Psych Test 2

Which saying best reflects the concept of self-actualization?

"Be all that you can be." What is a critique of the human motivation for self-actualization (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010)? ; The evolutionary advantage is not clear.

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: 1) ignoring them

2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; 3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and 4) sending them to detention. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. ; extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment

Approximately what percent of individuals with eating disorders today are male?

25%

From 1991 to 2008, the rates of obesity have risen from 12% to ____ (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010).

34%

According to research (Kirk, Bailey, & Martin, 2000), if one identical male twin is homosexual, his twin has what percent chance of also being homosexual?

50%

Melinda is three months old. She is most likely to stare at which of the following images?

A black and white soccer ball

Our perception of color is best described by which of the following processes?

A comparison of the responses of the red, green, and blue cones to light

Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay?

A mother's heightened immunological response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development.

Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.

Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?

Americans tend to find body odor offensive.

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?

Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease.

Consider the scenarios below. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?

Anil is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes even smiles or cries, but Anil's doctors tell her that these actions are random.

What important fact supports the idea that vision is one of the most important sensory systems in humans?

Approximately 50% of our cerebral cortex processes visual information.

Three year old-Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face and shouts, "Yuck!" His mother can't understand why he distastes broccoli so much, because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli?

As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.

Why has our contemporary, sedentary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity?

Because humans use energy very efficiently

Why are diabetics with high blood glucose levels likely to report feeling hungry?

Because their cells are deprived of glucose

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?

Behavior follows the same general rules across species.

Which scenario supports the catharsis theory of emotion?

Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.

Brian watches the Boston Celtics games on TV. According to Bandura, what would motivate Brian to try to imitate the Boston Celtics?

Brian's friend improved his three point shot after mimicking the shooting style of one of the Boston Celtics.

Which is an example of top-down processing in the perception of speech?

Brie's father yells, "Take out the ...."; before he can finish his sentence, Brie jumps up from the couch to take out the garbage.

How may hypnosis facilitate pain mitigation?

By promoting sensory dissociation

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience?

Cannon-Bard theory

Pamela watches her cat Mr. Big swat his paw at the wall and calls out, "Crazy Big, what are you swatting at, nothing is there." How would you explain the fact that Mr. Big can see something that Pamela cannot?

Cats see low-frequency, low contrast objects better than humans.

What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior?

Changing over to daylight savings time correlates with increased automobile accidents.

What is the relationship between the brain, the mind, and consciousness?

Consciousness falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of the brain.

How can extinction be avoided with operant conditioning?

Continuously reinforce a behavior, even after it is learned.

Persis is a summer intern at a new video game software company, Generation Z Gamers. She is working on three dimensional landscapes for a new role-playing video game Submarine Adventures. As her supervisor, what advice can you give Persis to help her create the illusion of three dimensions?

Converge parallel lines at the horizon to create a linear perspective.

Trevor and Dale attend an off-campus party. Trevor is the designated driver and restricts his alcohol consumption to a few drinks

Dale, on the other hand, becomes highly inebriated. Compared with Trevor, Dale is more likely to ____. ; act aggressively

Why does the use of several depressants at once often prove to be a lethal combination?

Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, causing nervous system inhibition.

Derek is frustrated that his one-and-a-half year old dog does not let him know when he needs to go outside to urinate. Sometimes he comes home to find a mess near the door. Which training method is most likely to be successful?

Derek takes his dog outside on a fixed schedule and promptly gives him a treat for urinating outside.

Whose career path displays characteristics consistent with high levels of achievement motivation?

Desmond, who takes over as the CEO of a fledgling company as a fair boss but one who enforces strict adherence to his guidelines

How do sensory systems differ for humans versus non-human animals?

Developed out of natural selection, sensory systems are unique to an individual species (human or non-human) and work to maximize the survival of that species.

Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation?

Devlin, who feels frustrated when his professor gives him a check mark on a writing assignment instead of a grade

Long-term, who is most likely to succeed in their attempts to lose weight?

Diane, who decides to lose weight by cutting out potato chips and ice cream from her diet

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?

Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.

What aspect of Clarice's day demonstrates motivation?

Doing her laundry

Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation?

Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation"

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie the dog most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food

Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.

Who is most likely to suffer the biggest disruption to his or her circadian rhythm?

Eli, who travels from Nevada to Rhode Island to visit his new grandson

Of the following, who is most likely to benefit from the use of methylphenidate?

Ellen, who is gearing up for the national mathematics Olympiad

What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation?

Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop male external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity.

What is a typical REM and N-REM cycling in humans?

First half of sleep: N-REM dominates; second half of sleep: REM dominates

Dr. Gonzalez, a medicinal chemist, and his team are developing a new class of highly effective and less addictive benzodiazepines. To ensure their effectiveness, she tests the drugs in a rat model by using the combined techniques of microdialysis and chromatography to measure levels of the neurotransmitter ____.

GABA

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity?

GABA

The Amanita muscaria mushroom contains chemicals that interact with which neurotransmitters in the brain to produce hallucinations?

GABA and glutamate

What do twin studies tell us about genetics and the ability to read emotions?

Genetics plays a very large role in reading emotions.

Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____.

German term zeitgebers

What anatomical feature of the retina supports the opponent theory of color recognition?

Groups of cells that process yellow and blue or red and green are located together.

Seth is involved in an automobile accident and suffers damage to his temporal lobe. How may this affect his ability to process visual information?

