Psych Quiz Questions Ch. 8, 9, & 10

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. spreading activation. b. connectionist networks. c. reasoning about categories. d. semantic networks.

b. connectionist networks.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. verbatim recall. b. constructive memory processes. c. the effect of scripts. d. cryptomnesia

b. constructive memory processes.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as a. repeated reproduction. b. cryptomnesia. c. narrative rehearsal. d. repeated recall.

b. cryptomnesia.

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. semantic network b. exemplar c. prototype d. definitional

b. exemplar

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. abstract symbols. b. a statement. c. a spatial layout. d. an equation.

c. a spatial layout.

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a. Feature integration b. Pragmatic inference c. Reminiscent memory d. Retroactive interference

d. Retroactive interference

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. A turtle is an amphibian. b. A turtle is related to a fish. c. Turtles are turtles. d. A turtle is an animal.

A turtle is an animal.

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? a. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event. b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. c. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. d. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw.

a. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. b. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. c. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. d. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.

a. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Exemplars b. Units c. Icons d. Prototypes

a. Exemplars

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. back propagation b. error verification c. graceful degradation d. spreading activation

a. back propagation

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. family resemblance. b. instance theory. c. graded membership. d. prototypicality.

a. family resemblance.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. a. higher; both lower and higher b. both lower and higher; higher c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

a. higher; both lower and higher

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. b. imagery occurs more automatically than perception. c. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. d. imagery is more stable than perception.

a. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved a. mental scanning. b. propositional representations. c. image synthesis. d. method of loci.

a. mental scanning.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. b. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. c. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. d. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.

a. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question. a. visual imagery b. the visual search c. mental chronometry d. her visual icon

a. visual imagery

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. d. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.

a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Family resemblance b. Spreading activation c. Hierarchical organization d. Cognitive economy

a. Family resemblance

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO b. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) ______. c. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) ______ is a fruit. d. Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Pragmatic inference b. Prospective memory c. Automatic narrative d. Observer perspective

a. Pragmatic inference

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Prototype b. Typicality c. Exemplar d. Network

a. Prototype

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? a. Superordinate b. Basic c. Typical d. Subordinate

a. Superordinate

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of a. a sequence of actions. b. what is involved in a particular experience. c. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. d. items appropriate to a particular setting.

a. a sequence of actions.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. occur for details but not for entire events. d. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.

a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was a. auditory from a female speaker. b. visual. c. auditory from a male speaker. d. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker.

a. auditory from a female speaker.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life b. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. c. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. d. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.

a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c. self-image hypothesis. d. autobiographical hypothesis.

a. cognitive hypothesis.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c. omissions of information that was presented. d. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

a. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. b. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. c. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. d. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept.

a. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. b. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. if they believe the postevent information is correct. d. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes.

a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. b. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes. c. if they believe the postevent information is correct. d. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event.

a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. b. increased confidence due to postevent questioning. c. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. d. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.

a. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. make more errors in their recollections. b. remember more details about the event. c. report less vivid recollections of the event. d. report less confidence about their recollections.

a. make more errors in their recollections.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a a. node. b. input unit. c. output unit. d. link.

a. node.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation. a. propositional b. spatial c. depictive d. descriptive

a. propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. propositions. b. visualizations. c. rhymes. d. associations.

a. propositions.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen a. schema. b. script. c. source memory. d. scan technique.

a. schema.

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a. semantic category b. multiple-factor c. sensory-functional d. neuronal limitation

a. semantic category

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. a. sensory attributes; function b. sequential networks; familial resemblance c. serial nodes; familiar concepts d. sensations; facts

a. sensory attributes; function

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. a. sleep b. tired c. drowsy d. blanket

a. sleep

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the distance that must be traveled through the network. b. the amount of information contained in each concept. c. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. d. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.

a. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. c. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. d. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. b. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. c. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. d. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

a. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. transition points b. trauma-based experiences c. family-centered challenges d. the freshman year

a. transition points

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 3

a. 2

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO b. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) ______. c. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) ______ is a fruit. d. Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

a. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. b. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. c. Imagery is closely related to language. d. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

a. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. a depictive representation. b. the method of loci. c. a proposition. d. tacit knowledge.

a. a depictive representation.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of: a. a sequence of actions. b. what is involved in a particular experience. c. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. d. items appropriate to a particular setting.

a. a sequence of actions.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories: a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. occur for details but not for entire events. d. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.

a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder: a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life b. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. c. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. d.is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.

a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved: a. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c. omissions of information that was presented. d. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

a. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI: a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. b. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. if they believe the postevent information is correct. d. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes.

a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. b. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. c. how easy mental rotation is for humans. d. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.

a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. make more errors in their recollections. b. remember more details about the event. c. report less vivid recollections of the event. d. report less confidence about their recollections.

a. make more errors in their recollections.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants: a. make more errors in their recollections. b. report less confidence about their recollections. c. remember more details about the event. d. report less vivid recollections of the event.

a. make more errors in their recollections.

