Psych Midterm Studying

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An individual typically possesses _______ allele(s) for each gene.

2

What is an example of habituation?

A baby glances at a familiar stuffed animal, then stares at a new one.

A 70-year-old woman who is given a touch-screen tablet becomes hopelessly frustrated when she tries to use it. Which of the following best explains her lack of success?

A decline in fluid intelligence keeps her from reasoning abstractly when confronted with an unfamiliar object.

What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A theory is a collection of data based hypoteses

Behaviorist who thought that the study of mental events wasn't psychology

B.F. Skinner

Schizophrenia most often presents itself at what age

Early adulthood, when people begin to face the world on their own.

Studied how dogs and cats escape puzzle boxes

Edward Thorndike

_______ is best suited to monitoring the activation of synapses.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Which theory outlines a series of stages that occur throughout the lifespan and involve tension between conflicting ways of interacting with others?

Erikson's psychosocial theory

On an empathy questionnaire, Group 1 had a mean score of 117 with a standard deviation of 14. Group 2 had a mean score of 96 with a standard deviation of 23. Therefore, _______ scored higher on average and their scores were _______ spread out than scores from _______.

Group 1; less; Group 2

Which of the following is a myth of psychology?

Heritable traits cannot be altered by experience

How is natural selection related to psychology?

Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival.

What is an example of a valid gene-environment interaction on behavior?

Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families.

What is the key difference between twin studies and adoption studies?

In adoption studies, twins are separated at birth, adopted, and raised apart.

When the U.S. Supreme Court was deliberating on whether to require schools to integrate black children and white children, their decision to strike down laws permitting segregated schools was greatly influenced by the "Doll Test," conducted by

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark

The effects of PKU are epigenetic because

PKU is harmful only if a child ingests significant amounts of phenylalanine.

The procedure by which researchers test whether a child has developed a theory of mind is called the

Sally and Anne test

What is a conclusion from twin studies of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is more likely to materialize in a twin who experiences extreme stress.

What state was featured in the video on healthy aging?

Utah

The year 1879 might be thought of as the beginning of psychology as a science because that is the year

Wilhelm Wundt developed and opened the first psychology laboratory.

A research team was investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read a magazine article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read a magazine article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. All women in the study then took a challenging math test. Researchers scored the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following was the dependent variable?

Women's scores on the math test

To which pair of siblings would the term "dizygotic" apply?

a brother and sister born at the same time

Which of the following constitutes a gene?

a length of DNA

A professor wanted to learn more about the body image concerns of young teenage girls. She randomly selected 200 girls from local middle schools to complete her questionnaire. These girls were

a representative sample

Which neurotransmitter would you be most likely to find in the synaptic cleft between a motor neuron and a muscle?

acetylcholine

What is the term for a condition in which someone that was previously able to read loses that ability?

alexia

Your uncle tells you about an interesting magazine article explaining that humans use only 10 percent of their brains. As a student of psychology, your response should be:

almost all the brain is continuously active

Gerard's mother has noticed that he becomes very upset when she leaves for work in the morning. When she gets home, he is resistant to her attempts to bond with him. Gerard is displaying

ambivalent attachment

To prove that electrical stimulation can produce intense feelings of anxiety, the mad scientist would stimulate his victim's

amygdala

A neuron with _______ would be expected to have the slowest-moving action potential.

an unmyelinated, thin axon

When a child learns new information about the world that fits with her schema, it is called _______. When a child learns new information that requires her to change her schema, it is called _______.

assimilation; accommodation

A neuron's _______ meets another neuron's dendrite at a(n)_______.

axon; synapse

functionalism

belief that mental processes must serve a practical, adaptive purpose

_______ cues to depth are dependent on information from both eyes.

binocular

In the biopsychological approach to psychology, hormonal influences are part of the ____ influences while family expectations are part of the _____ influences.

biological; social-cultural

Computed tomography (CT) scans show

brain structures but not areas of brain activity.

structuralism

breaks down the human mind into simplest types of experience and how they come together to make complex experiences

The hallmarks of psychology as a science are

careful experimentation and the application of critical thinking.