He may have difficulty processing movement. (she said this is a bad question and that she wont use it)

Elroy is eager to lose weight after gaining 15 pounds during his freshman year of college. He decides to do a crash diet over the summer, which starts with cabbage soup and salad every day for two weeks. Elroy loses weight at first but quickly puts weight back on, even gaining an extra five pounds before returning to college. What is the most likely reason for this?

He triggered mechanisms designed to prevent starvation.

Martha, a first grade teacher, is concerned about her student, Marvin. She knows that six-year-old Marvin has the potential to learn, but he always comes to school hungry and without a coat, even in the coldest months. According to Maslow, why is Marvin in danger of failing?

He will have little to no motivation to learn at school if his most basic needs are not met.

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror?

Hector wakes up suddenly in great distress; his roommate asks him what is wrong but Hector cannot explain what happened.

According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar membrane?

High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.

As a young child, Terrence struggled in school. After being diagnosed with "colorblindness" - meaning that he perceives colors differently - his teachers were able to address his learning difficulties. What can we conclude about Terrence?

His retina is void of at least one type of cone.

The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most, he can only see black, white or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo?

His retina is void of at least two types of cones.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule?

Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her email again and again throughout the day.

Compared with other species, why are social connections especially important for the survival of human beings?

Human beings require the greatest amount of parenting to survive to adulthood.

What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body?

Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep.

What was Walter Cannon's hypothesis regarding hunger cues (Cannon & Washburn, 1912)?

Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions.

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages

Imitation is frequently used in the animal world.

What is the evidence that the effects of experience on taste begin in the prenatal environment?

Infants whose mothers consumed carrot juice during pregnancy showed stronger preferences for carrot flavor.

What is the evidence to support Charles Darwin's claim that human emotional expression was shaped through evolution?

Infants' social smiles emerge at about the same age, regardless of whether an infant can see faces or is born blind.

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her?

It can cause intrusive hallucinations days after using the drug.

How does hypnosis affect memory?

It distorts episodic memories.

What is a critique of the feature detector model of object recognition?

It does not account for the fact that our expectations influence what we see.

From an evolutionary perspective, why is self-awareness advantageous for animals?

It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes

How does the presence of other people alter performance?

It enhances the performance of a simple task but hinders that of a complex task.

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning?

It expands learning capacity.

What is true of operant conditioning?

It generally involves voluntary behaviors.

Why is the binocular depth system advantageous for predators?

It helps an animal stand out against its background, even when it is well camouflaged.

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?

It improves reaction time.

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?

It is not convenient.

What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information?

It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli.

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?

It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

What is the evidence that meditation may slow some aspects of aging?

It positively correlates with increased cortical thickness in older individuals.

The image separation of objects differs for each of our eyes. How does this influence our perception?

It provides information about the relative distance between two objects.

From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals?

It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

What is the purpose of a sensory homunculus?

It shows how areas of the body are represented in the somatosensory cortex on the basis of sensitivity.

What is an advantage of observational learning?

It transmits information across generations.

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings?

James-Lange theory

Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish between the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar category of taste, known by the ____.

Japanese term umami

Kate longs for a committed romantic relationship. She decides to date as many men as possible in the hopes of finding her Mr. Right. Selma is also interested in finding Mr. Right, however, she takes the approach of being extra selective in her choice of dates. What are the likely consequences of Kate and Selma's dating strategies?

Kate will have more false alarms but fewer misses, Selma will have fewer false alarms but more misses.

Which of the following methods of behavior modification adheres to the Premack Principle?

Knowing his daughter loves to ride her bike, Miguel states: "you can ride your bike as soon as you clean your room."

What is true of latent inhibition?

Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow; resulting in relatively poor learning.

Eric has recently put on some weight and has excess fat stores. How is Eric's body likely to react to the increased fat storage?

Leptin levels will increase and the sympathetic nervous system will be activated.

Which physiological response represents a remnant of our ancestors' need to defend their territory?

Males experience greater drops in testosterone when witnessing their favorite teams lose home games rather than away games.

Which of the following is likely to be the most efficacious form of punishment?

Marjorie promptly takes away her son Ben's crayons each time he refuses to share with his younger brother, causing Ben to cry.

Maude has a series of dreams while in REM sleep. According to researchers, which of Maude's dreams is likely to dominate her REM sleep in terms of content?

Maude dreams that she has a sink full of dishes that must be washed.

What is the evidence to support the idea that hormones involved in the menstrual cycle do not significantly influence women's sexual interest?

Menopause has little impact on a woman's sexual interest and activity

Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.

While writing a story for her student paper, Our Voice, about the dangers of alcohol, Liz is surprised to find out that moderate alcohol consumption is both detrimental and beneficial. What does Liz include in her story?

Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for heart disease, but increases the risk for developing certain cancers.

According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan, 2011), why do humans place a general priority on negative emotions over positive emotions?

Negative emotions signal more serious threats to survival.

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?

New learning overrides old learning.

What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth?

Newborns as young as two days old recognize their mother's voice..

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?

Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away.

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination?

Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home.

What is true of opiates?

Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea.

Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage?

Organisms can predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events.

How does our perception of sound change with intensity of the stimulus?

Our sound perception changes at a smaller rate.

What is the evidence that hypnosis represents a distinctly altered state of consciousness?

PET scans reveal that the anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus show characteristic changes in activity when a person is hypnotized.

Jenni's 72-year old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be?

