PSYCH - Hx of Women Final Study Guide

(?)Imagine living in a world where there is no domination, where a vision of mutuality is the ethos shaping our interaction. This can only happen with ______________. -(X)All responses are correct -the end to class elitism -the end to imperialism -the Feminist revolution -the end to racism

(?)

(?)The following factors have been shown to contribute to a person's gender identity ____________. -social environment during childhood -cultural practices -hormones within the womb -genetics -All responses are correct

(?) Social environment during childhood, Cultural Practices?

3 Waves of Feminism: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd wave

1st Wave: late 1800s-early 1900s in Britain, Canada, and U.S. Focused on getting women the right to vote and succeeded. 2nd Wave: 1960s and extended into 1990s. Took on wider range of issues such as sexual freedom, reproductive rights, especially contraception and abortion, pay equity, equal opportunity in education, domestic violence, and sexual violence. Proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which passed in the House and Senate but failed at stage of ratification by the states. 3rd Wave: 1990s and continues today. Attempts to rectify some of the perceived weaknesses of the second wave. Emphasizes Intersectionality and diversity among women rather than universality of female experience. Favors individual's right to define feminism, instead of everyone accepting a uniform ideology.

Gender socialization occurs through 4 major agents of socialization: 1) Family 2) Education 3) Peer groups 4) Mass media Exposure also occurs through secondary agents such as: 5) Religion 6) Workplace

Repeated exposure to these agents over time leads men and women into a false sense that they are acting naturally rather than following a socially constructed role.

In cognitive psychology, a general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic; the schema then processes and organizes new information on that topic.

Schema

According to Gender Schema theory, children learn to evaluate their own adequacy as a person, which influences their ____________. -self-concept -attitudes -self-esteem -All responses are correct

-All responses are correct

At which steps in the research process could sex bias enter? -publishing the results -theoretical model -choosing the measures -formulating the question -All responses are correct

-All responses are correct

In the early nineteeth century, women were expected to _____________. -None of the responses are correct -never express an opinion that was different from her husband's -All responses are correct -be obedient to their husbands. -never hold a thought -never travel alone in public

-All responses are correct

Which of the following is a way in which the psychological research process may show sex bias? -In the formulation of a research question. -When collecting the data. -All responses are correct -When publishing the results.

-All responses are correct

Professor Jones has just completed a study on college students' drinking behavior. Her female research assistant collected all the data by distributing the questionnaires to each participant. Professor Jones found a gender difference, such that males reported drinking more than females. Professor Jones wonders whether the presence of her female research assistant may have influenced participant's reporting. If this is true, this is an example of ___________. -Observer effects -Cohort effects -Experimenter effects -Participant effects

-Experimenter effects

Research has shown that females are slightly more anxious than males. Which of the following is the likely explanation of this research finding? -Females are more likely than males to report their anxiety -Females are more anxious when provoked by others -Females are more anxious than males

-Females are more likely than males to report their anxiety

Stereotypes about different groups of women are different often times. For examples, Asian women might be perceived differently than Hispanic women. The fact that gender and race/ethnicity interact to influence the stereotypes about a person is known as _______________. -Interactionality -Intersectionality -Crosslag -Bisectionality

-Intersectionality

Based on their anatomy, women must wait to be approached sexually and wait to be impregnated. According to Sigmund Freud, this explains which of women's key personality traits? -Passivity -Narcissism -All responses are correct -Masochism

-Passivity

Most of the research done on gender differences is _____________ research because of the fact that gender of individuals cannot be manipulated. -Correlational -Experimental -Quasi-experimental

-Quasi-experimental *Quasi-experimental design: A research design that uses two or more groups, but participants are not randomly assigned to groups so it is not a true experiment. Ex. Two-group designs comparing males and females.

The first Women's Rights Convention was held in ______________ in _________? -Manhatten, NY; 1747 -Seneca Falls, NY; 1905 -Washington, DC; 1853 -Seneca Falls, NY; 1848

-Seneca Falls, NY; 1848

We often ask women about their mood fluctuations, but we often neglect to ask men about their potential monthly mood fluctuations. What impact does this have on research and society? -Research asks biased questions -We develop stereotypes (and potentially prejudice) about women and men. -We get the impression that women are moody and men are not. -(X)All responses are correct

-We get the impression that women are moody and men are not.