According to the Freakonomics video, why did people believe that ice cream caused polio?

cases of polio increased in the summer and so did ice cream sales

Neurotransmitters influence the polarization of a neuron by

causing receptor channels to open, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron.

Which part of the brain plays the greatest role in controlling higher mental functions?

cerebrum

The term "plasticity" is used to describe the human brain as

changeable

After being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, Kaela had her thyroid removed. The effects of this are likely to include

changes in metabolism

Which age group has the most plastic brains?

children

Each of our _______ consists of tightly coiled DNA.

chromosomes

What is the term in psychology for simultaneously holding two views that are at odds with each other?

cognitive dissonance

What is the therm in psychology for simultaneously holding two views that are at odds with each other?

cognitive dissonance

sensory input->participant processing information->report, press button, etc.

cognitive psychology

Walker and Lewine's observations of twin babies who later became discordant for schizophrenia revealed that the twin who developed schizophrenia

commonly showed more disorganized behavior

A doctor needs a brain imaging technique that shows brain structure but not brain function. Which technique should the doctor choose?

computed tomography

Twins who share a certain physical or behavioral trait are _______ for that trait.

concordant

The photoreceptors we need to appreciate a blue sky on a sunny day are the _______, whereas the photoreceptors we use to detect the stars outside at night are the _______.

cones; rods

Cases of spurious correlations are typically explained in terms of _______ variables that are _______ two correlated variables.

confounding; affecting

Piaget's theory of development has been referred to as _______ because in his view, children adapt to the world by actively building and organizing their experiences.

constructivism

An unethical experimenter wants to test the relationship between discomfort and aggression. On a hot day, she turns off the air conditioning in one dorm and leaves it on in another, then has her research assistants count occurrences of verbal aggression in common areas of the buildings. Students in the air-conditioned dorm would be the _______, and students in the overheated dorm would be the _______.

control group; experimental group

Ivan Pavlov

described classical conditioning

Dr. McGaugh, of UCI, studied Jill Price, a woman with an amazing memory. He found that she could accurately remember every day of her life since she was about twelve years old. Which type of research method was he using in this study?

descriptive

Before the mechanisms behind PKU were known to science, infants that inherited the genes for the disorder almost always

developed mental impairments

During neural development, the nervous system generates more cells than it ultimately needs. Over half of the extra cells

die through a natural process before birth

Twins who do not share 100 percent of their genes are called

dizygotic

In the experiment with dull and bright rats, Cooper and Zubek demonstrated a gene—environment interaction by showing that when navigating the maze

dull rats raised in enriched environments eventually performed as well as bright rats.

Preoperational children are often described as _______ because they do not understand that different people can have different points of view.

egocentric

After a skydiving accident, an MRI showed damage to Rose's cerebellum. She is most likely to have difficulty with

exercise

Which approach would be most appropriate for testing the hypothesis that taking practice tests improves learning more than studying alone does?

experimental research

Parents who agree with John Locke's notion of tabula rasa would most likely

expose their children to a rich variety of sensory experiences

In terms of which genes cells use to make particular proteins, differences among cells are due to differences in gene

expression

Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler

focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

The sensory receptors in your skin that are specialized to report information about changes in temperature are the

free nerve endings

The motor cortex is located in the _______ lobe of the brain.

frontal

A researcher plans to study changes in patients' brain activity as Alzheimer's disease progresses by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen content. The appropriate brain imaging technique to use is

functional magnetic resonance imaging

A researcher would most likely use _______ to investigate which brain areas are active during speech?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following perspectives argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose?

functionalism

The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain protein is called

gene expression

_______ play the greatest role in regulating the strength of the connection between two neurons.

glial cells

In the final stages of synaptogenesis, neurons

grow dendrites and axons

Dizygotic twins

grow from separate zygotes

Which factor is most closely associated with the eventual onset of schizophrenia?

growing up in a big city

A group of researchers is most likely to conduct a meta-analysis if an experiment has

had widely replicated results and has undergone extensive variation

The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called

hair cells

According to René Descartes, the very fact that he is thinking proves that

he exists

cognitive psychology focuses on

how people think, remember, store, and use information.

