report either

the median or the mode, because these numbers will be more representative.

Cognition refers to

the mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.

Elliot is trying to memorize a speech for one of his classes. He stands in different locations in his apartment and reads each line of the speech out loud. Later, when he is in front of his classmates, he visualizes a walk through his apartment and is able to successfully recall the entire speech. Elliot's memory strategy BEST illustrates the mnemonic device known as

the method of loci

Samantha remembers items on a shopping list by imagining the items placed at certain locations along the route she normally drives through her neighborhood. Samantha is using

the method of loci.

Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Tyler's faulty recall illustrates

the misinformation effect

Charley tells you that 17 out of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last exam. Conceptually, this is the same as saying

the mode for that particular English exam was 62 points.

As Briana drove down the highway, the pickets of the fences moved past her in a blur, but the mountains in the distance didn't appear to move at all. Briana was experiencing

the monocular cue for depth called motion parallax.

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is

the morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is

the morpheme.

functional fixedness.

the morpheme.

The most recent research investigating the brain's plasticity suggests that

the neural wiring of the brain is flexible and constantly evolving.

A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would be

the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to.

In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

the passage of time is not as influential as what happens during the time interval.

The pathway that researchers believe mediates the perception of pain originates in

the periacqueductal gray.

Sometimes a subject's expectations may lead to behavior change in the absence of any effective treatment. This is referred to as an example of

the placebo effect.

When research results are said to be statistically significant, it means that

the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.

The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver is known as

the problem space.

Our perception of the richness, or saturation, of a color is affected mainly by

the purity of light waves.

Hiram is not really a sports fan, but he signs up for a fantasy baseball tournament that is being sponsored by his company. In selecting his team, he picks the 10 players that he recognizes from 200 that are listed. He is pleasantly surprised when his fantasy team finishes near the top. In this instance, Hiram made his selections using

the recognition heuristic.

the recognition of heuristic

Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse maintain that

the recovered memories are inadvertently created in individuals after a therapist makes suggestions of childhood abuse.

Research suggests that the body's endogenous opioids may contribute to all of the following EXCEPT

the regulation of sleep.

Negative reinforcement involves

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Bart developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plane through some severe turbulence. He has been seeing a therapist, and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished. The therapist used a flight simulator to help Bart practice his piloting skills in a safe setting. However, the first time Bart stepped back into a real plane, his fear returned. This example illustrates the phenomenon known as

the renewal effect.

If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment that is different from the one in which the response was acquired, the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. This phenomenon is called

the renewal effect.

The primary reason descriptive/correlational research cannot determine conclusively that variables have a cause-and-effect relationship is because in conducting the research,

the researcher cannot control events or manipulate variables.

Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely to play a major role in the work of artists, architects, and engineers, who must rely heavily on visual-spatial skills?

the right hemisphere

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

the role of cognitive processes in learning.

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Brock's error in recall illustrates

the role of schemas in long-term memory.

Reversible figures illustrate the observation that

the same visual input can result in different perceptions.

Dr. Barton has found that students who score higher than 85% on the first midterm tend to earn scores of 75% or better on the final exam, while students who score less than 60% on the first midterm often end up with a failing grade on the final exam. This suggests that

the scores on the first midterm and the final exam are positively correlated.

Researchers presented two groups of physicians with information regarding a surgical procedure. Half the physicians were told that on average 15 out of 100 people die as a result of the surgery; the remaining physicians were told that on average 85 out of 100 people survive the surgery. Based on the framing effect, you should expect

the second group of physicians would be more likely to recommend the surgical procedure to their patients.

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is

the semantic level of encoding.

Craig is being introduced to the members of the fraternity he has just joined. There are 15 members who he has not met before, and once the introductions are over, he finds he can only remember the names of the first three and the last two people he was introduced to. He can't recall the names of any of the other members. The memory difficulty that Craig is experiencing is consistent with

the serial-position effect

You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this is because

the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue.

Placebos are used in research to control for

the subjects' expectations about treatment.

One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is

the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.

Estavan received a questionnaire in the mail asking about his general buying habits. He was asked to identify the specific products that he typically buys and the amount of each product that he typically uses. If Estavan completes the questionnaire and returns it, he will have taken part in research that incorporates

the survey method.

Harold begins to chew his fingernails every time his teacher enters the classroom. In this case, the antecedent is

the teacher entering the classroom.

Studies show that taking an exam on material increases performance on a later exam even more than studying for an equal amount of time. This is referred to as

the testing effect.

