psych midterm ch1-7

When Isabel visited the children's zoo, she heard squeals coming from the baby pigs and loud grunts from the adult pigs. Her perception of the high-pitched squeals can be explained by the _____ theory of hearing, and her perception of the low-pitched grunts can be explained by the _____ theory of hearing. A)place; frequency B)frequency; place C)opponent process; trichromatic D)trichromatic; opponent process

A)place; frequency

You can easily distinguish between a tuna fish salad sandwich and a chicken salad sandwich by their smell, because airborne molecules from tuna salad and chicken salad: A)stimulate two different patterns of odor receptors in the nasal cavity. B)stimulate different sensory thresholds. C)each stimulates a different odor receptor in the nasal cavity. D)generate neural impulses along two different sensory pathways.

A)stimulate two different patterns of odor receptors in the nasal cavity.

Cones are concentrated in the _____ and specialized for _____. A) center of the retina; distance vision and feature detection B) fovea; color vision and visual acuity C) fovea; peripheral vision in low light conditions D) periphery of the retina; color vision and visual acuity

B) fovea; color vision and visual acuity

As you enter the locker room at the gym, you notice the distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. But after a few minutes you're no longer aware of the odor. This is an example of: A) the mere exposure effect B) sensory adaptation C) accommodation D) transduction

B) sensory adaptation

Jack is a fervent believer in the idea that ancient astronauts colonized the Earth. After seeing an exhibit of moon rocks, Jack became convinced that one rock had traces of ancient hieroglyphics carved on its side and that another showed a crude diagram of a spaceship. The most likely explanation for Jack's conclusion is his: A)use of positive self-talk. B)perceptual set. C)use of perceptual abilities such as aerial perspective and motion parallax. D)extrasensory abilities.

B)perceptual set.

As you enter the locker room at the college gym, you notice the sharp, distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. The stimulation of special receptors in your nose by airborne molecules of chlorine is an example of _____, and your interpretation of the stimulation is an example of _____. A)gustation; transduction B)sensation; perception C)perception; sensation D)olfaction; transduction

B)sensation; perception

Taste is to _____ as pressure is to _____ and as body position is to _____. A)gustation; proprioceptor; sense of equilibrium B)taste bud; Pacinian corpuscle; proprioceptor C)olfaction; pain; vestibular D)taste bud; nociceptor; kinesthetic sense

B)taste bud; Pacinian corpuscle; proprioceptor

Which perceptual illusions involve size constancy? A) the moon illusion and the Shepard Tables illusion B) the Müller-Lyer illusion and the impossible figure illusion C) the moon illusion and the Müller-Lyer illusion D) the carpentered-world illusion and the Shepard Tables illusion

C) the moon illusion and the Müller-Lyer illusion

John was shocked when his doctor informed him that his condition was caused by extensive damage to his hammer, anvil, and stirrup. What condition is John suffering from? A)disequilibrium or vestibular disability B)vertigo, dizziness, and poor balance C)conduction deafness D)nerve deafness

C)conduction deafness

Amy, an accomplished gymnast, has just learned how to do a cartwheel on the balance beam. Which two senses are especially involved in this accomplishment? A)sense of equilibrium and the vestibular sense B)proprioception and the kinesthetic sense C)kinesthetic sense and vestibular sense D)audition and vision

C)kinesthetic sense and vestibular sense

What are nociceptors? A)sensory receptors that are found in the cochlea and involved in hearing B)microfine, hair-like receptor cells that are found in the muscles and joints that provide information about movement and position C)sensory nerve fibers which are found throughout the body and that are involved in producing the sensation of pain D)people with a high degree of ESP ability

C)sensory nerve fibers which are found throughout the body and that are involved in producing the sensation of pain

Which of the following is a monocular cue involved in depth perception? A) convergence B) binocular disparity C) accommodation D) motion parallax

D) motion parallax

Look at the following two examples: (1) XXXXXXXXX OOOOOOOOO (2) ZWX ZQX YZV QWX ZWQ You tend to perceive the elements in the first example as two units because of the law of _____. You tend to perceive the elements in the second example as five units because of the law of _____. A)proximity; closure B)figure/ground; closure C)closure; good continuation D)similarity; proximity