One of the most pervasive psychological myths is that

humans only use ten percent of their brains

Inhibitory synapses

hyper polarize neurons

Which single gene effect do men display more often than women?

inability to distinguish red from green

Xander has taken a medication that is an endorphin antagonist. Which side effect is most likely?

increased pain sensitivity

In experimental research, which of the following variables is controlled by the researcher?

independent

Which type of neuron is most common in the brain?

interneuron

A researcher presents his participant with a series of flashing lights at varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participant to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as

introspection

When administered to subjects in an experiment, a placebo is a treatment that

is believed to be free of medical effects

A scientist has inserted an electrode into the frontal lobe of a monkey. Electrical stimulation would most likely cause the monkey to

kick

The action potential of a neuron is best compared to

liquid starting to spill over the rim of a cup when just enough force is applied.

A correlation of −0.80 between meditation and anxiety symptoms would indicate

meditation predicts lower levels of anxiety

The hippocampus plays the most significant role in

memory

Which is the correct order of measures of central tendency, from lowest to highest, for a positively skewed distribution

mode, median, mean

Because neurons are full of proteins that tend to be _______ charged, they tend to attract _______ charged ions.

negatively; positively

Neural development begins with rapid division of nerve cells in a process called

neurogenesis

The study of the nervous system is called

neuroscience

A _______ is most likely to study the brain activities that underlie human behavior.

neuroscientist

A patient has a dangerously low heart rate and is having difficulty breathing. The neurotransmitter that would be most helpful to him is

norepinephrine

Lila is 18 months old and is no longer surprised when her mother hides her ball, only to reveal it again in a different position in front of her. What cognitive milestone is Lila displaying?

object permanence

After her stroke, Mei was able to hear, smell, and taste normally. However, she had difficulty with her vision. She most likely experienced damage to her

occipital lobe

The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.

olfactory bulb

Which is true of twins who are discordant for a certain trait?

one of them has the trait and the other does not

In a typical controlled experiment designed to test the effects of a new drug, _______ will be administered to the _______ group.

only the placebo; control

The _______ theory of color vision is the idea that color vision is based on a system of paired opposites of color.

opponent-process

Tiny bones called _______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

ossicles

One reason dysfunctional alleles can have such specific effects on the workings of our sensory systems is that

our sensory systems rely on the functioning of more than one protein.

Endorphins have the most significant impact on

pain

The main function of nociceptors is to sense

pain

Gestalt psychology

perception is more than a sum of parts

The term for the brain's ability to reorganize its resources is

plasticity

A technique that tracks blood flow to measure brain activity is

positron emission tomography

Following a head injury, Maria experienced a dramatic personality change. She now gambles heavily, swears and yells at work, and has difficulty planning ahead. She most likely experienced damage to her

prefrontal cortex

Individuals with Huntington's disease possess an allele that causes severe symptoms by

producing certain abnormal proteins

The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called

psychophysics

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses _______ to show how the brain works.

radioactive markers

Kohlberg constructed his theory of moral reasoning by asking people to decide how a fictional character, Heinz, should respond to a moral dilemma. Kohlberg was most interested in the

reasoning by which people reached their decisions

A _______ is the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system.

receptive field

In Plato's cave allegory, a prisoner was temporarily unchained and allowed to see the fire at the mouth of the cave. When he returned to the chains, the other prisoners

refused to believe him

In order for our visual system to work properly, the lens must focus light onto the

retina

Two reflexes that help an infant receive nourishment are the _______ reflex, or the turning of the head in response to a brush of the cheek, and the _______ reflex, primarily for intake of breast milk.