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name, but he just can't seem to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Ashlynn was listening to a tape recording of a famous speech that was being played backward. She just heard gibberish until a classmate said the phrase, "Meet me in St. Louis," was clearly spoken. The tape was rewound and as Ashlynn listened this time, she also clearly heard the same phrase. Ashlynn's ability to detect the phrase the second time through the tape illustrates

the top-down processing model of perception.

Dr. Kalmagura plans on introducing a new exam review procedure in his chemistry classes. To check the effectiveness of the new procedure, he is going to have half his students try the new technique for one semester, while the remaining students review in the way they have always done in the past. He asks each student to decide which of the techniques they would like to use, the new technique or the standard technique. In this example, Dr. Kalmagura's procedure illustrates

the use of non-random assignment.

Framing refers to

the way in which the alternatives in a decision problem are presented.

A clinical psychologist notes that an unusually large number of obese people are depressed or anxious, and she offers an explanation that excess weight causes emotional disorders. Her explanation is a(n)

theory.

A high correlation coefficient (either positive or negative) indicates that

there is a high level of consistency between the two variables.

The trial-and-error approach to problem-solving is most effective when

there is a relatively small number of possible solutions.

Noam Chomsky contended that

there is an inborn biological propensity that guides language learning.

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

there was a long delay between CS and US.

Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, he finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results, he concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr. Prutherow's reasoning may be flawed because in this study,

there was no control group for comparison.

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

theta waves.

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that

they do not manipulate the variables under study.

Primary reinforcers are effective because

they satisfy basic biological survival needs.

Neural transmission in the slow pain pathway depends on

thin, unmyelinated neurons called C fibers.

According to Skinner, children learn a language

through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping.

Brendan knows that his professor plans to give essay exams throughout the semester, so he prepares for the exams by thinking of questions that ask about key concepts and writing out answers to those questions. In this case, Brendan is trying to maximize his exam performance

through the use of transfer-appropriate processing.

The midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals

to avoid working during the hottest part of the day.

The basic principles of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply

to both classical and operant conditioning.

A researcher is interested in examining whether relaxation techniques help decrease the perception of anxiety in subjects. The second step in this scientific investigation would be

to design the study and select the research method.

Which of the following has not been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep?

to reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle

The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

to select previously learned information from an array of options.

The fact that overextensions are more common in children's production of words than in their comprehension of words implies that overextensions occur because

toddlers must rely on a very limited vocabulary to express themselves.

Jenna is 14 months old and uses only "bottle, no, up, bye-bye, mama, and dada" when she talks. However, when the family is on their way to visit Jenna's grandmother, and her father tells Jenna to get her blue bunny from the bedroom and bring it with her, Jenna quickly runs to get the bunny. This episode demonstrates that

toddlers' receptive vocabularies are larger than their productive vocabularies.

In Pavlov's principle experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the

tone

In Pavlov's principle experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the

tone. `

A variety of physical stimuli including mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy are the stimuli for the sense of

touch.

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the MOST dreaming

toward the end of the night's sleep.

The brain-imaging technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain is known as

transcranial magnetic stimulation.

____ has occurred when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required for retention.

transfer-appropriate processing

Greeno referred to problems where individuals need to carry out a sequence of changes in order to reach a specific goal as an example of a problem of

transformation

Solving problems like the hobbit and orc problem in your textbook, which requires you to make changes and carry out several steps in order to reach a specific goal, are examples of a problem of

transformation.

Which of the following represents the most accurate description of the type of circumstances that may be stressful?

traumatic events and everyday events

Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem-solving?

trial and error

When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from it at random, trying them until she finds one that fits. Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be BEST described as

trial and error.

Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called

trichromatic theory.

In order to maximize visual acuity at night, you should

turn your head at a slight angle to the object.

The representativeness heuristic causes people to think that families with four children are more likely to have

two boys and two girls

The representativeness heuristic causes people to think that families with four children are more likely to have

two boys and two girls.

The word "psychology" consists of

two morphemes: "psych" and "ology."

The phenomenon of perceptual constancy implies that

two objects may be perceived as being the same size even though they produce different sized retinal images.

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

unconditioned stimulus.

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus causes an animal to overeat and become obese. Therefore, we would expect that lesioning the lateral hypothalamus would produce

undereating and weight loss.

Young children have a larger receptive vocabulary than productive vocabulary. In other words, they ____ more words than they ____.

understand; speak

Semantics is the component of language concerned with

understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.