According to Bell Hook, feminism is ___________________. -nothing to be fearful of. -not about being anti-male. -(X)All responses are correct -a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression

-a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression

Shannon does not necessarily think that women should be equal to men, but that they have special, unique qualities that differentiate them from men. The problem comes in society when we devalue these qualities. Shannon is considered a _____________ feminist. -liberal -radical -cultural -socialist

-cultural

A sex survey was administered to both male and female participants by a female research assistant. They found that males reported more sexual partners than females. This finding could be a result of bias in the form of ____________. -experimenter effects -female deficit model -overgeneralization -observer effects

-experimenter effects

(?)According to Janet Swim (1994) in Hyde Ch 3, when individuals estimate the "real difference" between males and females on certain characteristics (e.g., aggression, math), their estimations tend to be _________________. -(X)a large underestimation -fairly accurate -a slight overestimation -a large overestimation

-fairly accurate

An interpretation of research results in which women's behavior is seen as unfavorable compared to men's is an example of ______________. -female deficit model -observer effects -overgeneralization -None of the responses are correct

-female deficit model

Men are more likely to work as a laborer in the construction industry, yet Rachel has always enjoyed construction since she was a young child. In fact, she's been working in construction since after high school - she enjoys constructing new buildings. We would consider her behavior as ___________________. -within-gender variation -None of the responses are correct -gender atypical behavior -fitting within gender schema

-gender atypical behavior

During the electra complex, ________ realize they are in love with their fathers, and develop ________. -girls; penis envy -girls; castration anxiety -boys; castration anxiety -boys; penis envy

-girls; penis envy

__________ is a statistical technique that allows the researcher to combine evidence from all previous studies on a particular question. -meta-analysis -quasi-analysis -quasi-experiment -meta-trends

-meta-analysis

Chanelle (she/her) seeks out advice from her guidance counselor at school as to which courses she should take next semester. Her counselor suggests AP Literature and choir, assuming that Chanelle enjoys those subjects that "girls are good at." The fact that her guidance counselor is pushing stereotypical subjects at Chanelle could lead to __________________. -gender atypical behavior -None of the responses are correct -self-fulfilling prophecy -within-gender variation

-self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Bem's study 1 results, ___________ individuals clustered a higher percentage of words on the basis of gender than the other groups. -sex-typed -androgynous -cross-sex-typed -undifferentiated

-sex-typed *The process by which a society thus transmutes male and female into masculine and feminine is known as the process of sex typing.

Jasper is more aggressive than his sister Maggie. This could be due to the fact that males must compete for mating partners, while females simply choose their mates. This pattern is known as ______________, according to sociobiologists. -parental investment -early mother-daughter bonding, but little mother-son bonding -fitness -sexual selection

-sexual selection

Cindy's four-year-old son wanted to have a tea party for his birthday party, but Cindy encouraged him to have a Transformers party instead. Cindy's actions will teach her son that it is not okay for boys to have tea parties according to the ____________ theory. -social learning -psychoanalytic -sociobiological -social structural

-social learning

The fact that little girls like to dress up in high heels is because they see their mothers dress in high heels, and the little girls are simply modeling what they see other women do, is part of the _______ theory. -sociocultural -psychoanalytic -social learning -social structural

-social learning

Magda believes that Capitalist societies, such as the U.S., benefit from the oppression of women. For example, key aspects of discrimination against women, like wage discrimination, help the economy thrive. Magda would be considered a ___________ feminist. -cultural -socialist -radical -postmodern

-socialist

In Sandra Bem's research on gender schemas, she showed 5- and 6- year old children pictures of males and females performing stereotype-consistent (i.e., a girl baking cookies) and stereotype- inconsistent activities (i.e., a girl sawing wood). A week after she showed the children the pictures, she asked them to recall what they'd seen. Her findings were ______________. -None of the responses are correct. -Boys and girls both remembered girls baking cookies and boys sawing wood (so that the information recalled matched what their mental image of what boys and girls do). -Boys and girls both remembered what was shown to them accurately. -Boys remembered both males and females sawing wood, whereas girls remembered that both males and females were baking cookies (so that the recalled information was consistent with what they themselves would do).

-Boys and girls both remembered girls baking cookies and boys sawing wood (so that the information recalled matched what their mental image of what boys and girls do).

