psych module 20

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative movement

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning by linking events. This involves learning by _____

association

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; imitation

Which statement correctly classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook?

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning.

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called

cognitive learning

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus is an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

conditioning

All of these were early theorists in associative learning EXCEPT:

freud

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This BEST illustrates the process of:

discrimination

Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating to the tone when the food was no longer paired with the tone.

extinction

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called:

learning

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:

operant conditioning

Watson and Rayner taught Little Albert to fear white rats by:

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

Sean takes his 1-year-old son James out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

the crying to the bee sting

In classical conditioning, we learn _____; whereas in operant conditioning, we learn _____.

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response and its consequence

Which list contains an item that does NOT fit?

voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning