psych midterm 5

Cognitive therapist _____________ believes that changing people's thinking can change their functioning

Aaron Beck

________ came to define personality in terms of identifiable behavior patterns. He was concerned less with explaining individual traits than with describing them.

Allport

_____________, however, doubt the healing power of self-awareness. (You can become aware of why you are highly anxious during exams and still be anxious.) Rather than delving deeply below the surface looking for inner causes, behavior therapists assume that problem behaviors are the problems, and they view learning principles as useful tools for eliminating those behaviors

Behavior therapists

The ___________ are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE). These factors may be objectively measured, they are relatively stable over the life span, and they apply to all cultures in which they have been studied.

Big Five personality factors

offers medication or other biological treatments. For example, a person with severe depression may receive antidepressants, electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), or deep brain stimulation.

Biomedical therapy

All these themes are present in the widely used humanistic technique that _____________ developed and called client-centered therapy. In this nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

______________ pairs the trigger stimulus (in this case, the enclosed space of the elevator) with a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear. Two specific counterconditioning techniques—exposure therapies and aversive conditioning—have successfully counterconditioned many people with such fears.

Counterconditioning

British psychologists ___________ [EYE-zink] believed that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions, including extraversion-introversion and emotional stability--instability

Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck

maslows hierarchy of needs

Having achieved self-esteem, we ultimately seek self-actualization (the process of fulfilling our potential) and self-transcendence (meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self).

The _____ includes a lie scale that is designed to assess the extent to which a person is faking to make a good impression.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

he classic personality inventory is the ___________. Although the MMPI was originally developed to identify emotional disorders, it also assesses people's personality traits. One of its creators, Starke Hathaway (

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

___________—longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors—assess several traits at once.

Personality inventories

__________ aim to provide this "psychological X-ray" by asking test-takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it.

Projective tests

In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following is a criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?

This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create fear circuits within the _____.

amygdala

Reinforcing desired behaviors, and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors, is known as:

behavior modification

The _____ personality factors include conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

big 5

Nanci's therapist is an active listener, who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is MOST likely: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

client-centered

The therapy that seeks to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking and to replace it with new ways of thinking is called:

cognitive -behavioral therapy

The ____________assume that our thinking colors our feelings (FIGURE 44.2). Between an event and our response lies the mind. Self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events feed depression. Anxiety arises from an "attention bias to threat"

cognitive therapies

Jung placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence. But to Jung, the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. He believed we also have a ____________, a common reservoir of images, or archetypes, derived from our species' universal experiences.

collective unconscious

If set adrift in a foreign land as a ____________________ you might experience a greater loss of identity. Cut off from family, groups, and loyal friends, you would lose the connections that have defined who you are

collectivist,

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the _____.

dam 5

But both Freud's devotees and detractors agree that recent research contradicts many of his specific ideas. Today's developmental psychologists see our development as lifelong, not fixed in childhood. They doubt that infants' neural networks are mature enough to sustain as much emotional trauma as Freud assumed. Some think Freud overestimated parental influence and underestimated peer influence

ddd

Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with __________—tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality.

defense mechanisms

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain _____ events in terms that are specific and temporary.

demanding

As the ________ develops, the young child responds to the real world. The ego, operating on the reality principle, seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure.

ego

A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, _____, or behavior.

emotion regulation

Two dimensions mentioned by Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck include extraversion-introversion and:

emotional stability-instability

As research on ____________ shows, our environment can also affect whether a gene is expressed, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders.

epigenetics

The Big Five personality factor that involves the endpoints sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved is called:

extraversion

One technique is __________, a statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters (factors) of test items that tap basic components of a trait, such as intelligence (spatial ability or verbal skill).

factor analysis

is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that tap basic components of a trait.

factor analysis

The ______________ emphasizes people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment. Not surprisingly, humanistic therapies attempt to reduce the inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth. To achieve this goal, humanistic therapists try to give clients new insights.

humanistic perspective

Which of the following focused on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization?

humanistic theories

In contrast to Freud's emphasis on disorders born out of dark conflicts, these __________ focused on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization. In contrast to behaviorism's scientific objectivity, they studied people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings.

humanistic theorists

The________ unconscious psychic energy constantly strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle: It seeks immediate gratification

id's

If you are an _______________, a great deal of your identity would survive. You would have an independent sense of "me," and an awareness of your unique personal convictions and values

individualist

One fairly consistent finding when examining functional brain differences in people with depression is that their:

left frontal lobe is underactive

Bandura (1986, 2006) views the ____________________ as reciprocal determinism. "Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences," he said, "all operate as interlocking determinants of each other" (F

person-environment interaction

One example of thinking about self is the concept of __________________ (Cross & Markus, 1991; Markus & Nurius, 1986). Your possible selves include your visions of the self you dream of becoming—the rich self, the successful self, the loved and admired self. Your possible selves also include the self you fear becoming—the unemployed self, the academically failed self, the lonely and unpopular self.

possible selves

Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples' driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as _____, while today researchers would describe this as _____.

projection; the false consensus effect

Therapists using _____ interpret the patient's dreams, resistances, and other behaviors, while practitioners of _____ focus more on helping the patient understand their current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships.

psychoanalysis; psychodynamic therapy

Jolie tells her friend, "I think my problem is an overactive superego!" Jolie's proclamation indicates that she has received _____ therapy.

psychoanalyticp

Jung, Adler, and Horney are the key proponents of which personality theory

psychodynamic

Although influenced by Freud's ideas,_____________ don't talk much about id, ego, and superego. Instead, they try to help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship. "

psychodynamic therapists

, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth. The therapist may explore a client's early relationships, encourage the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or coach the client in replacing old behaviors with new ones.

psychotherapy

Albert Bandura called the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment:

reciprocal determinism.

__________ banishes anxiety-arousing wishes and feelings from consciousness. According to Freud, ___________ underlies all the other defense mechanisms.

repression

In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of our personality.

self

___________________ our sense of competence on a task

self-efficacy,

We have a good reputation with ourselves. We show a _______________—a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

self-serving bias

The _____ perspective is centered around the concept of reciprocal determinism.

social-cognitive

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and the situations in which they find themselves. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior

social-cognitive

the _______________________, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986, 2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations. Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others.

social-cognitive perspective on personality

Thomas Gilovich has demonstrated this _______________. He and his colleagues found that fewer people than we presume actually notice our dorky clothes, bad hair, nervousness, or irritation

spotlight effect

Around age 4 or 5, Freud theorized, a child's ego recognizes the demands of the newly emerging _______, the voice of our moral compass (conscience) that forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal.

superego

Sarah-Kate tends to binge-drink several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout her apartment. When confronted by her roommate, Sarah-Kate defends herself, saying that her roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:

the false consensus effect

Which of the following is an example of the application of operant conditioning principles in behavior therapy?

token economy

Others require concrete rewards, such as food. In institutional settings, therapists may create a ____________ When people display desired behavior, such as getting out of bed, washing, dressing, eating, talking meaningfully, cleaning their rooms, or playing cooperatively, they receive a token or plastic coin.

token economy.

According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of:

traits

Nevaeh and Ben have been married for 30 years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad. This sharing has helped them grow even closer. Carl Rogers would say that they have:

unconditional positive regard