People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds over 6000 Hz

Dr. Tanner is studying the effects of continuous pesticide exposure on auditory function. Using a rodent model, Dr. Tanner monitors the organ of Corti in rats with long-term pesticide exposure via two-photon microscopy. Based on his observations, he suspects that pesticides do indeed disrupt auditory function. What did Dr. Tanner observe?

Pesticide exposure caused damage to hair cells, preventing them from bending in response to sound.

What is a critique of the place theory of sound perception?

Place theory only works well for sounds above 4000 Hz.

Ginger examines a painting of a stone path extending into the horizon of a field. Two sticks lie horizontally across the path: one in the beginning of the path and the other near the horizon. Each stick measures 10 cm in length, but the stick near the horizon appears much larger than the stick at the beginning of the path. What illusion explains this phenomenon?

Ponzo illusion

Don was most likely in ____.

REM sleep

New mom Lin was up most of the night with her infant daughter. To give Lin a chance to sleep, her husband takes the baby to his parents' house for a few hours. As soon as they leave, Lin falls fast asleep. What stage of sleep does Lin likely enter to compensate for her lack of sleep?

REM sleep

Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug's phantom limb sensation?

Reorganization of the somatosensory

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior

What is the connection between romantic love and sexual desire?

Romantic love and sexual desire represent distinct biological and emotional states.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job.

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings?

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Gayle watches a bird fly by her window. Her visual system processes its shape, color, and movement. How might the brain process these individual pieces of information to form a unified representation of a flying bird?

Sensory information combines with past experience to produce expectations about a current situation.

According to research (van Anders, Hamilton, & Watson, 2007), who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels?

Sergio, who has been married for fourteen years to Sarafena, but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the last ten years

While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, "Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?" However, Joy's thumb does in fact feel better. Why?

She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.

Millie has always struggled with her weight. During a recent physical examination, her doctor recommended that she lose 30 lbs. What is the most probable reason that Millie is overweight?

She is highly sensitive to external cues for hunger.

Consider a classical case study of a woman named Christina who suffered inflammatory damage to her somatosensory nerves. What were the consequences of this damage?

She lost the ability to sense the placement of her body and no longer had a sense of self.

Dharni lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. What effect is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to have on Dharni?

She will be more alert and more relaxed.

Tarik is designing a new race car video game. To create the illusion of depth, how should Tarik design the backdrop in relationship to the first person driver?

Show distant objects traveling with the first person driver; show closer objects moving in the opposite direction of the driver.

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.

Skinner box What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? ; Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence

How do somatosensory stimuli differ from visual or auditory stimuli?

Somatosensory stimuli arise from within the body.

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations, from precise to general, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings?

Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion

For his creative writing class, Dorian writes a short story about the adventures and perils of space travel. As he describes an epic space battle between two enemy ships, Dorian portrays the battle fought in an eerie silence. Why is Dorian correct that an otherwise noisy battle would produce no sound in space?

Sound waves cannot be generated in a vacuum.

While working to restore the roof of his house, Stan feels the rough surfaces of the roof's shingles. What allows Stan to sense the roughness of the shingles?

Specialized neurons in the skin generate action potentials when distorted by the rough surface.

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awoken by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____.

Stage 2 N-REM What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened? ; theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

Dan, startled by the sound of a loud thump in the middle of the night, catches a glimpse of his roommate Yi wandering around their dorm room. The next morning Dan asks about the loud thump and Yi replies, "I think I was asleep the entire night ... but I have been known to sleepwalk from time-to-time." What stage of sleep was Yi likely experiencing while sleepwalking?

Stage 3 or 4 N-REM

Which of the following approaches would B.F. Skinner recommend to alter an undesirable behavior?

Standing by but ignoring a child who is having a tantrum in the grocery store

Which hypnosis scenario would be supported by the American Psychological Association (APA)?

Steffi seeks the help of a hypnotist to help treat her depression. When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____. ; a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state

Steve and his wife Bethany both work full-time. Since Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties?

Steve should ignore negative behaviors and notice and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.

According to a study (Matsumoto, Yoo, and Nakagawa, 2008), individuals from which nation are most likely to show emotion freely?

Switzerland

Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter's graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams?

The "default network"

Justin is thrilled to come home to an empty apartment because he needs complete silence to work on his term paper. What brain network is engaged while Justin concentrates on his term paper?

The "executive network"

What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs?

The Americans were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.

The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) provides a middle ground between which two theories of emotion

The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

In a study of Japanese and American individuals (Matsumoto et al., 2002), how did the two cultures differ with regards to reading emotions?

The Japanese interpreted low intensity emotions as being understated; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated.

In contrast to hallucinogens, why have stimulants been embraced by Western cultures?

The ability to work long and hard is valued and rewarded.

Adele decides to paint her room green. She studies several bright green and pastel green color samples. What attribute of the light wave allows Adele to differentiate between these light intensities?

The amplitude of waves

Adele is planning to paint the walls in her room over spring break. She studies several color samples and is trying to decide between yellow, green, and blue hues. What light wave attribute allows Adele to differentiate between these colors?

The distance between peaks

What are the two steps of signal detection?

The intensity of stimulus and the observer's criteria

How do the right and left brain hemispheres process emotion?

The left hemisphere processes positive emotions; the right hemisphere processes negative emotions.

As people age, what alters their perception of color?

The lens begins to turn yellow.

What evidence supports the idea that we dream to develop future survival strategies by integrating sensory experience with stored memories when in an "off-line" mode during REM sleep?

The majority of our dreams involve negative circumstances.