D)similarity; proximity

The "fallacy of positive instances" refers to the: A)ability to predict the future B)tendency to misjudge the probability of an event occurring simply by chance C)tendency to seek the simplest possible explanation for an unusual event D)tendency to remember events that seem to confirm our beliefs and forget the events that contradict our beliefs

D)tendency to remember events that seem to confirm our beliefs and forget the events that contradict our beliefs

There are two theories of color vision. The _____ theory correctly describes color vision in the retina, while the _____ theory correctly explains color vision in the ganglion cells and visual cortex. A)frequency; place B)place; frequency C)opponent-process; trichromatic D)trichromatic; opponent-process

D)trichromatic; opponent-process

Cindi and Beth are participants in a research study that involves taking a difficult math test. Cindi is told that scores on the math test usually reflect gender differences, while Beth is told that scores on the math test usually do not reflect gender differences. Cindi and Beth's math scores will be compared to the scores of male students taking the same test. Based on Claude Steele's research, what would you predict about Cindi and Beth's scores on the math test? Select one: a. Because of stereotype threat, Cindi will score lower than the male students, but Beth's score will score about the same as the male students. b. Because of stereotype lift, Beth will score lower than the male students, but Cindi will score about the same as the male students. c. Because of stereotype lift, Beth's and Cindi's scores will be about the same as the male students'. d. Because of stereotype threat, Cindi will score higher than the male students, but Beth will score lower than the male students.

a. Because of stereotype threat, Cindi will score lower than the male students, but Beth's score will score about the same as the male students.

According to the Critical Thinking box "'His' and 'Her' Brains?," which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. Men's brains tend to be much smaller than women's brains. b. Women and men have different proportions of gray to white matter in their brains. c. In general, the male brain is more asymmetrical and its functions are more lateralized than in the female brain. d. Men's brains tend to be larger than women's brains. Feedback

a. Men's brains tend to be much smaller than women's brains.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are manufactured by the _____ in the _____. Select one: a. adrenal glands; endocrine system b. pineal gland; endocrine system c. thyroid gland; limbic system d. pituitary gland; limbic system

a. adrenal glands; endocrine system

The basic premise of repressed memory therapy or recovered memory therapy is that: Select one: a. adult psychological problems are often due to sexual abuse in childhood, and memories of the childhood abuse have been repressed. b. memories can be changed through hypnosis and suggestion. c. people can be trained or taught to actively suppress traumatic memories, which will result in improved psychological functioning. d. adult psychological problems are usually due to clear and vivid memories of childhood sexual abuse that are difficult to actively suppress.

a. adult psychological problems are often due to sexual abuse in childhood, and memories of the childhood abuse have been repressed.

According to Albert Bandura, the four factors that are necessary for observational learning to occur are: Select one: a. attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation. b. attention, conditioning, cognition, and reinforcement. c. reinforcement, operant, stimulus discrimination, and imitation. d. stimulus, response, conditioning, and consequence.

a. attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation.

Evidence that is the result of observation, measurement, and experimentation is referred to as _____ evidence. Select one: a. empirical b. pseudoscientific c. hypothetical d. theoretical

a. empirical

You can keep information in short-term memory beyond the usual 20-second duration by: Select one: a. engaging in maintenance rehearsal. b. using clustering. c. engaging in chunking. d. using imagination inflation.

a. engaging in maintenance rehearsal.

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every 10 pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after 10 minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Select one: a. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval b. fixed-interval; fixed-ratio c. fixed-ratio; variable-interval d. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

a. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

The _____ lobe is involved in a person's ability to plan, initiate, and carry out voluntary movements and actions. Select one: a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal Feedback

a. frontal

Rick asks you how many stop signs you encounter on your drive home. To answer his question, you probably rely on a: Select one: a. mental image. b. linguistic concept. c. map of your city. d. natural concept.