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves: a. more exemplars than Bob's. b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. c. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's. d. more prototypes than Bob's.

a. more exemplars than Bob's.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen: a. schema. b. script. c. source memory. d. scan technique.

a. schema.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a.script b.misattribution c.schema d.narrative

a. script

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a. semantic category b. multiple-factor c. sensory-functional d. neuronal limitation

a. semantic category

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. a. sleep b. tired c. drowsy d. blanket

a. sleep

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that: a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. c. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. d. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that: a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. b. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. c. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. d. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. transition points b. trauma-based experiences c. family-centered challenges d. the freshman year

a. transition points

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that: a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. d. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.

a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that: a.extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. b.people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). c.they are permanent and resist forgetting. d.rehearsal cannot account for them.

a.extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory: a.involves making inferences. b.depends on the participant's mood. c.is better for vivid descriptions. d.is like a tape recording.

a.involves making inferences.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." c. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? a. Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO b. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO c. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) ______. d. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) ______ is a fruit.

b. Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid memory for emotional events. b. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. c. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. d. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

b. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. b. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. c. Imagery is closely related to language. d. People can rotate images of objects in their heads.

b. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Output units b. Working units c. Input units d. Hidden units

b. Working units

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. concreteness. b. order. c. importance. d. bizarreness.

b. order.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____. a. oak; tree b. tree; oak c. tree; tree d. oak; oak

b. tree; oak

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a bird. b. A field sparrow is an animal. c. A field sparrow is a sparrow. d. A field sparrow is a field sparrow.

b. A field sparrow is an animal.

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. Apple pie b. Freedom c. America d. Baseball

b. Freedom

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a. Pragmatic inference b. Retroactive interference c. Feature integration d. Reminiscent memory

b. Retroactive interference

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a. Reminiscent memory b. Retroactive interference c. Pragmatic inference d. Feature integration

b. Retroactive interference

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. an anteater. b. a bumblebee. c. a wolf. d. a rhinoceros.

b. a bumblebee.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting a. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. b. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories. c. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. d. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

b. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. childhood and middle age. b. adolescence and young adulthood. c. young adulthood and middle age. d. childhood and adolescence.

b. adolescence and young adulthood.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. b. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. c. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. d. occur for details but not for entire events.

b. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. a. lower; higher b. higher; both lower and higher c. both lower and higher; higher d. higher; lower

b. higher; both lower and higher

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ a. using more visual encoding than normal. b. less efficiently than normal. c. using stronger semantic connections than normal. d. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks."

b. less efficiently than normal.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c. reminiscence hypothesis. d. life-narrative hypothesis.

b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. can be inferred using mental chronometry. b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. c. is an epiphenomenon. d. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.

b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. prototype c. parallel processing d. network

b. prototype

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. narrative b. script c. misattribution d. schema

b. script

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. a. immediate b. simultaneous c. precued d. sequential

b. simultaneous

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model. a. typicality b. spreading activation c. cognitive economy d. back propagation

b. spreading activation

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, a. the more accurate the memories are. b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. c. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. d. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, a. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. c. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. d. the more accurate the memories are.

b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. of familiar places. b. they took themselves. c. the person has never seen before. d. the person has seen before.

b. they took themselves.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s): a. "car crash." b. "smashed." c. "miles per hour." d. "fast."

b. "smashed."

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. a. 3 b. 2 c. 6 d. 4

b. 2

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. b. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. c. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. d. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later.

b. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Prototypes b. Exemplars c. Units d. Icons

b. Exemplars

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a. Pragmatic inference b. Retroactive interference c. Feature integration d. Reminiscent memory

b. Retroactive interference

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for: a. childhood and middle age. b. adolescence and young adulthood. c. young adulthood and middle age. d. childhood and adolescence.

b. adolescence and young adulthood.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories: a. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. b. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. c. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. d. occur for details but not for entire events.

b. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a. convergence b. crowding c. overlapping d. obstruction

b. crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as: a. repeated reproduction. b. cryptomnesia. c. narrative rehearsal. d. repeated recall.