Leo works tirelessly on a new logo for his flower shop. He decides on a simple pattern: five petal shapes (set in a circular path) and a long stem. Despite the fact that Leo does not include a center circle and his shapes are disconnected, the logo is easily recognizable as a flower with a large center disk. What Gestalt principle best explains this phenomenon

The principle of closure

At the House of Reptiles, three-year-old Sinead is intrigued by a motionless python snake in a large cage with three parallel viewing windows. Sinead cries out, "Look mommy, a snake!" According to Gestalt psychology, how does Sinead know that the snake is not broken into individual segments?

The principle of continuity

In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill?

The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright-noisy stimulus they did not notice they were ill.

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies

The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli.

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of drive reduction?

The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree.

What is the physiological basis for night terrors?

The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of receptors for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory?

The trichromacy theory

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

How did the transition from walking on four legs to two legs influence the evolution of human somatosenses?

There was less evolutionary pressure for the development of somatosenses.

What do motivation and emotion have in common?

They both arouse an organism to stimulate some type of behavior.

What is true of stimulants?

They increase alertness and mobility, but decrease reaction times.

Why does the moon appear to be much larger when it is just above the hills on the horizon than when it is straight overhead?

This is primarily due to comparisons with the sizes of familiar objects.

Why are animals motivated to explore their environments?

To act more effectively when the need arises

Why is it thought that the human infant spends about half of its sleep time in REM?

To provide the stimulation necessary to facilitate brain "wiring

After suffering a traumatic brain injury, Samantha learns that her brother Tobias has significant injury to his thalamus. What can we conclude?

Tobias is most likely brain dead

Which scenario supports the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion?

Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment (Dutton & Aron, 1974). What is the explanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included much more sexual content in their interviews? ; The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.

What evidence illustrates that the need for affiliation has a genetic component?

Twin studies show that set points for the need for affiliation are influenced by genetics.

According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response?

Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive and he is proud of his accomplishments.

How do rods differ from cones in the retina?

Unlike cones, rods cannot detect color.

Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions?

Vanessa will likely perform below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material.

What is true of light detection across species?

Visible light is only detected by humans; some insects can see in the ultraviolet range and snakes can see in the infrared range.

How does the brain process visual information?

Visual information from the retina travels to the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

According to research studies, what heavily skews our perception of the localization of sound?

Watching a moving object

Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead, grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. Molly's behavior demonstrates what about human food preferences?

We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation.

What is the evidence to support that there is coordinated development of language and emotional communication in our brains?

We use the same pathways for language and for the perception and appreciation of music.

Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion?

Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.

When is the matching law most applicable?

When exposed to at least two schedules of reinforcement

Laundry Day Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry, and once again, her depression sets in for the day. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. At what point does Clarice experience an emotion?

When she encounters the spider

Which scenario is likely to result in many hits and a high rate of false alarms?

Willow is eager to find a summer internship, so she sends her resume to every local business looking for an intern.

The research of Anne Becker illustrates how cultural attitudes toward beauty affect eating behaviors (Becker, Burwell, Herzog, Hamburg, & Gilman, 2002). What did Anne Becker find?

With the introduction of American television, adolescent girls in Fiji reported higher rates of dieting.

What evidence best illustrates that the perception of pain is influenced by experience?

Women who participated in childbirth classes reported less pain during the birthing process.

Of the following, who is likely to have the most rods activated in the retina?

Yasmeen, who is searching for her keys under the bed

Derek, a neuropsychology graduate student, works in a behaviorial eating research lab. He attends the lab meeting on Monday morning, eager to share his brilliant weight loss idea. Derek is sure that injecting people with leptin will help them lose weight. His idea is quickly shot down by the lab director, who states, "Not so fast, Derek

____." ; obese humans already have high levels of circulating leptin

The process of transduction is analogous to ____.

a TV picking up and processing the signal from a remote control

A shift in one's circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with ____.

a burst in brain development

Donatella participates in a study and is asked to view a series of images that are likely to provoke strong emotion: a father caressing his newborn baby

a child crying at his mother's funeral; and a shark ferociously attacking a seal. While she views these images, a PET scan monitors her brain activity. What is the PET scan likely to show? ; Distinct patterns of activity will be observed for each of her emotions.

Achievement is usually defined as ____.

a desire to excel or outperform others

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight and ____.

a distorted view of the body as obese

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. As Isabel is chased by several other dogs, Sara notices that Isabel's hair rises up along her spine. Isabel's response illustrates ____.

a reflex

Nick wants to encourage his six-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets one dollar. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods?

a token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected is known as the ____.

absolute threshold

Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

The development of a learned response is called ____.

acquisition

In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were "the type likely to end up alone later in life" were more likely to ____.

act aggressively

Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior based on the ____ of their parents.

actions

Aviva wakes up abruptly after she dreams she is falling from the sky. She is relieved to find herself safe and secure in her comfortable bed. What may have caused Aviva to feel as if she were falling?

activation of the vestibular

Maria dreams that she is standing in the middle of the street as a bus travels towards her, but she feels frozen and cannot move out of the way. According to which theory does Maria's inability to move reflect the muscle paralysis that occurs during the REM state?

activation-synthesis theory

The binge-purge cycling of bulimia involves processes similar to those of ____.

addiction

Which drug is involved with the majority of suicides?

alcohol

Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose twenty pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight?