a. mental image

Dr. Ginsburg wants to study possible gender differences in the willingness of young children to engage in risky behaviors. To gather data, Ginsburg and a co-researcher carefully and unobtrusively observe the willingness of boys and girls to try risky behaviors at a local zoo, such as petting a burro or feeding different animals. Dr. Ginsburg is using _____ to gather data. Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. a survey c. the case study method d. a representative sample

a. naturalistic observation

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _____ that tend to occur in _____. Select one: a. parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep b. parasomnias; REM sleep c. dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep d. dyssomnias; REM sleep

a. parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep

When a psychological test is administered to the same group of people on different occasions and it produces very similar scores for each of the participants, it is said to be: Select one: a. reliable. b. standardized. c. a culture-free test. d. valid.

a. reliable

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep? Select one: a. stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep b. REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM c. stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM d. wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep

a. stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep

A cognitive psychologist decides to study the effects of chess practice on math abilities in middle school students. All students are tested on a standard math test at the beginning of the study. Students are then randomly assigned to a chess group and a control group. Students in the chess group spend thirty minutes every school day learning chess strategy and playing chess. Students in the no-chess control group spend thirty minutes every school day watching educational television. At the end of three months, students take another standardized math test. The improvement or decline in their test score is computed and compared across the two groups. In this experiment, what is the DEPENDENT variable? Select one: a. the change in math test scores b. playing chess or watching educational television c. improvement in chess-playing ability d. the number of chess matches won

a. the change in math test scores

When seven-year-old Grace had to recite the Girl Scout Pledge in front of the other members of her Brownie troop, she had trouble remembering some of the lines in the middle of the pledge. This illustrates: Select one: a. the serial position effect. b. state-dependent retrieval. c. source confusion. d. mood congruence

a. the serial position effect.

_____ promote(s) wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes by stimulating the release of dopamine in the brain's prefrontal cortex and by blocking adenosine's sleep-inducing effects. Select one: a. Nicotine b. Caffeine c. Cocaine d. Amphetamines

b. Caffeine

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-term reinforcer? Select one: a. Reward yourself with the short-term reinforcer before you perform the behaviors that will lead to reinforcement in the long term. b. Focus your attention on the delayed, long-term reinforcer. c. Strengthen your resolve by surrounding yourself with stimuli that remind you of the short-term reinforcer. d. Avoid making an advance commitment to the long-term goal and adopt a flexible approach to maximizing available reinforcement.

b. Focus your attention on the delayed, long-term reinforcer.

In an online survey, people were asked if they would cheat on their partner if there was no chance of getting caught. Approximately 23,000 internet users responded to the survey. Almost half of those responding said they would not, while the other half said they probably would. What is a significant limitation with surveys like this one? Select one: a. Not enough people responded to the survey, which means the results are not valid. b. The survey involved respondents who volunteered to participate, so the sample was not representative of the overall population c. Participants tend to be less comfortable reporting sexual behaviors over the internet than discussing them in person or on the phone. d. The survey did not follow a double-blind procedure, which means that expectancy effects probably slanted the results.

b. The survey involved respondents who volunteered to participate, so the sample was not representative of the overall population

Professor Karney administered a psychological test measuring shyness to a large number of undergraduate students. The students also completed a lengthy questionnaire on their social life and activities, including number of friends. Professor Karney conducted a statistical analysis of the responses and found a correlation coefficient of -.80 between level of shyness and number of friends. This indicates that: Select one: a. as number of friends increases, level of shyness increases. b. as number of friends decreases, level of shyness increases c. there is no relationship between level of shyness and number of friends. d. a cause-and-effect relationship exists between shyness and number of friends.

b. as number of friends decreases, level of shyness increases

Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the _____. Select one: a. intrinsic rhythms; melatonin cluster b. circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus c. circadian rhythms; pineal gland d. brain waves; suprachiasmatic nucleus

b. circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____. Select one: a. operant; B. F. Skinner b. classical; John B. Watson c. operant; Edward L. Thorndike d. classical; Ivan Pavlov

b. classical; John B. Watson

Whenever Lloyd uses his favorite drug, he experiences intense euphoria, mental alertness, and increased self-confidence. These psychological responses occur because the drug he takes blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters. Lloyd's favorite drug is: Select one: a. caffeine. b. cocaine. c. heroin. d. marijuana.

b. cocaine.