b. cryptomnesia.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. definitional c. exemplar d. family resemblance

b. definitional

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ . a.in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." b. less efficiently than normal. c. using stronger semantic connections than normal. d. using more visual encoding than normal.

b. less efficiently than normal.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. paired-associate learning. b. method of loci. c. a propositional representation. d. the pegword technique.

b. method of loci.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the: a. cognitive hypothesis. b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c. reminiscence hypothesis. d. life-narrative hypothesis.

b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. c. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. d. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields.

b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. narrative b. script c. misattribution d. schema

b. script

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. a. immediate b. simultaneous c. precued d. sequential

b. simultaneous

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories: a. the more accurate the memories are. b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. c. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. d. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories: a. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. c. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. d. the more accurate the memories are.

b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos: a. of familiar places. b. they took themselves. c. the person has never seen before. d. the person has seen before.

b. they took themselves.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid memory for emotional events. b.It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. c. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. d. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

b.It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on: a. the definition of the category. b. a universal set of category members. c. category members that have been encountered in the past. d. a defined set of category members.

c. category members that have been encountered in the past.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a.Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. b.Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. c.Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. d.Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file.

b.Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a.Reminiscent memory b.Retroactive interference c.Feature integration d.Pragmatic inference

b.Retroactive interference

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a.Recovered memory b.Source monitoring c.Schema confusion d.MPI

b.Source monitoring

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a.misinformation effect. b.constructive nature of memory. c.reminiscence bump. d.familiarity effect.

b.constructive nature of memory.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. b.people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. c. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. d. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

b.people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

______ is a "typical" member of a category. a. A component b. A unit c. A prototype d. An exemplar

c. A prototype

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. b. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. c. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. d. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.

c. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. a. top-down; top-down b. top-down; bottom-up c. bottom-up; top-down d. bottom-up; bottom-up

c. bottom-up; top-down

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. output units. b. nodes. c. connection weights. d. hidden units.

c. connection weights.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, a. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. b. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. c. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. d. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications.

c. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. b. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. c. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. d. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields.

c. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. b. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. c. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. d. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

c. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. a. superordinate; basic b. basic; subordinate c. subordinate; basic d. superordinate; subordinate

c. subordinate; basic

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to subordinate level b. subordinate level to basic level c. superordinate level to basic level d. basic level to superordinate level

c. superordinate level to basic level

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate. b. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. c. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. d. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system.

c. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one month. b. one week. c. 24 hours. d. one hour.

c. 24 hours.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one week. b. one month. c. 24 hours. d. one hour.

c. 24 hours.

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? a. Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. b. Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it. c. Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. d. Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling.

c. Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Distributed processing b. Serial processing c. Cognitive economy d. Prototype formation

c. Cognitive economy

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Marrying at age 60 b. Retiring from work at age 40 c. Graduating from college at age 22 d. Having a child at age 45

c. Graduating from college at age 22

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because a. MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail. b. MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring. c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. d. the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.

c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. one mile away from the house. b. two feet from the front door. c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d. right at the front door.

c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process. a. life-narrative b. narrative-rehearsal c. constructive d. consequentiality based

c. constructive

The definitional approach to categorization a. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. b. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. c. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. d. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.

c. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus a. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars. b. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. d. disrupts the processing of another stimulus.

c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. b. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. c. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. d. increased confidence due to postevent questioning.

c. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. b. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. c. imagery and perception can interact with one another. d. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

c. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT a. thought is impossible without an image. b. studying images was a way of studying thinking. c. imagery requires a special mechanism. d. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.

c. imagery requires a special mechanism.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ a. using more visual encoding than normal. b. using stronger semantic connections than normal. c. less efficiently than normal. d. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks."

c. less efficiently than normal.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ a. using stronger semantic connections than normal. b. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." c. less efficiently than normal. d. using more visual encoding than normal.

c. less efficiently than normal.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that a. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. d. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

c. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The misinformation effect can be explained by Selected Answer: c. retroactive interference. Answers: a. schematic biases. b. repeated familiarity effects. c. retroactive interference. d. proactive interference.

c. retroactive interference.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. schema b. misattribution c. script d. narrative

c. script

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of: a. one week. b. one month. c. 24 hours. d. one hour.

c. 24 hours.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? a. Definitional b. Prototype c. Exemplar d. Network

c. Exemplar

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Marrying at age 60 b. Retiring from work at age 40 c. Graduating from college at age 22 d. Having a child at age 45

c. Graduating from college at age 22

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because: a. MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail. b. the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later. c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. d. MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring.

c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because: a. MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail. b. MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring. c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. d. the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.

c. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of: a.what is involved in a particular experience. b. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. c. a sequence of actions. d. items appropriate to a particular setting.

c. a sequence of actions.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was a. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. b. visual. c. auditory from a female speaker. d. auditory from a male speaker.

c. auditory from a female speaker.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process. a. life-narrative b. narrative-rehearsal c. constructive d. consequentiality based

c. constructive

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. a. family resemblance b. definitional c. exemplar d. prototype

c. exemplar

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: a. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. b. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. c. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. d. increased confidence due to postevent questioning.

c. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. a. lower; higher b. higher; lower c. higher; both lower and higher d. both lower and higher; higher

c. higher; both lower and higher

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ a. using stronger semantic connections than normal. b. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." c. less efficiently than normal. d. using more visual encoding than normal.

c. less efficiently than normal.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____. a. using more visual encoding than normal. b. using stronger semantic connections than normal. c. less efficiently than normal. d. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks."

c. less efficiently than normal.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that: a. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. d. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

c. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. perceptual images. b. echoic schemas c. mental images. d. visual icons.

c. mental images.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. schema b. misattribution c. script d. narrative

c. script

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to visually recognize objects. b. ability to draw objects from memory. c. size of the field of view. d. recognition of objects in the left side of space.

c. size of the field of view.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented: a.before the event. b.during the event. c.after the event. d.all of the above

c.after the event.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup: a.increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. b. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. c.increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. d. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications.

c.increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. visual icons. b. perceptual images. c. echoic schemas d. mental images.

d. mental images.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. no measurable priming effect. b. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. c. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. b. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. c. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) a. "car crash." b. "fast." c. "miles per hour." d. "smashed."

d. "smashed."

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? a. 60 degrees b. 180 degrees c. 90 degrees d. 30 degrees

d. 30 degrees

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a. MPI b. Recovered memory c. Schema confusion d. Source monitoring

d. Source monitoring

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. occur for details but not for entire events. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was a. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. b. auditory from a male speaker. c. visual. d. auditory from a female speaker.

d. auditory from a female speaker.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the Selected Answer: d. cognitive hypothesis. Answers: a. self-image hypothesis. b. autobiographical hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. cognitive hypothesis.

d. cognitive hypothesis.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process. a. life-narrative b. narrative-rehearsal c. consequentiality based d. constructive

d. constructive

Mental imagery involves a. sensory representations of a stimulus. b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. is better for vivid descriptions. b. is like a tape recording. c. depends on the participant's mood. d. involves making inferences.

d. involves making inferences.

The misinformation effect can be explained by a. schematic biases. b. repeated familiarity effects. c. proactive interference. d. retroactive interference.

d. retroactive interference.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)" a. "car crash." b. "fast." c. "miles per hour." d. "smashed."

d. "smashed."

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid memory for emotional events. b. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. c. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. d. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

d. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. a. Feature integration b. Pragmatic inference c. Reminiscent memory d. Retroactive interference

d. Retroactive interference

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? a. Crow b. Goose c. Hummingbird d. Sparrow

d. Sparrow

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Pickup truck b. Vehicle c. Transportation d. Truck

d. Truck

Mental-scanning experiments found: a. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image b. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. c. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. d. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

d. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting: a. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. b. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories. c. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. d. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

d. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT: a. a statement. b. an equation. c. abstract symbols. d. a spatial layout.

d. a spatial layout.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories: a. occur for details but not for entire events. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was: a. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. b. auditory from a male speaker. c. visual. d. auditory from a female speaker.

d. auditory from a female speaker.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the: a. self-image hypothesis. b. autobiographical hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. cognitive hypothesis.

d. cognitive hypothesis.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory: a. is better for vivid descriptions. b. is like a tape recording. c. depends on the participant's mood. d. involves making inferences.

d. involves making inferences.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. b. imagery is more stable than perception. c. imagery occurs more automatically than perception. d. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

d. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

According to the typicality effect, a. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects. b. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. c. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment. a. mental set b. mental synthesis c. image scanning d. mental walk

d. mental walk

The misinformation effect can be explained by: a. schematic biases. b. repeated familiarity effects. c. proactive interference. d. retroactive interference.

d. retroactive interference.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. a. superordinate; basic b. superordinate; subordinate c. basic; subordinate d. subordinate; basic

d. subordinate; basic

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on: a.narrative rehearsal. b.source misattributions. c.shallow processing. d.cultural expectations.

d.cultural expectations.

1. The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that: a.our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. b.people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c.life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. d.memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

d.memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves: a. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. d. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.