amphetamines

Gaia glances over at her roommate, who is on the phone with her mother. She watches as her roommate's facial expressions change from happy - to sad - to angry - as she progresses through the phone conversation. What area of Gaia's brain is most likely to change activity as she processes the different facial expressions?

amygdala

Patient S.M., who was unable to detect negative emotion in music and fear in images, suffered damage to which brain region?

amygdala

Jenna, a recovering drug addict, attends counseling sessions so that she will no longer associate the sight of a needle and syringe with an expected drug effect. During the counseling sessions, Jenna handles a syringe without receiving any drugs as her counselor pairs a new signal with the sight of the syringe: a favorite song of Jenna's. The method used here illustrates the use of ____.

an inhibitory conditioned stimulus

Cavin recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by ____.

an uneven surface of the cornea

The American Psychiatric Association's definition of a trance state includes an altered state of consciousness accompanied by ____.

an unusually narrow focus of attention Compared with participants listening to unstructured beat sequences, individuals listening to rhythmic drumming show enhanced ____. ; theta wave activity

The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ?

analyze patterns of lines

Dominic leaves his noisy dorm room to find a quiet place where he can concentrate on his organic chemistry homework. Which cortical areas of Dominic's brain are activated while he dedicates undivided attention to his homework?

anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep is referred to as sleep ____.

apnea

According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event?

appraisal

Noel has perfect pitch, which means that she can name any musical tone that she hears. Compared with other people, Noel is likely to have ____.

areas of her left hemisphere that are

Amphetamine was originally marketed as a treatment for ____.

asthma

An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, defined as a narrow focus of consciousness.

attention

Sam suffers from restless leg syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: ____.

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder?

autism

Imaging studies using functional MRI suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____.

autonomic functions

Which nervous system structure participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states?

autonomic nervous system

Ahn is participating in a research study assessing the impact of brain damage on emotion relatability. She is asked to scan through a series of images and decipher the facial expressions of several individuals. Ahn performs well on the task but consistently is unable to recognize the expression of disgust. Ahn most likely suffered damage to which area of her brain?

basal ganglia

Several months ago, Ambreena suffered moderate brain damage following the surgical removal of a brain tumor. Her husband is perplexed by the fact that she struggles to smile when they are together sharing a happy moment, but when looking at a recent family photograph, he notices a big grin on her face. This indicates that Ambreena suffered damage to her ____.

basal ganglia

Which brain region coordinates movements in response to emotional stimuli?

basal ganglia

According to the Müller-Lyer illusion, we tend to see lines with outward-pointing arrowheads as ____.

being farther away from us

Azul studies for her upcoming molecular biology midterm. She starts by making an outline of her textbook chapters and then begins studying her lecture notes. Azul's brain is likely to show

beta wave activity

What type of brain waveforms did Don display right before being awakened?

beta wave activity

Gayle watches a bird fly by her window. Her visual system processes its shape, color, and movement. The question of how the brain processes these individual pieces of information to form a unified representation of a flying bird is known as the "____."

binding problem

Garcia and Koelling's findings prompted a renewed interest in ____.

biological influences in learning

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.

block adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain

The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the ____.

body mass index

The existence of varying states of awareness benefits animals by facilitating

body repair and energy conservation

Ecstasy Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. Dr. Goddard observes a change in rat behavior that he likens to ____.

bond formation

Over the summer break, Jed earns extra cash working as a salesman at Sensational Sound Systems. As one of the most knowledgeable salesmen on staff, Jed tells a young couple shopping for a sound system that the more expensive models are worth the money because they ____.

boost frequencies below 80 Hz

Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers?

bottom-up processing

Top-down processing involves the ____.

brain imposing its own structure on incoming information

Bottom-up processing involves the ____.

brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

When he was nine years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time

but felt ill shortly after. To this day, he cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ____. ; classical conditioning

Moving the Car Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____.

c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM

The Stroop Test provides evidence that behavior under hypnosis is more than social conformity by showing that highly suggestible individuals under hypnosis ____.

can identify ink colors at comparable rates regardless of word presentation

Carolos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed ____.

cataplexy

Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal?

catharsis theory

Months after suffering head trauma from a work accident, Maxwell's wife Jessica notices that he is acting irresponsibly. For example, he decided on a whim to go sky diving, he drives his car at high speeds on the highway and constantly blurts out obscenities to people. In what region did Maxwell likely suffer brain damage?

cerebral cortex

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best?

chaining and positive reinforcement

What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation?

chemical

According to research (Stacher, 1986), what hormone contributes to feelings of satiety in response to the ingestion of food?

cholecystokinin

The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain?

cingulate cortex

Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light/dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats' current ____.

circadian rhythm

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as ____.

classical conditioning

Violet engages in recreational drug use at a party. Moments later, Violet's good friend Latisha notices that Violet is grinding her teeth repeatedly. Violet likely took which drug?

cocaine

Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors?

cochlea

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____.

concrete interval schedule

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____.

concrete ratio schedule

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____.

conditioned reinforcer

A reaction that is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____.

conditioned response

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____.

conditioned stimulus

Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. Soon after she settles in, a group of girls gather at a nearby table and begin gossiping about someone Corrina knows. While reading her textbook, Corrina listens in on the conversation. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the conversation?

content of awareness

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____.

cornea

Maria is the victim of an armed robbery. She is called into the police station to identify her assailant from a line-up of men. She correctly reports that none of the men were her attacker. This illustrates the concept of a(n) ____.

correct rejection

Tim, an alcoholic, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____.

counterconditioning

Alicia climbs into the passenger side of her boyfriend Bo's car. In an attempt to impress Alicia, Bo speeds away from the curb as Alicia's head presses against the headrest. What allows Alicia to sense this linear acceleration?

d. Hair cells in the vestibular system bend with the forward motion.