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve: Select one: a. shows that long-term potentiation failure is the primary cause of forgetting. b. demonstrates that much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we originally learn the information. c. demonstrates that encoding failure is the primary reason we forget most information. d. shows that the "magical number" of items that can be held in short-term memory is four, plus or minus one, and not seven plus or minus two, as had been believed.

b. demonstrates that much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we originally learn the information.

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, the group of participants who were informed that housekeeping work was good exercise was the: Select one: a. placebo control group. b. experimental group c. extraneous group. d. control group or control condition.

b. experimental group

Correlational research is useful because it can: Select one: a. provide compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships. b. help identify the factors that play an important role in the behavior that is being investigated and rule out the factors that do not c. provide a detailed description of a single individual. d. promote the acceptance of pseudosciences.

b. help identify the factors that play an important role in the behavior that is being investigated and rule out the factors that do not

The linguistic relativity hypothesis: Select one: a. contends that American Sign Language lacks the formal requirements for language and is relatively impoverished linguistically. b. is the notion that thoughts and perceptions are influenced by the particular language that is used. c. proposes that the formal characteristics of a language are relative and not absolute. d. suggests that the way people think and perceive the world in different linguistic groups influences the formal language that they develop and use.

b. is the notion that thoughts and perceptions are influenced by the particular language that is used.

When you are in a positive mood, you are more likely to recall positive memories. This phenomenon is referred to as _____, and it is one form that _____ can take. Select one: a. source amnesia; source monitoring b. mood congruence; the encoding specificity principle c. inattentional blindness; encoding failure d. mood congruence; long-term potentiation

b. mood congruence; the encoding specificity principle

Ginkgo biloba is an herb that is thought to increase blood flow in the brain and enhance memory processes. In a carefully controlled study investigating this claim, young adults were assigned to one of three groups. Those in group 1 took a capsule containing 120 milligrams of ginkgo biloba once a day. Those in group 2 took a capsule that looked identical but was a fake. Those in group 3 did not take any capsules. The participants assigned to group 2 constituted the _____ in this study. Select one: a. dependent variable b. placebo control group c. extraneous group d. out-of-control group

b. placebo control group

Erika is asked to generate a list of five different animals that can be kept as pets. She quickly responds, "dogs, cats, goldfish, gerbils, and canaries." Dogs would thus represent Erika's _____ for the _____ concept of pets. Select one: a. defining features or attributes; natural b. prototype; natural c. exemplar; formal d. prototype; formal

b. prototype; natural

The manager of a large shopping mall was upset about the groups of rowdy teenagers hanging out by the mall entrance and scaring off his adult customers. He discovered that if he played classical music over the loudspeakers by the door, the teenagers no longer gathered at the entrance. The mall manager's use of classical music to modify the teenagers' behavior is an example of: Select one: a. the operant conditioning extinction procedure. b. punishment by application. c. punishment by removal. d. negative reinforcement.

b. punishment by application.

Of the different stages of memory, _____ memory has the shortest duration. Select one: a. working b. sensory c. short-term d. long-term

b. sensory

Emily is planning a trip to northern Canada in January. She decides to buy the warmest coat she can find, no matter what its cost or appearance. Emily is relying upon the _____ to decide which coat to buy. Select one: a. additive model b. single-feature model c. elimination by aspects model d. insight and intuition

b. single-feature model

During the action potential: Select one: a. the electrical charge of the neuron changes from positive to negative. Incorrect b. sodium ions rush into the interior of the axon. c. sodium ions rush out of the interior of the axon. d. potassium ions flow into the interior of the axon.

b. sodium ions rush into the interior of the axon.