Carrie is in 8th She is about to take a math test. Based on research on gender and stereotype threat, how will Carrie perform on the math test? -None of the responses are correct -Carrie will perform well perform well if she is told that the math test is gender-fair, but not well if she is told that the test is gender bias -Carrie will perform well on the test if she is told that the math test is gender bias to prove the stereotype wrong, whereas if she is told that the math test is gender-fair, she'll perform less well on the math test because she'll fail to try -Carrie will perform well despite the stereotype that girls are worse at math than boys

-Carrie will perform well perform well if she is told that the math test is gender-fair, but not well if she is told that the test is gender bias

According to psychoanalytic theory, during the phallic stage ________. -the girl believes that her mother may castrate her -the girl falls in love with her mother, adopting her as a gender-role model. -the boy develops penis envy -the girl begins to feel jealous and inferior because of her lack of a penis

-the girl begins to feel jealous and inferior because of her lack of a penis

How can sex bias appear in psychological tests? -the characteristic of the experimenter affects the way respondents behave -none of the responses are correct -the wording of the questions may be more familiar with a specific sex -publishing "significant" results only

-the wording of the questions may be more familiar with a specific sex

Even though stereotypes can be harmful, why do we use them? -it makes others feel better when we stereotype -we are integrationists -they allow us to fill in more information about the person -we are "judgy" people

-they allow us to fill in more information about the person

According to sociobiology theory, women primarily care for the children because _________. (choose 2 correct responses) -women are sure that their offspring are theirs, whereas men are not. -that's their job in life. -men aren't able to do it as well as women. -women invest a lot of their precious resources (one of their few ova and their body for about 9 months) to the development of their offspring.

-women are sure that their offspring are theirs, whereas men are not. -women invest a lot of their precious resources (one of their few ova and their body for about 9 months) to the development of their offspring.

According to Alexander and Fisher (2003), they found that if they used a "fake" lie detector while questioning males and females about their sexual history, _______________. -women reported slightly more sexual partners than did men. -males reported significantly more sexual partners than women. -men reported slightly more sexual partners than did women. -men and women reported equal number of partners.

-women reported slightly more sexual partners than did men.

3 Constructs that are key in theory and research on gender cognition 1) Gender Identity 2) Gender Stereotypes 3) Self-perception of gender-typed attributes

1) Gender Identity - Connections children make between themselves and a gender category (e.g. "I am a girl") 2) Gender Stereotypes - Children's beliefs about the attributes that characterize male and female persons as groups (e.g. "On the playground, boys do X and girls do Y") 3) Self-perceptions of gender-typed attributes - Self-perceptions of attributes that characterize (or are perceived to characterize) male persons and female persons as groups (e.g. "I do Y")

5 Different Types of Feminism 1) Liberal/Moderate Feminism 2) Cultural Feminism 3) Marxist/Socialist Feminism 4) Radical Feminism 5) Postmodern Feminism

1) Liberal Feminism - Women should have opportunities and rights equal to those of men; believe in working with the system for reform. 2) Cultural Feminism - Women have special, unique qualities that differentiate them from men; the crucial task is to elevate and value those special qualities, which have been devalued in our patriarchal society. The special qualities include nurturing, connectedness, and intuition. 3) Social Feminism - Liberal Feminist analysis of the problem is superficial and does not get to the deeper roots of the problem; views the oppression of women as just one instance of oppression based on class, oppression that is rooted in capitalism. Ex. They point out the extent to which the capitalist system benefits from oppressing women in ways such as wage discrimination. 4) Radical Feminism - Views liberal and cultural feminism as entirely too optimistic about the sources of women's oppression and the changes needed to end it. Radical change is necessary in everything from social institutions to patterns of thought. Ex. Sometimes advocates separatist communities in which women can come together to pursue their work free of men's oppression. 5) Postmodern Feminism - Influenced by postmodern movement, which questions rationality and objectivity as methods for getting at truth, whether in the humanities or the sciences. Not focused on social action, but rather is an academic movement that seeks to reform thought and research within colleges and universities. Concerned with epistemology, which is the question of how people know about truth and reality.

Central Issues for Feminists

1) Sexuality - rape, incest, abortion, birth control, sexual harassment on the job, pornography 2) The Family 3) Work

Human Trafficking-3 elements: 1) Transport of the person 2) Force or coercion of the victim 3) Abuse or exploitation UN Office on Drugs and Crime divides it into 3 sections: 1) The act 2) The means 3) The purpose

1) The act - (What is done) Refers to activities such as recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons 2) The means - threats or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim 3) The purpose - for exploitation, which includes prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or forced servitude, and removal of organs

19th Amendment (XIX)

1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation.

Which of the following statements are characteristic of stereotypical thinkers? -Thinking that all men are the same and all women are the same -All responses are correct -Stereotypes are used to make an assumption about individuals. -Thinking that all men and women should be a particular way.