At the age of 45, Denise has gradually lost the ability to sleep. After seeking the advice of medical experts, Denise learns that she suffers from a rare genetic disorder that caused damage to her thalamus. What is the prognosis for this disorder?

death

What type of brain waveforms did Daisy display right before being awakened?

delta waves

What is the best description of Clarice's mood?

depressed

After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Raven takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from her body. Raven, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging?

depression

Which disorder is correlated with individuals spending a greater portion of their sleeping time in REM?

depression

Constructed by Albert Ames, the Ames room illustrates vulnerabilities in our perception of ____.

depth

Seven-year-old Sangram is not allowed to touch the TV remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sangram becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sangram's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day?

difference threshold

The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli is referred to as ____.

discrimination

A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a ____.

display rule

According to Gestalt psychologists, we recognize objects in part by ____.

dividing a scene into figure and ground

Cocaine and amphetamine boost the activity of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as ____.

drive

Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, feels cold constantly, and has skin that appears ____.

dry with a yellow tint

Varying states of awareness are best monitored using a(n) ____.

electroencephalogram

Morphine, heroin, and codeine are effective because they imitate the action of our natural ____.

endorphins

Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behavior is ____.

engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior

Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that

exhibit complex social behavior

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?

extinction

Saul is a cytotechnologist in training. He is asked to screen a series of tissue samples for pre-cancerous cells. His supervisor checks his work and determines that Saul greatly overestimated the number of samples containing pre-cancerous cells. This illustrates ____.

false alarms

A hypothetical cell that responds to only one specific visual stimulus is referred to as a ____.

feature detector

Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

food pellet

An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision is referred to as the ____.

fovea

In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: ____

frequency and contrast

Which theory suggests that input from touch fibers competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain?

gate theory

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.

generalization

Which process explains why children exposed to news reports about crime tend to form stronger associations between criminal acts and people of unfamiliar races rather than between criminal acts and people of their own race?

generalization

Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure?

generalized; tonic-clonic

What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech?

grouping

If people are continuously startled by a stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will fail to ____.

habituate to the stimulus

What portion of the organ of Corti transduces sound energy into neural signals?.

hair cells

Kendyl is born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light

her fraternal twin brother Gabe is born with normal vision. In comparison to Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. ; a longer circadian cycle

Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a burger and fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find?

high glucose; high insulin

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ____.

higher order conditioning

What hormonal differences in women cause them to be more likely than men to equate sexual desire with feelings of romantic love?

higher oxytocin and lower testosterone Sexual orientation is best defined as ____. ; a stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex

Darius suffers from insomnia

his family practitioner prescribes zolpidem to treat his insomnia. What can Darius expect from the medication? ; He can expect to fall asleep 15 minutes faster and stay asleep 30 minutes longer.

Baby Alec squints his face and screams at the top of his lungs

his mother runs over to try to soothe him. Alec's actions demonstrate that ____. ; emotions are easily communicated through non-verbal means

Hugo is running an experiment to determine if a specific DNA allele is present in a new transgenic mouse line. He glances through numerous data sets and identifies the correct DNA "band" in the majority of his experiments. This illustrates the concept of a ____.

hit

We can think of motivation as a process that maintains ____.

homeostasis

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____.

hypothalamus

The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes?

hypothalamus

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.

imitation

In what process do mirror neurons play a key role?

imitation

Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning?

imprinting

Clark Hull demonstrated that hypnosis was ____.

independent of sleep

Peter's father normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his father is wearing sweat pants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that his father has been home from work for awhile. Peter's distinct responses towards his father illustrates ____.

inhibition

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.

inhibition

Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely suffered damage to her ____.

insula

On what aspect of behavior did Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion experiments shed light?

internal influences

When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming majority of people typically rated ____ at the top of their list.

intimacy

Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the "runner's high" she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n) ____ reward.

intrinsic

Marcella gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the blue ring of her eyes constrict. What is this blue ring called?

iris

A person with schizophrenia who associates a boiling pot of water with anger has reduced ____.

latent inhibition

At dinner Candace eats several familiar food (pasta, salad, bread) and an unfamiliar food (mussels). Later that evening she suffers abdominal discomfort. She attributes this to the mussels, but later learns that she had developed a sensitivity to gluten. Her misattribution of the problem to the mussels is likely due to ____.

latent inhibition

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.

latent learning

Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned?

lateral hypothalamus

Marcus, who runs a software development company, repeatedly thanks his administrative assistant, Shana, for her hard work. Lately however, Marcus neglects to acknowledge the accomplishments of Shana

leading to her dwindling performance. What likely contributed to Shana's performance problems? ; extinction

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of a(n) ____.

learned behavior

Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

learning

Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world?

learning Which of the following behavioral changes best illustrates the process of learning? ; Claire, age 8, practices treading water so that she will be allowed to swim in her grandmother's pool

The body monitors fat stores by assessing levels of the hormone ____.

leptin

A high-amplitude, high-frequency sound wave is perceived as ____.

loud and high-pitched

Aurora talks to her therapist about a reoccurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora utilizing?

lucid dreaming

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer?