Edward Titchener is associated with which early approach or "school" of psychology? Select one: a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis

b. structuralism

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing food with that tone. In this example, the food is the _____ and the dog salivating to the food is the _____. Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response c. conditioned response; unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Chris drinks coffee frequently. If she tries to get through the day without a cup of coffee, she feels tired and groggy. Chris's feelings of fatigue and drowsiness are most likely _____ that are caused by a phenomenon called the _____ effect. Select one: a. psychological symptoms; placebo b. withdrawal symptoms; drug rebound c. addictive symptoms; stimulant-induced d. withdrawal symptoms; dissociative

b. withdrawal symptoms; drug rebound

_____ is formally defined as the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge, including memory and perception. Select one: a. Thinking b. Motivation c. Cognition d. Problem solving

c. Cognition

According to psychologist _____, there are multiple, independent forms of intelligence, such as linguistic intelligence, spatial intelligence, or interpersonal intelligence. Select one: a. Charles Spearman b. David Wechsler c. Howard Gardner d. Lewis Terman

c. Howard Gardner

Mandy is eight months old; her mother, Jennie, is 40 years old; and her grandmother, Matilda, is 70 years old. During a typical 24-hour period, who experiences the highest proportion of REM to NREM sleep? Select one: a. Jennie b. Matilda c. Mandy d. Mandy, Jennie, and Matilda all experience the same approximate proportion of REM to NREM sleep during a typical 24-hour period.

c. Mandy

According to psychologist _____ and the _____ perspective, classical conditioning involves learning the relationship between events rather than simply associating two events. Select one: a. Edward C. Tolman; cognitive b. Martin Seligman; cognitive c. Robert Rescorla; cognitive d. John Garcia; evolutionary

c. Robert Rescorla; cognitive

The Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section in your textbook provides a number of tips to help minimize sleep problems. Which of the following is NOT one of those recommendations? Select one: a. Use stimulus-control therapy. b. Engage in regular daytime exercise. c. Use depressant drugs, such as alcohol or barbiturates, that cause drowsiness. d. Establish a consistent sleep-wake cycle.

c. Use depressant drugs, such as alcohol or barbiturates, that cause drowsiness.

After two weeks of being screamed at by his drill sergeant at boot camp and shuddering with fear in response, a Marine recruit named Joe now shudders every time he hears the footsteps of his drill sergeant coming down the hall. When the drill sergeant enters the room, Joe snaps to attention and salutes. In this example, shuddering to the sound of the footsteps is _____ and saluting is _____. Select one: a. an operant response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus; a conditioned response b. an unconditioned response; an example of latent learning c. a conditioned response; an operant response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus d. an unconditioned response; an example of learned helplessness Feedback

c. a conditioned response; an operant response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus

The resting potential is: Select one: a. a brief time period after an action potential when the neuron is incapable of firing. Incorrect b. the term used to describe how the sympathetic nervous system reduces arousal and conserves energy. c. a state in which a neuron has an electrical charge of about -70 millivolts. d. a state in which a neuron has an electrical charge of +70 millivolts.

c. a state in which a neuron has an electrical charge of about -70 millivolts.

The physically addictive depressant drugs include: Select one: a. cocaine, caffeine, heroin. b. heroin, opium, and downers, or barbiturates. c. alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturates. d. heroin, morphine, and LSD.

c. alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturates.

In a series of conditioning experiments, a psychologist discovered that a rat readily made an association between the taste of flavored water and illness, but did not make an association between the taste of flavored water and a painful shock. The phenomenon called _____ best explains this example. Select one: a. latent learning b. stimulus discrimination c. biological preparedness d. instinctive drift

c. biological preparedness

During a test of his short-term memory, Tommy was given lists of items to remember. He found the task much easier if he grouped the items according to whether they were animals, plants, minerals, and so on. Tommy is using a memory aid called: Select one: a. clustering. b. the self-referencing technique. c. chunking. d. massed practice.

c. chunking.

Psychologist Roger Sperry is best known for: Select one: a. his efforts to debunk the pseudoscientific claims of phrenology. b. the discovery of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. c. his studies of split-brain patients. d. identifying the specific brain areas involved in different forms of aphasia.

c. his studies of split-brain patients.

Sleep restriction studies have shown that: Select one: a. research participants adapted to a four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments. b. there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning. c. immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished. d. there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.

c. immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished.

Cross-cultural research on group differences in IQ scores has shown that: Select one: a. stereotype threat is not a cross-cultural phenomenon. b. standard IQ tests can be translated and used in any cultural setting. c. minority groups who are discriminated against tend to have lower average IQ scores than the dominant group, whatever their racial or ethnic identity. d. test-taking behavior does not vary from one culture or society to another.

c. minority groups who are discriminated against tend to have lower average IQ scores than the dominant group, whatever their racial or ethnic identity.