While theories are most closely associated with the scientific goal of ____, hypotheses are most closely associated with the goal of ____.

understanding; prediction

Cells in the nervous system that report touch show all of the following EXCEPT

unlimited lifespan.

Joan was placed in charge of planning her sorority's spring formal dance. If she thought she should hire the same band that played at last year's dance because of how much everyone enjoyed the band, Joan could be considered to be encountering the ____ barrier to effective problem-solving.

unnecessary constraints

Based on the results from the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, if an individual is faced with a simple decision, you should encourage the individual to

use conscious, careful deliberation.

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of them, as you read through the list, you should

use each word in a sentence.

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to

use relatively simple heuristics

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to

use relatively simple heuristics.

Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child

used a word too narrowly

Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child

used a word too narrowly.

The probable reason that Ebbinghaus's forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus

used very meaningless materials

Lance is trying to solve a complex anagram puzzle. He systematically tries every potential solution by testing each possible combination of the letters provided. In this case, Lance is

using an algorithm to solve the anagram.

Krista is 28 years old. She was burned quite badly in a kitchen accident when she was 7 years old. Today, even though her parents still sometimes mention the kitchen accident, Krista has no memory of ever being burned. According to Freud, Krista may be

using repression to keep the distressing memories buried in the unconscious.

Anna is currently 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Anna has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Anna may be

using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.

After visual input has been processed in the primary visual cortex, signals are processed further along a number of pathways. Information about form and color is processed by the

ventral stream.

In both split-brain people and neurologically intact people, the left hemisphere specializes in

verbal processing.

Ebbinghaus's original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs

very rapidly after learning something.

Charlie's eyes function normally, but he is unable to recognize objects. Charlie is suffering from

visual agnosia.

Escher and Vasarely both challenge viewers to think about perception through the use of

visual illusions.

Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using

visual imagery

The Featured Study presented in the text demonstrates that people's motives can affect their

visual perception.

After the first word is spoken,

vocabulary growth is slow for several months and then speeds up dramatically.

Dr. Dickinson is investigating the link between social support networks and grades in school. Students in his classes are required to complete survey forms related to this research. If a survey form is not completed by the end of the semester, a student's grade is reduced by 10 points. In this case, some researchers might argue that Dr. Dickinson's research violates the ethical principle of

voluntary

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

voluntary participation.

Sound is a ____ form of energy and is the result of ____.

wave; vibrating molecules

A red light, green light, and blue light differ in

wavelength.

Paulo tells you that he just completed an experiment in his botany class and that his results were statistically significant. This means that the results he obtained

were unlikely to be a result of chance variations in his sample.

Subjective utility refers to

what an outcome is personally worth to an individual.

After visual information is processed in the primary visual cortex, it is often routed to other cortical areas for additional processing through two pathways characterized as the

what and where pathways.

The blind spot in the eye is

where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye.

The optic disk is

where the optic nerve exits the retina.

People who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again.

introduction section of a journal article.

will not be exposed to harmful or dangerous treatments.

You are at a daycare center and hear three 12-month-old babies babbling, each from a different ethnic/linguistic background (Asian, Hispanic, and Caucasian). The babbling of each of these infants

will sound very different, with each child's babbles sounding quite similar to the parents' native language.

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," this dream would be most consistent with which theory of dreaming?

wish fulfillment

Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years, she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you interpreted Denise's dream of being the CEO of a Fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to fulfill ungratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the

wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.

One key gender difference that has been found with respect to tasting is that

women are more likely than men to be supertasters.

Joe is a bilingual elementary school student. Relative to his monolingual peers, Joe is likely to excel on tasks requiring

working memory

Joe is a bilingual elementary school student. Relative to his monolingual peers, Joe is likely to excel on tasks requiring

working memory.

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. As the number of nights in the study increased, Steve

would enter REM sleep more and more frequently

Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves conflict?

you can't decide whether to go to Florida or Mexico for Spring Break

When solving problems containing numerical information,

you should start by figuring out which information is relevant to the problem.

Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves frustration?

you want to go to the big game tomorrow, but the game is sold out

a survey

The proportion of academic and research psychologists who identify their primary area of interest as health psychology is

approximately 10%

Efferent nerve fibers transmit messages ___ the brain and spinal cord

away from

The brain structure responsible for the coordination of motor movements and sense of equilibrium is the

cerebellum

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called

clinical psychology

dependent variable

Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through

direct observation

Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. We can say, therefore, that psychology is

empirical

Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with

empiricism

The system of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning is the

endocrine system

Londra and Sondra are identical twins who have been raised together in the same home. Londra has developed a psychological disorder, but Sondra does not appear to have the same disorder. This information could be used as evidence to suggest that

environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors in this disorder

Surgically disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres has its origins in the treatment of

epilepsy

Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views are MOST consistent with

William James

John dislikes completing questionnaires, so each time he fills one out, he always circles the same item (such as "strongly agree" or "strongly disagree"). John's behavior reflects

a response set

Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are MOST consistent with the

evolutionary perspective

If you wonder about the adaptive purpose of a common behavior (such as toddlers following their mothers around or teenagers wanting more independence from their parents), your wondering would be MOST consistent with the principles of

evolutionary psychology

Determining the location of specific genes on specific chromosomes is referred to as

genetic mapping

The specific pattern of genes inherited at conception defines an individual's

genotype

The appearance of secondary sex characteristics is the responsibility of hormones secreted by the

gonads

The portion of the human brain that mediates simple reflexes, such as sneezing, coughing, and salivating, is the

hindbrain

If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of

his prior experiences

In carrying out the "fight or flight" response, the role of the supervisor is assigned to the

hypothalamus

A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company would MOST likely have received training in

industrial and organizational psychology

Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions are called

inferential statistics

more expensive books tend to receive lower readability ratings than less expensive books

The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the

myelin sheath

A postsynaptic potential occurs when

neurotransmitters bind or attach to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron

The primary visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

When Jeffrey slipped on the stairs and hit his head, he saw "stars" for several minutes. The "stars" were most likely a result of activity in Jeffrey's

occipital lobes

Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that...

our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior

Monoamines have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT

pain reduction

Sam is highly relaxed. His blood pressure and heart rate are lower than usual. This relaxation response was most likely the result of activity in his

parasympathetic nervous system

That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme that

people's experience of the world is highly subjective

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by

personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of

philosophy and physiology

Statistics can be used to do all of the following EXCEPT

prove observations

Dr. Webb designs a research study in which neither the subjects nor the individuals who interact directly with the subjects know which is the control group and which is the experimental group in the study. Dr. Webb probably chose this type of research design in order to

reduce the impact of experimenter bias

In psychology, MOST journals are

reports that describe original empirical studies

The different general strategies for conducting scientific investigation are referred to as

research methods

Sara is holding Scott's hand during a scary movie. Suddenly she squeezes his hand very hard. When she does this, the neurons in Scott's hand will

start to fire at a faster rate

According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by

the environment

Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with

the functionalist approach to psychology

While the term "psychology" has existed since at least the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until

the late 1800s

A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These scientists MOST likely follow

the psychodynamic perspective

Research suggests that the body's endogenous opioids may contribute to all of the following except

the regulation of sleep

The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by

the relative threshold period

The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that

there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations

Electrical stimulation of its lateral hypothalamus causes an animal to overeat and become obese. Therefore, we would expect that lesioning the lateral hypothalamus would produce

undereating and weight loss

Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called

variables

IQ score, age, weight, grade point average, and income are all examples of

variables

In both split-brain people and neurologically intact people, the left hemisphere specializes in

verbal processing

The electrical charge that exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron when the neuron is neither receiving nor sending is approximately

-60 to -70 millivolts

With the exception of the sex cells, every cell in the human body contains

46 chromosomes

Which of the following is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability?

Check for hidden complexities in simple-looking questions

Which of the following research techniques is LEAST likely to be used to study the human brain?

Lesioning

Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?

Abraham Maslow

The Featured Study presented in the text on how motives can affect perception demonstrates which of the text's unifying themes?

People's experiences of the world is highly subjective

Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of the endocrine system in the regulation of behavior?

Physiological psychology

Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology?

Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind

Of the following correlational coefficients, the one that would allow the most accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would be

-.079 (closest coefficient to 1 or -1 without going over or under 1)

Which of the following is MOST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?

Strategies used by college students to solve a particular problem

Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing "successful" to "unsuccessful" students?

Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students

A painless technique that allows researchers to create in human subjects "virtual lesions" for short periods of times is

TMS

All of the studies that highlighted the possible importance of early experience in animals had which of the following features in common?

They used extreme conditions to make their comparisons

According to research findings, which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades?

Being absent from class

Recent research suggests that which of the following structures is involved in higher-order cognitive functions such as attention and planning?

Cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique?

Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam

Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's view are MOST consistent with those of

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