maintenance insomnia

While eating her morning bowl of cereal, Kalinda daydreams about what she would do if she won the upcoming lottery drawing. Which cortical areas of Kalinda's brain are likely to be activated?

medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and insula

Kathy, a neuroscience graduate student, is running the final experiments for her thesis, The Effects of Loud Noise on Auditory Perception. Kathy stimulates the auditory nerve of rodents exposed to loud noise and records the activity of neurons in the primary and secondary cortices. Through which brain pathway is sound input processed prior to arriving at the primary and secondary cortices

medulla - midbrain - thalamus

The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections?

medulla and

Artificial lighting affects sleep by breaking down ____.

melatonin

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n) ____.

meme

When Genaya drops a plate in the kitchen, her roommate Kayla in the next room quickly turns her head toward the kitchen. What brain structure is responsible for Kayla reflexively turning her head toward the loud noise?

midbrain

Devinder is a participant in a research study. She is asked to look at a series of images of black dots scattered in a random order and then identify which images contain at least one gray dot. She ends up greatly underestimating the number of "gray dot" images, illustrating a high number of ____.

misses

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

money

Compared with classical conditioning, the role of the learner for operant conditioning is ____.

more active

Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain's use of emotional information?

motions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.

Dr. Burke performs a neurological examination on his patient Ishmael. At one point he asks Ishmael to smile, but Ishmael produces only a crooked smirk. At the end of the examination, Ishmael tells Dr. Burke a humorous story, at which point Ishmael smiles ear-to-ear. Dr. Burke suspects that Ishmael suffered damage to his ____.

motor cortex

Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____.

muscle and joint pain

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____.

narcolepsy

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

negative reinforcement

Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of a ____.

negative reinforcer

How do hair cells stimulate the auditory nerve?

neurotransmitter release

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____.

nonassociative learning

When Gregg first started drinking alcohol, he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed"

now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything. What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects? ; tolerance

Which area of the brain plays a large role in brain addiction?

nucleus accumbens

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.

observational

One of the most powerful monocular depth cues is ____.

occlusion

In combat veterans, the experience of post-traumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense?

olfaction

Following cardiac arrest, Teresa's father Ike is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.

only alpha waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern

Based on a patient's prior experience with medicine, which mode of learning is likely responsible for the efficacy of the placebo effect?

operant conditioning

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.

operant conditioning

What type of learning is most influential in developing and maintaining culture?

operant conditioning

While attempting to overcome writer's block, Devin stares at her yellow, green, and white striped journal. When she finally returns to her blank computer screen, she sees a blue, red, and black striped afterimage. Which theory best explains the afterimage that Devin sees?

opponent process theory

Where does the optic nerve cross the midline?

optic chiasm

After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. What structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot?

optic disk

Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect?

orbitofrontal cortex

Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick's doctor recommending?

orlistat

Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel stimuli are more likely to be ____ adults.

overly anxious

Dr. Goddard measures increased release of which hormone in response to MDMA treatment?

oxytocin

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as ____.

papillae

As part of his honor's thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the updated hierarchy of needs of Kenrick and colleagues, specifically in young adult men and women. Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is ____.

parenting

The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not others is called ____.

partial reinforcement

What delays the process of extinction?

partial reinforcement

College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kecia are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains, but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle states that they are jade. Renee is leaning towards teal. and Kecia insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains?

perception

After Nolan experiments with drugs, his father suspects that his son is exhibiting signs of schizophrenia. Nolan most likely was experimenting with ____.

phencyclidine

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____.

pinna

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.

positive punishment

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior?

positive reinforcement

Although Sigmund Freud initially recommended the use of cocaine in his 1885 book, Über Coca (On Coca), Freud became disenchanted with the drug when he became aware of its ____.

potential for addiction

Over the ages, hallucinogens have played an important role in ____.

producing religious visions

On a class trip to the Art Institute of Chicago, Sami is entranced by the painting, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, by Georges-Pierre Seurat. He is amazed that although the painting is constructed of individual dots of color, the objects in the painting are easily recognizable. According to Gestalt psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

proximity and similarity

Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____.

psychosis

Which feature of the eye is analogous to a hole in the center of a donut?

pupil

Drive theories of motivation are often described as "____" theories.

push

Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ____.

pyramid of needs

Visible light is a type of ____.

radiation

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____.

rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles

Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____.

rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house

receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____. ; extinction

The primary colors of light are ____.

red, green, and blue

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

reflexes

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness?

release of glutamate blockers

Jess is fast asleep, and her roommate Crystal is studying in the next room. Their cat knocks a lamp off of the bookshelf. Crystal jumps up from her desk, but Jess remains asleep. What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness, such that Crystal reacts to the sound of the lamp falling and Jess is unaware of it?

reticular formation

Which structure of the eye is responsible for detecting light?

retina

The difference between the images projected onto each eye is referred to as ____.

retinal disparity

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards, but eventually ____.

reverted to rooting for the coins instead, in accordance with its natural approach to food The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____. ; instinctive drift Experienced whale trainer Dawn Brancheau was killed by one of her favorite killer whales during a 2010 show at Sea World in Orlando, Florida. Animal experts believed that the whale had simply reverted to normal whale behavior; illustrating ____. ; instinctive drift

In addition to seeking the relaxation produced by alcohol, early humans might have turned to fermented beverages as a ____.