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning. Select one: a. conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus c. neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response

c. neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

ESP believers and ESP disbelievers participated in a study in which they watched two attempts to demonstrate telepathic communication. Although the participants didn't know it, one attempt was rigged to appear successful, and the other attempt was rigged to fail. Following the demonstration: Select one: a. all of the participants incorrectly remembered both attempts as being unsuccessful. b. the ESP disbelievers thought that ESP did not occur in either demonstration. c. only the ESP believers said that ESP had taken place in the unsuccessful attempt, thus demonstrating the belief-bias effect. d. only the ESP disbelievers said that ESP had taken place in the unsuccessful attempt, thus demonstrating the fallacy of positive instances.

c. only the ESP believers said that ESP had taken place in the unsuccessful attempt, thus demonstrating the belief-bias effect.

The terms autonomic and somatic refer to the two main subdivisions of the: Select one: a. sympathetic nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system.

c. peripheral nervous system.

In Baddeley's model of working memory, one component called the _____ is specialized for verbal material, such as lists of numbers or words. Select one: a. visuospatial sketchpad b. semantic network c. phonological loop d. central executive

c. phonological loop

Messages from other neurons and sensory receptors are typically: Select one: a. collected by the synaptic vesicles. b. relayed by glial cells to the correct node of Ranvier. c. received by the dendrites. d. received by the axon terminals. Feedback

c. received by the dendrites.

Structural plasticity: Select one: a. refers to the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas. b. occurs when neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are blocked from being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron. c. refers to a phenomenon in which brain structures change in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences. d. refers to the brain's ability to develop new neurons.

c. refers to a phenomenon in which brain structures change in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences.

According to the _____ theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are not in any special state of consciousness but are simply highly motivated to respond to the social demands of the hypnotist and the situation. Select one: a. neodissociation b. imaginative suggestibility c. social-cognitive d. activation-synthesis

c. social-cognitive

The term _____ refers to the rules for combining words in a particular language. Select one: a. generative b. displacement c. syntax d. exemplar

c. syntax

According to _____, dreaming is the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep. Select one: a. the neodissociation model b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory c. the activation-synthesis model d. social-cognitive theory

c. the activation-synthesis model

When people need to make a decision involving a high degree of uncertainty, what techniques do they often use to estimate the probability of an event occurring? Select one: a. the trial-and-error strategy and the additive model b. the elimination by aspects model and the single-feature model c. the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic d. insight, intuition, mental sets, and pure guesswork

c. the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

The famous case of the man known as H.M. illustrates the important role _____ play(s) in the formation of new memories. Select one: a. the amygdala b. beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles c. the hippocampus d. cerebellum

c. the hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT one of the brain-imaging techniques discussed in the Focus on Neuroscience section in the text? Select one: a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) d. positron emission tomography (PET)

c. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Tom, a split-brain patient, is seated in front of a screen. As he focuses on the middle of the screen, the image of an apple is briefly flashed on the LEFT side of the screen. Tom will: Select one: a. be able to verbally name the object. b. be able to use his right hand to reach under the screen and pick up the correct object. c. verbally deny that any image appeared on the screen. d. probably have an epileptic seizure.

c. verbally deny that any image appeared on the screen

Most people who are deprived of all environmental time cues tend to naturally follow a _____ -hour sleep-wake cycle. Select one: a. 12 b. 20 c. 25.2 d. 24.2

d. 24.2

Why did Karl Lashley fail to uncover the area of the rat's brain in which the memory trace of the maze was stored or located? Select one: a. Memory could not be studied with the relatively crude and simplistic methods Lashley used in the early 1900s. b. A rat's memory for maze running is a classically conditioned response and is not localized in one area of the brain, such as the cortex or cerebellum. c. Lashley was looking in the cerebral cortex for the memory trace, when he should have been looking in the cerebellum. d. A rat's memory for maze running is not a single memory but a complex set of interrelated memories involving information from multiple senses, and it is distributed throughout the brain and not localized in the cortex.

d. A rat's memory for maze running is not a single memory but a complex set of interrelated memories involving information from multiple senses, and it is distributed throughout the brain and not localized in the cortex.

