PSYCH MIDTERM

According to the data presented in the graph, most infants can stand unsupported by which age?

18 months

Raj, a four year old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj's having developed one of the following for door opening.

A mental set

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

An antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine receptors

Dr. Adedeji is trying to measure the capacity of her students' short-term memories. She shows them a long series of numbers on a display for several seconds, and then has them write down as many numbers as they can remember in order. Dr. Adedeji has the students complete a survey in which she asks them "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being highly effective, how well did you remember the numbers?" She concludes that her students have exceptionally good memories, as most of her students rated themselves as "highly effective." Which of the following best explains Dr. Adedeji's inaccurate conclusion?

Dr. Adedeji's survey led to self-report bias

The psychosocial theory of development assumes which of the following principles underlies development at all stages?

Each stage of the life span presents the task of resolving a different conflict

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Egocentrism

In the Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified securely attached were more likely to do which of the following?

Express happiness when the mother returned to the room

The component of intelligence involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following?

Fluid intelligence

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Formal operations

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of

Imprinting

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of psychosocial stage of development?

Industry vs inferiority

Which of the following scenarios best describes what a psychologist who applies the psychosocial theory of development would think someone might experience in early adulthood?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating

Cory has a list of things he needs from the grocery store but forgets his list at home. At the store, Corey struggles to remember the items on his list, but when he sees a display of oranges, he remembers oranges were on his list. This is an example of:

Recognition

On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the following?

Standardization

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?

Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

Pupils: increases Heart rate: increases Salvation: decreases Digestion: decreases The physiological changes in the table most clearly represent activation of which of the following?

The sympathetic nervous system

Four-year-old Sawyer's mother is helping him put together a puzzle that he cannot put together alone. When his mother tries to help, she realizes that Sawyer is ready to learn this skill on his own. Cognitive psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky would label this as what psychological process for child learning?

Zone of proximal development

sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

A change in the curvature of the lens in order to focus on a nearby object is called

accommodation

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

accommodation

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?

after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to

allow a student to be exempted from a college course

Damage to which of the following brain structures may be cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

amygdala

When excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate a single neuron, the neuron

becomes more likely to produce an action potential

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

concrete operational

Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. After surgery, Arjun experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher. In the laboratory, psychologists flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name Which of the following parts of the brain was severed to address Arjun's epileptic needs?

corpus callosum

Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences?

correlation

Gloria has been watching news coverage about a recent plane crash for long periods of time every day. She was supposed to fly next week but decided not to because she thinks that airplanes are too dangerous. Gloria's thinking demonstrates which of the following?

encoding failure

In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study?

experiment

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of

gender-role development

Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?

iconic

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to

implicit memory

It can be said that an individual described as a supertaster...

is very sensitive to hot peppers

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?

linear perspective

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for calming her down after she realized the ball of her hair is not a spider?

parasympathetic nervous system

Josie was given a password by her teacher. To remember the password, she repeated it in her mind multiple times until she typed it into her login screen a few moments later. Which of the following concepts was at work?

phonological loop

The earliest efforts to measure intelligence were directed at which of the following?

predicting children's success in school

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

preoperational

Throughout January and the beginning of February, the first two months of a calendar year, Allison writes the previous year as the date on all her assignments instead of the current year. Allison's tendency to write the wrong year on her assignments is most likely due to which of the following?

proactive interference

A test author most interested in ensuring that individuals receive similar scores on a personality test every time they take it is attempting to increase which of the following?

reliability

Because of studies in the past that exposed participants to danger without their knowledge, which of the following was added to the American Psychological Association ethical guidelines?

research may not involve deception unless participants are debriefed.

In vision, transduction occurs within the

retina

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?

retinal disparity

When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as...

retrieval cues

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts?

reuptake inhibitors

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull?

schemas

What conclusion can be drawn from the data presented in the figure about sensitivity to teratogens during prenatal development? (graph not pictured)

teratogens are least likely to impact the development of the heart after 9 weeks

Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following?

the social desirability bias

Sleep researchers conducted a study to determine if wearing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine helps individuals who are experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea to increase their levels of REM sleep compared to those not using a CPAP device. Twenty participants with sleep apnea who did not previously wear a CPAP device were randomly placed into one of two groups. Group 1 slept without wearing a CPAP device, and researchers measure the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. Participants in group 2 we're given a CPAP device to wear while sleeping and researchers measure the percentage of total sleep time each participant spent in REM. The results are given in the graph. (no graph) What is the independent variable in this study?

the use or nonuse of a CPAP device

Marjorie's little brother tends to bother her when he is bored. Marjorie wants to figure out which toy will keep her brother occupied the longest so he will not bother her. She conducts a study where each day at 6P.M. for a week she gives her brother a different toy and on one of the days she gives him no toys to play with. She measures the amount of time he spends playing with each toy before he comes to bother her. Which of the following is the independent variable in this example?

type of toy

Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses?

vestibular

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision

Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a

visual deficit

Which of the following scenarios best describes the monocular depth cue of relative size?

Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina

Which of the following scenarios best describes the monocular depth cue of relative size?

Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina.

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation?

An infant trying to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful

Dr. Handler conducted research to explore the extent to which hearing acuity changes with age. She tested the absolute threshold for hearing in 10 subjects of various ages. The results are presented in the table: subject. age highest frequency of sound detected 1 15 18,000 2. 65 10,500 3 45 13,250 4 80 8,000 5 18 17,500 6 35 15,000 7. 55 11,500 8 26 22,000 9 63 9,400 10 41 16,300 Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the data presented in the table?

As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease.

Which of the following parts of the brain allowed Arjun to speak the names fo the items flashed to his right visual field?

Broca's area

Mark and Matt are twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt?

Case study

Which of the following is true about gender roles in children?

Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?

Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Dr. Arthur conducted a correlational study to determine the relationship between parental... (can't see whole question)....Dr. Arthur determined that there was a predictable relationship between the toys the children preferred and the toys the parents preferred. Which of the following is a variable in this study?

Parental approval

Researchers conducted an experiment on baboons by inserting a wire into the reticular activating system (RAS) that produced a mild electrical current. The researchers stimulated the RAS while the baboons were performing different tasks. Which of the following operational definitions would be most easily replicated by other researchers trying to duplicate the experiment?

The baboon's heart rate were measured by a monitor attached to their chest before and after the RAS was stimulated

While reviewing scores from a test on contralateral hemispheric lateralization, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher than the median. Which of the statements is probably correct?

The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed

Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left participant group 1 group 2 A 13 5 B 10 7 C 15 8 D 14 3 E 9 10 F 11 3 G 19 6 Which of the following best describes the conclusion researchers could make if the results of this study are statistically significant?

The results are not likely due to chance

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts?

Weber's Law

In studies of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was which of the following?

Wording of questions the students were asked about the accident