All responses are correct

According to Sociobiology theory, which of the following explains why women are more invested as parents than men? -Sperm are "cheap" and therefore they can continued to be produced in enormous numbers while eggs are precious and few. -The female gestates the egg. -All responses are correct -Maternity is always certain whereas paternity is not.

All responses are correct.

Male centered; the belief that the male is the norm.

Androcentrism *Literally means male centeredness.

The combining of masculine and feminine characteristics in an individual.

Androgyny

Beliefs about women that seem to be kind or benevolent; women are seen as pure beings who should be protected and adored. Although this view seems harmless, it is still a form of sexism because it views women as weak, and being put on a pedestal is extremely confining, both literally and figuratively.

Benevolent Sexism

___________________ theory emphasizes the ways in which children socialize themselves once they have firmly labeled themselves as male or female. *Conceived by Kohl-berg as children's understanding of their membership in a gender category-motivates them to adapt same-sex-stereotyped attributes and to shun cross-sex ones.

Cognitive-Developmental

Gender is constructed by ___________. -both genetics and culture -biology -culture -genetics

Culture

According to Bem's (1981) study 2, cross-sex-typed individuals were faster than the other groups when making schema-consistent judgments about themselves. True False

False

According to Dan Slater, evolutionary psychology can fully explain the sexual differences of males and females. True False

False

Gender schema represents our tendency to want to see things along a continuum of gender. True False

False

Males are more likely than females to help others. True False

False

Stereotypes are the same for a Euro-American woman compared to a Hispanic woman. True False

False

There is no evidence to support Social Learning Theory's notion that parents treat boys and girls differently, particularly when differentially rewarding behaviors. True False

False

A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes necessary to achieve that equality.

Feminist

Queer Theory is an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual orientation.

Focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/heterosexual. Highlights the need for more flexible and fluid conceptualization of sexuality - one that allows for change, negotiation, and freedom.

_______ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender. -Sex -Gender

Gender

The term used to describe the interconnectedness of countries and nations, which facilitates easy communication, exchange of ideas, and flow of goods, capital, and services.

Globalization *Researchers found a positive relationship between globalization and trafficking for forced labor, prostitution, and debt bondage

Negative, hostile attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations. Ex. Thoughts that women are thought to spend most of their time trying to control men.

Hostile Sexism

An approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage.

Intersectionality

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. -Sex Trafficking -Labor Trafficking

Labor Trafficking

Social ______________ theory emphasizes the explicit rewards and punishments for behaving in sex-appropriate ways as well as the vicarious learning that observation and modeling can provide.

Learning

Subtle prejudiced beliefs about women; also known as neosexism. Ex. "Women are generally not as smart as men" Consists of 3 components today: 1) Denial that there is continuing discrimination against women 2) Antagonistic feelings about women's "demands" 3) Resentment about perceived special favors granted to women

Modern sexism

_________ effects: When the researcher's expectations affect his or her observations and recording of the data. Also called rater bias.

Observer

A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled; for example, saying that results from an all-male sample are true for all people (male and female).

Overgeneralization

A person's belief that she or he can be successful at a task.

Self-confidence

A person's belief in her or his ability to accomplish a particular task.

Self-efficacy

The level of global positive regard that one has for oneself.

Self-esteem

________ refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity. -Sex -Gender

Sex

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. -Sex Trafficking -Labor Trafficking

Sex Trafficking

________ is viewed as a person's capacity for sexual feelings.

Sexuality

Process in which people learn to behave in a particular way as dictated by societal values, beliefs, and attitudes.

Socialization

_____________________ refers to a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources. (Ex. Gender stratification - men make higher wages than women)

Stratification

Both males and female researchers should always collect data in each study in order to avoid experimenter effects. True False

True

Freud believed that pessimism is a key personality trait of women. True False

True

In the U.S., the children most vulnerable to domestic minor sex trafficking are those who are homeless, abused, runaways, and/or in child protective services. True False

True

In the early nineteenth century, women were considered second-class citizens whose existence was limited to the interior life of the home and care of the children. True False

True

It is possible that there can be (a) a gender difference AND (b) there still can be variation within gender and exceptions. True False

True

Stereotypes still persist in America, but evidence suggests that the overall attitude about gender roles have "improved". True False

True

The dichotomous view of gender (the notion that someone is either male or female) is specific to certain cultures and is not universal. True False

True

The gender difference in activity level continues to get larger from infancy to older childhood. True False

True