A group of rats was run through a maze for 12 days. On days 1 through 10, there was no food reward at the end of the maze, and the rats made many errors as they slowly moved through the maze. On day 11, researchers placed a food reward at the end of the maze. With the food reward in place, the rats ran the maze very quickly and with few errors. According to psychologist _____, this experiment demonstrated a phenomenon called _____. Select one: a. Skinner; stimulus discrimination b. Edward L. Thorndike; the law of effect c. Albert Bandura; observational learning d. Edward C. Tolman; latent learning

d. Edward C. Tolman; latent learning

Who translated and revised Binet's intelligence test for use in the United States? Select one: a. David Wechsler b. Charles Spearman c. Louis Thurstone d. Lewis Terman

d. Lewis Terman

The Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section provides several techniques and suggestions to enhance your memory of information. Which of the following is one of those suggestions? Select one: a. Use maintenance rehearsal to help encode information for meaning. b. Minimize interference by using massed practice. c. Counteract the serial position effect by spending more time learning material at the beginning and end of a sequence. d. Take the distributed-practice approach to learning new information.

d. Take the distributed-practice approach to learning new information.

In psychology, the formal definition of learning is: Select one: a. knowledge that can be measured by an intelligence or achievement test. b. any knowledge or skill that has been acquired in a school or in a formal training program. c. behavior that is the result of genetic programming. d. a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

d. a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

Professor Sheehan spent most of the class session lecturing on different aspects of memory, and ended by reminding her students of the test at the next class session. After her students shuffled out of the classroom, Professor Sheehan noticed a student's cell phone on a desk toward the back of the classroom. The student forgetting his cell phone is an everyday example of _____ that is most probably due to _____. Select one: a. inattentional blindness; source amnesia b. source amnesia; retrieval cue failure c. prospective memory; retrieval cue failure d. absentmindedness; encoding failure

d. absentmindedness; encoding failure

Reduced brain levels of the neurotransmitter called _____ are involved in the progressive memory loss that characterizes Alzheimer's disease. Select one: a. GABA b. serotonin c. dopamine d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

Petro is unable to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language because of brain damage. Petro suffers from: Select one: a. Parkinson's disease. b. Alzheimer's' disease. c. the aftereffects of the split-brain operation. d. aphasia.

d. aphasia.

According to the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section "A Workshop on Creativity," creativity can be enhanced if you: Select one: a. ignore everyday hassles and focus on the big picture. b. try to avoid learning too much about the area in which you wish to be creative, so as to guarantee a fresh approach. c. focus all your efforts on refining a single promising approach, rather than being distracted by too many possibilities. d. are flexible and persist in the face of obstacles and setbacks.

d. are flexible and persist in the face of obstacles and setbacks.

Professor Diaz is studying the development of the human brain from infancy to early adulthood. She takes the _____ perspective and her specialty area is _____ psychology. Select one: a. humanistic; social b. evolutionary; cognitive c. behavioral; social d. biological; developmental

d. biological; developmental

Mary Whiton Calkins: Select one: a. founded the first psychology laboratory in America at Yale University. b. studied with Sigmund Freud and became the first female psychoanalyst in the United States. c. is best known for her pioneering research on comparative psychology and for her book The Animal Mind. d. conducted research on personality, dreams, and memory, and was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association.

d. conducted research on personality, dreams, and memory, and was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association.

A rat has been trained in an operant conditioning chamber to press a lever to get a food pellet. Following the acquisition trials, the researcher then withheld reinforcement for lever pressing and eventually the rat stopped responding. This example illustrates: Select one: a. the effect of negative reinforcement. b. the effect of punishment by application. c. learned helplessness. d. extinction.

d. extinction.

The _____ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Select one: a. adrenal medulla b. adrenal cortex c. amygdala d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

Psychologist George Sperling's classic experiment demonstrated that: Select one: a. the capacity of short-term memory is virtually limitless. b. the schemas that people hold in a particular situation can erroneously influence the details they later remember about the situation. c. distributed practice is superior to massed practice. d. information is held in visual sensory memory for about half a second.

d. information is held in visual sensory memory for about half a second.

