psych review 2
contains sensory and motor nerves.
The somatic nervous system:
perceptual set
"Believing is seeing." This reversal of a familiar saying BEST reflects the influence of _____ on sensation and perception.
antagonist
A drug that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release is called a(n) _____.
parietal
A highly efficient computer engineer would most likely have larger _____ lobes.
medical
A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.
major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
difference
A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.
Evolution
According to the textbook, 9-month-old infants attend more to sounds representing ancient threats, such as thunder, than to sounds representing modern dangers, such as gunfire. This BEST supports the role of _____ in anxiety.
sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, David has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. David is suffering from:
Cerebellum
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her
obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
parasympathetic
Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active.
the result of demon possession
Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered:
Iris
As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the:
long wavelengths
Bees can see ultraviolet light, but cannot see the color red. This means that bees cannot see:
thyroid
Betty's metabolism is unusually sluggish. There is MOST likely an abnormality with Betty's _____ gland.
botulin
Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because _____ is an acetylcholine antagonist that blocks the underlying facial muscles
Lesioning
By _______ clusters of brain cells, scientists have discovered that damage to part of the occipital lobe results in a loss of vision.
high amplitude
Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.
sensation; perception
Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Dr. Charles is using _____ when she conducts a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the brain's activity.
Medulla
Dr. Jamison caused a cessation in breathing when he lesioned the _____ in rat subjects.
MRI
Dr. Penn is a clinical psychologist studying the onset of psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which of these to get a glimpse of his subjects' brains?
biopsychosocial
Dr. Phelps believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Phelps believes in a _____ model.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. Which brain imaging techniques should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying?
monosodium glutamate.
Emily has epilepsy. Based on the textbook's discussion of neurotransmitters, Emily should avoid foods made with:
pitch
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Flashbacks are a common symptom associated with:
be at greater risk for mental health problems due to social stigma.
George, a gay man who is not open about his sexual orientation in his work environment due to fear of discrimination, is likely to:
middle ear; inner ear
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are to hair cells as _____ is to _____.
Franz Gall
The physician _____ claimed that bumps on the skull were correlated with intelligence and personality traits.
The relationship between mental illness and violence is BEST described as:
The relationship between mental illness and violence is BEST described as:
medical
Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
place theory
Hermann von Helmholtz said that one hears different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. His theory is called _____ theory.
paralyzed
If acetylcholine (ACh) transmission is blocked, we are:
psychological
In a _____ disorder, a person exhibits a disturbance in thought, emotion regulation, or behavior.
dependent variable
In an experiment described in the textbook, preschool children preferred the taste of french fries served in a McDonald's bag to the taste of identical fries served in a plain white bag. Taste preference is a(n) _____ variable in this study.
hue; brightness
In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to _____.
Transduction
Janice opens her eyes in the morning to see a photograph by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called
oxytocin
Jillian is a new mother. The first time she nursed her baby she instantly bonded. This is MOST likely caused by the release of:
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which neuroimaging technique to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain?
obsessive-compulsive
Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder.
telepathy
Mind-to-mind communication is known as:
To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose.
Morrie has had a cold for five days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he drinks his coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this?
sympathetic
Needles frighten Janice. As she awaits a flu shot, Janice's _____ nervous system is probably going into overdrive.
Daryl Bem
Noted social psychologist _____ published a journal article appearing to offer evidence for extrasensory perception.
Effect of culture
One of the strengths of the biopsychosocial model, in comparison to the medical model, is that the biopsychosocial model incorporates _____ into an understanding of psychological disorders.
phobia
People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from:
are tense and apprehensive most of the time.
People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder:
top-down
Perceptual analysis that is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations is called _____ processing.
Schemas
Perceptual sets are the result of _____, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
normal sensory input
Phantom limb sensations and other experiences of amputees show that the brain can produce pain in the absence of:
linear perspective
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:
conduction hearing loss.
Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear pops from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in:
social anxiety disorder
Sally dreads making presentations at work; she feels intensely afraid that her co-workers are evaluating her negatively. She is also apprehensive when she visits restaurants because she believes the other diners are scrutinizing her. Sally seems to suffer from _____ disorder.
Synesthesia
Seeing the numeral 3, for instance, may evoke a particular taste sensation in a condition called
damaged his frontal lobes.
Steve had a stroke last year. Although he can remember many things from his childhood, he is unable to remember what he just ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke:
difference threshold
Tanisha asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Tanisha to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Tanisha asked her to lower it, which satisfied Tanisha. This is probably the result of:
Iris
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the eye's _____ to confirm people's identity.
hypothalamus
The _____ is an important part of the endocrine system, but is not itself an endocrine gland.
Medulla
The _____ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.
occipital lobe
The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are MOST directly involved in vision.
a light switch that only has two positions—on and off.
The all-or-none response of a neuron is similar to:
the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
The dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:
Transduction
The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:
sensory and motor neurons
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
FRMI
The textbook states that "when a person performs a perceptual task, a brain scan often reveals increased activity (brain waves, bloodflow, and glucose consumption) in the right hemisphere." Which technique would demonstrate this increase in activity by examining bloodflow?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
To obtain a scan using _____, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low, harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose.
sensory interaction.
Troy and Allan are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Troy wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Troy prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of:
perceptual constancy
We recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact illustrates _____.
opponent-process theory
What theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of afterimages?
panic disorder
When people suffer from _____ disorder, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
major depressive disorder
When the brain's danger-detection system becomes too active, the risk for _____ disorder(s) does NOT increase.
organization; sensation; identification
Which set contains a discrepant element?
hierarchical
Which term BEST describes the organization of the nervous system?
Neural networks
While listening to operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the tunes in separate brain areas. This most clearly illustrates the functioning of different
Sir Charles Sherrington
Who discovered the synapse?
closure
You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:
In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual.
You wake up early in the morning and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that?
depth perception
Your 7-month-old niece is just learning to crawl. Your sister has agreed to have her participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. What is MOST likely being studied in this experiment?
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
antisocial personality disorder
a person appears to lack a conscience and may be aggressive or ruthless
smell
chemical sense
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Generalized anxiety
disorder is characterized by symptoms of unexplained and continually tense and uneasy feelings.
anxiety disorders
disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent worry or maladaptive behaviors that serve to reduce it.
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
top-down
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Synesthesia
one sort of sensation, such as hearing sound, produces another, such as seeing color
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
extrasensory perception (ESP)
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
Sensation
the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.