safety precaution against contaminated water

Mina is seeing a therapist for depression. After several sessions, Mina's therapist recommends that she undergo light therapy. Mina likely suffers from which disorder

seasonal affective disorder

Selena has suffered from bulimia nervosa for several years. She finally seeks professional help and is surprised to find out that medication can help her. What type of medication would be most helpful for Selena?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors From an evolutionary psychology perspective, the best reproductive strategy for men is promiscuity. However, one could argue that ____. ; there is no point in producing a large number of children who fail to

According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human motivation?

self-actualization

Tasha runs a daycare center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate one-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached?

self-awareness

Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd floor apartment. Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow. Maher hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Maher to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed

sensation

Following a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____.

sensitization

Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch TV. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the TV above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad?

sensory adaptation

The frontal lobes provide working space for ____.

sensory integration and decision-making

Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?

serotonin

Kate's six-year-old son has autism. To help him learn daily tasks, she breaks down activities into their component parts. Tooth brushing, for example, involves several steps that occur in basically the same order each time. Which of the following learning principles would provide the strongest foundation for learning how to brush one's teeth in this context?

shaping

After a grueling day of classes, Edith returns to her apartment and plops down in a comfortable recliner

she closes her eyes momentarily and relaxes. Edith's brain is likely to show ____. ; alpha wave activity

Carl's wife Juanita is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he seems sluggish, depressed, and irritable. What condition might Carl have?

shift maladaption syndrome

Three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior: ____.

significance, immediacy, and consistency

Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as ____.

somatosensation

As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands became clammy, and her breathing became rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they fought bitterly with one another, causing Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response.

song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting

According to research (Bryant & Haselton, 2009), women who are ovulating are more likely to ____.

speak in higher tones

Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the ____.

spinal cord

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called ____.

spontaneous recovery

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

spontaneous recovery

Alicia is fascinated to learn about the Native American practice of "vision quests" in her Native American Cultures class. She learns that to initiate an altered state of consciousness, Native Americans would engage in ____.

starvation and sleep loss The Muslim sect of Sufis use extended periods of whirling as a means to ____. ; feel oneness with the earth

College roommates Sergio and Giuseppe decide to start a landscaping business over the summer. They meet up at 5:00 a.m. one morning to clean and organize their equipment. Sergio is full of energy and begins to move heavy equipment right away, Giuseppe is sluggish and unable to focus. What aspect of consciousness describes the different mental states of Sergio and Giuseppe?

state of awareness

The neurological conditions prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome, which affect aspects of facial recognition, have taught us that conscious experience ____.

stems from the integration of several brain pathways

The place theory of perception is analogous to tones produced by ____.

stringed instruments

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.

surprising

Individuals high in susceptibility to hypnotism ____.

suspend judgment

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.

systematic desensitization

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____.

temporal lobe

Nicole tells her gynecologist that lately, she has had no sexual desire. Nicole and her gynecologist discuss the possibility of using a hormone patch to address her sexual dysfunction. This hormone patch likely uses which hormone?

testosterone

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.

tetrahydrocannabinol

Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____.

thalamus

Determining whether an action constitutes reinforcement or punishment requires understanding ____.

the action's effect on behavior

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up

the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!". Derek was most likely in ____. ; Stage 1 N-REM

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, ____ (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).

the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task

The best analogy for light energy is: ____.

the propagation of waves in the ocean

Juliet shows her four-month-old son Simon a book filled with colorful shapes. In comparison with his mother, how are the colors likely to appear to Simon?

the same

Individual differences in emotional intelligence are most predictive of ____.

the success of relationships

In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves?

theta waves

What type of brain waveforms did Derek display right before being awakened?

theta waves

Kevin is a participant in a taste-off as part of his campus's Greek Week. He is blindfolded and his nose is pinched off with a close pin. He is asked to taste a slice of apple and a slice of raw potato. Kevin is likely to ____.

think that the apple and the potato are the

A complex tone combining multiple waves is perceived as having a characteristic quality, known as the ____.

timbre

Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____.

to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear

Research suggests that children over-imitate adults ____.

to promote shared experiences and build rapport with others

Professor Radcliffe prepares an exam for her Sensation and Perception class. In a rush, she writes: Provide the correct answres for the following questoins. While quickly proofreading the exam, she misses her mistakes. What caused this oversight?

top-down processing

Manu's suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Manu's disorder, which process is directly disrupted?

transduction

In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones known as the ossicles is to ____.

transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear

When scientists artificially alter recordings of speech to resemble regular, repeating sine waves, people typically interpret this as ____.

tweeting birds

Brain death is characterized by ____.

two flat-line EEG recording taken 24 hours apart

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience?

unconditioned

A response to an unconditioned stimulus requiring no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

unconditioned response

Kira and Yvonne are gearing up for a rave that is being held at a local warehouse. Their roommate Clara prefers to stay home and cannot understand why they would want to attend such a crowded, noisy venue. According to the text, what are the primary goals of many ravers?

unity and positive emotion

In what orientation are images projected onto the retina?

upside down

To construct a three-dimensional image, we ____.

use monocular and binocular cues

What type of partial reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs?

variable

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a varying period of time is reinforced is called a(n) ____.

variable interval schedule

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called a(n) ____.

variable ratio schedule

What two hormones are associated with romantic love?

vasopressin and oxytocin

Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned?

ventromedial hypothalamus

In humans, information from the vestibular system is tightly integrated with ____ processing.

visual

Based on the findings of Garcia and Koelling, which type of stimuli would be most effective for training birds?

visual stimuli

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior

while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)? ; operant conditioning only

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____.

withdrawal