According to George Miller, capacity of short-term memory: Select one: a. is about four items of information, plus or minus one. b. can be increased by clustering. c. can be increased by maintenance rehearsal of the information. d. is about seven items of information, plus or minus two.

d. is about seven items of information, plus or minus two.

In the study in which participants sat briefly in a psychology professor's office: Select one: a. most participants were unable to remember significant details of the office when tested later. b. most participants were able to accurately remember significant details of the objects that were present in the office when tested later. c. memory for details of the office was easily distorted by the later use of misinformation during the recall test. d. many participants erroneously remembered items that were not actually present in the room but that were consistent with the schema of a professor's office.

d. many participants erroneously remembered items that were not actually present in the room but that were consistent with the schema of a professor's office.

Techniques for focusing attention, which are found in most cultures and many religions, are called: Select one: a. stimulus control techniques. b. imaginative suggestibility techniques. c. hypnosis. d. meditation.

d. meditation.

According to the _____ model developed by _____, behavior is shaped and maintained by its environmental consequences. Select one: a. classical conditioning; John B. Watson b. cognitive; Edward Tolman c. evolutionary; John Garcia. d. operant conditioning; B. F. Skinner

d. operant conditioning; B. F. Skinner

Which of the following is a category of addictive drugs that mimic the properties of a natural brain substance called endorphins? Select one: a. depressants b. stimulants c. psychedelics d. opiates

d. opiates

When Anna was three years old, her aunt's pet parakeet landed on her head and pecked at her scalp, hurting her. Following this incident, Anna was afraid of the parakeet, but over time, Anna has become afraid of anything that flies, including butterflies, large flying insects, and wild birds. This example illustrates the phenomenon of _____ in _____ conditioning. Select one: a. instinctive drift; operant b. stimulus discrimination; classical c. biological preparedness; operant d. stimulus generalization; classical

d. stimulus generalization; classical

When college students are enrolled in a class in which participation in psychological research is part of the course requirement: Select one: a. the researcher is not required to provide the student participants with information about the purpose of the research. b. their reactions and behavior in experimental situations can be videotaped without their consent. c. they should complain to the college administration because it is a violation of the ethical standards for psychological research to use students as research participants. d. students must be given the choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement or earn extra credit.

d. students must be given the choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement or earn extra credit.

A collectivistic culture is one in which: Select one: a. the self is seen as less interdependent with others compared to individualistic cultures. b. a person's social behavior is influenced more by individual preference than by cultural values and norms. c. a person's individual preferences and goals are considered to be more important than the requirements and goals of his or her social group. d. the needs and goals of the group are considered to be more important than the needs and goals of the individual

d. the needs and goals of the group are considered to be more important than the needs and goals of the individual

Professor Wallace studied over 3,000 elderly individuals for a decade and found a statistically significant relationship between survival rate and number of close friends. Specifically, he found that elderly individuals with few close friends had a much higher death rate. To say that the results of his study are "statistically significant" means that: Select one: a. the finding has great practical value and significance. b. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables. c. the finding does not have to be replicated to be accepted by the scientific community. d. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance

d. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance

Karen is right-handed. A biopsychologist administers a PET scan of Karen's brain while Karen listens to one of her favorite pieces of music, Beethoven's Third Symphony. Which area of Karen's brain is likely to show the greatest activity on the PET scan? Select one: a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. the cerebellum d. the right hemisphere

d. the right hemisphere

For his independent project in Cooking 101, Henry decides to develop a new dip for raw vegetables, using sour cream and herbs. He tries one combination of ingredients after another, adjusting the seasoning as he goes along. What problem-solving strategy is Henry using? Select one: a. the working backward heuristic b. the additive model c. the single-feature algorithm d. the trial-and-error strategy

d. the trial-and-error strategy

Reuptake occurs: Select one: a. when the brain shifts functions from damaged areas to undamaged areas. b. when sodium ion and potassium ion channels open. c. at the small gaps in the axon called the nodes of Ranvier. d. when neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.

d. when neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.