rooting; sucking

Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _______. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a _______.

sensation; perception

Vision researchers have shown that a person will fail to develop visual perception abilities if light does not stimulate the eye early in development. This is evidence of _______ during development.

sensitive periods

The area of the brain that allows us to feel a breeze against our skin is the

sensory cortex

Vision and hearing are different

sensory modalities

what type of research was Booee first used in?

sign language

dopamine is most directly involved in

signaling pleasure

Which confounding variable is teased out when psychologists study the traits of identical twins?

similar environments shared by relatives

Which statement reflects a reasonable attitude for a good student of psychology to have toward any claim about human behavior?

skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _______ nervous system and the _______ nervous system.

somatic; autonomic

Genes regulate protein synthesis by

specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order..

What is an example of a measure of central tendency?

standard deviation

At about eight months of age, as a part of normal attachment development, infants begin to show

stranger anxiety

Which of the following approaches to psychology did Edward Titchener advocate in the late 1800s?

structuralism

A news organization wanted to predict who would win the next U.S. presidential election. They sent an opinion poll to every fiftieth person on a list of students enrolled at a nearby college. Which of the following is the study population?

students at the college

To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, visitors were asked every day for six weeks to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of

survey research

Thinning of the top layer of the cortex in adolescence is a good indicator of the neurodevelopmental process called

synapse rearrangement

Neuron's don't actually touch each other. They are separated by the

synaptic gap

The idea that children are born with no knowledge or "content" whatsoever and are "filled" by life experiences is called

tabula rasa

Any substance that can potentially harm the fetus during birth is called a

teratogen

The term for an agent that causes birth defects is

teratogen

behaviorism

the belief that psychologists should only study observable behaviors

Alzheimer's disease is dementia that is characterized by

the build-up of amyloid in and outside of acetylcholine neurons.

Why are dominant, yet harmful, alleles like the huntingtin gene so rare in our genomes?

the carrier doesn't survive long enough to pass it on

A child finds a five-dollar bill beside her teacher's desk. Which scenario describes the application of preconventional moral reasoning?

the child acts out of fear of getting in trouble

Heritability estimates tell us

the degree to which variations in a population can be attributed to genetics.

The sensation of a fly landing on your arm is weaker than the sensation of being hit with a dodgeball because

the dodgeball triggers more action potentials per second from each sensory neuron.

Epigenetics is the most concerned with

the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs.

Twin studies of the heritability of schizophrenia show that

the heritability of schizophrenia is about 50 percent.

psychology is best defined as the study of

the mind and behavior

Which developmental milestone characterizes menarche?

the onset of menstruation

The part of the brain damaged in Gage's accident, which controls executive functions, is ___.

the prefrontal cortex

A psychological test designed to measure creativity is considered a reliable tool based on whether

the same subjects would score consistently over time

cognitive psychology

the study of how we acquire and process information and gain knowledge

In Schachter's affiliation experiment, what was the independent variable?

the subject's anxiety level

The estimated heritability of 48 percent for neuroticism in the population supports the claim that

the variability in neuroticism is due partly to genetic variability in the population.

The reason that we have blind spots in our visual fields is that

there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc

What is the role of vesicles?

they empty neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

a good scientific hypothesis is

tied to observable phenomena

The ability of humans to see a variety of colors based on the combinations of three primary colors is

trichromatic vision

Plato's allegory of the cave indicates that

truths are not always obvious

Alda's brain showed the strongest reaction to items he rated as

uncool

The primary reason that confounding variables pose problems for researchers is because they tend to

vary along with one another

According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. This implies that

we are capable of maintaining social networks of up to 150 people throughout our lives.

The Tuskegee syphilis study raised serious concerns about ethical research because the researchers

withheld information from test subjects about their condition

Why was the woman able to discriminate between the two sounds, while the man was not?

women process speech in both hemispheres of the brain

Size constancy refers to

your perception that an object remains the same size, even as you get closer or farther away.


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