psych of adjustment chapter 9 friendship and love

investments

-Something that a person puts into a relationship that cannot be receovered if the relationship end

homosexuals face three unique dating challenges

-smaller pool of potential partners -under pressure to conceal their sexual orientation -have limited ways to meet prospective partners

heterosexism

-the belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality and the assumption everyone is heterosexual

sexual orientation

A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, opposite sex, or either sex.

adult attachment

A structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and "internal working model" of relationships

triangular theory of love

A theory that describes various kinds of love in terms of three components: passion (erotic attraction), intimacy (sharing feelings and confidences), and commitment (dedication to putting this relationship first in one's life).

consummate love

According to Sternberg's theory, the most complete form of love, consisting of all three components-intimacy, passion, and commitment.

shyness

An individuals discomfort and or inhibition in interpersonal situations that interferes with pursuing an interpersonal professional goal.

commitment

An intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise

ineffective communication and conflict management skills

Communication that is unclear and does not get the message across and the receiver does not receive it.

emotional loneliness

Condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy.

social loneliness

Condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships.

Harold Kelley and john thibaut

Developed the interdependence theory, based on the theory that people try to maximize their rewards in life and minimize their costs.

intrapsychic processes

One primary problem with counseling in the early 60s was that it emphasized _____ _______.

comparison level

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

comparison level for alternatives

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship.

cindy hazan and Philip shaver

Postulated that there is a correlation between the attachment relationships formed at infancy and those formed later in life.

anxious ambivalent adults

Preoccupation with love accompanied by expectations of rejection, and they describe their love relations as volatile and marked with jealousy

parental investment theory

Refers to what each sex has to invest - in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities - to produce and nurture offspring. Sex with smaller investment will be more vigorous in mating opportunities. Sex with larger investment will be more conservative in mating opportunities.

friendship repair ritual

Reproach- the offended party acknowledges the problem and asks the offender for an explanation Remedy- taking responsibility and offering a justification or apology Acknowledgement- offended party acknowledges the remedy and the friendship progresses

attachment styles

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants.

resurrection processes

The final set of processes in relationship deterioration, in which ex-partners begin to live independent of the former relationship.

mere exposure effect

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it.

matching hypothesis

The notion that people are most likely to form relationships with those who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness

becoming bored with the relationship

What is the biggest dyadic factor for women and men both breaking up?

minding

a form of relationship maintenance that includes knowing and being known, making relationship-enhancing attributions for behaviors, accepting and respecting, and maintaining reciprocity and continuity

internal; stable factors

a self defeating attributional style associated with loneliness involves attributing loneliness with..

have less economic power then men

a sociocultural explanation for the finding that women are more selective than men in choosing partners in that women

secure adults

adults who describe childhood experiences objectively and value the impact of the parent-child relationship on their development

avoidant adults

are uncomfortable being close to others; they find it difficult to trust others completely, difficult to allow themselves to depend on others. nervous when others get too close

collectivist culture

arranged marriages are most common in

gender and sexual orientation issues

both sexes value intimacy, self disclosure, trust -womens friendships are more emotionally based, will discuss personal issues, people, relationships, and feelings -mens friendships are more activity based, will discuss sports, work, vehicles and computers

paradox of close relationships

close relationships arouse intense feelings that are both positive (passion, caring) and negative (rage, jealousy, despair) this is referred to as the ____________________.

chronic loneliness

feeling lonely for long periods of time which impairs physical / mental health shyness, poor social skills, self defeating attributional style

premature commitment

finding out that you don't really like the person the way you thought

David Buss

found evidence that women place a higher value on potential partners' status, ambition and financial prospects; men placed a higher value on potential mates' physical attractiveness

heterosexism

if a researcher fails to determine the sexual orientation of her research participants and reports her findings without any mention of homosexuals, her study suffers from

passion

intense feelings both positive and negative experienced in love relationships, including sexual desire

relationship maintenance

involves the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship.

looks

jack and liz have been dating for two years, they are a good example of the matching hypothesis, this means they are matched on the basis of

avoidant; dismissing

jenna tends to keep her distance from others and is unconcerned about social rejection. she would be classified in which of the following attachment styles?

transient loneliness

lasts a short time and passes, as when you hear a song or an expression that reminds you of someone you love who is far away

grave dressing processes

part of the breakdown of relationships that consists of creating the story of why a relationship died and erecting a metaphorical tombstone that summarizes its main events and features from its birth to its death

loneliness

person's network of social relations is smaller or less satisfying than the person desire

five prominent factors contribute to romantic break ups

premature commitment ineffective communication and conflict management skills becoming bored with the relationship

what draws two strangers together as lovers or friends

proximity familiarity physical attractiveness

proximity

refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness

reciprocal liking

refers to liking those who show that they like you "if you want to have a friend, be a friend"

intimacy

refers to warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship

nonlove

relationship in which all three components of love are absent.

the rules of friendship

share news of success with a friend show emotional support volunteer help in time of need strive to make a friend happy when in each others company trust and confide in each other stand up for a friend in his or her absence

interdependence or social exchange theory

states that the decision is based on a "cost-benefit" analysis of the relationships outcome. If the rewards outweigh the costs, we stay.

social processes

the actions taken by people in social units

infant attachment

the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

seeing someone often

the mere exposure effect refers to an increase in positive feelings due to

dyadic processes

the second stage in relationship decay, in which partners discuss problems and alternative futures for the relationship. May include conflict as well as degeneration of established patterns, understandings, and routines that make up a relationship culture and sustain intimacy on a day-to-day basis. Not all partners experience this phase.

close relationships

those that are important, interdependent, and long lasting

comparison level

traceys personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship is termed

Robert sternberg

triangular theory of love intimacy, passion, commitment

initial attraction

two people are attracted to each other and want to get to know each other better.

because online communication is anonymous people take greater risks in online self disclosure

which of the following statements regarding self disclosure in online communication is accurate?

intimacy and self disclosure; shared activities

womens same gender friendships are typically based on_____; mens are typically based on____