Psych Test 2
Luca is trying to improve his retention of course information so that he can perform better on his exams what piece of advice shout NOT be good?
" avoid mnemonics
A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling their classmates, when presented with their yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names.
90
An individual who does NOT feel sexually attracted to other people is:
asexual
Ariel is NOT sexually attracted to either men or women. Ariel is:
asexual
A 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar. She likely saw someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:
observation
Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to return to her reading effortlessly because:
of the automatic processing of space
Jennifer trained her dog to howl when he heard her play the piano. Jennifer did this by giving him a treat for doing so. One day in her car, Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.
operant conditioning; generalization
In classical conditioning _____, whereas in operant conditioning, _____.
organisms learn associations between events they don't control; organisms learn associations between their behavior and resulting events
Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
perceptual sets
Amanda is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Amanda's sensation is known as _____ smells.
phantom
Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.
short-term memory
Dr. Chan argues that, although gay men are less likely to reproduce than straight men, the genetic basis of male homosexuality persists because gay men enhance the survival of such kin as nieces and nephews by providing additional child care and financial resources. Dr. Chan is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
evolutionary
Dr. Robb argues that people help others because it feels good to do so; it is rewarding. Dr. Wayne notes that people are most likely to help family or other kin; helping therefore promotes the persistence of their genes. Dr. Wayne is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
evolutionary
Sasha's genital areas have become engorged with blood. Her vagina expands and secretes lubricant as her breasts and nipples enlarge from her boyfriend's caresses. She is in the _____ phase of the sexual response cycle.
excitement
Which method does NOT improve your memory?
sleeping less
Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:
transduction
Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of:
umami
In classical conditioning, the _____ response is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned
Carla had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:
unconditioned response
Rebecca had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became the:
conditioned stimulus
Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia acquired the behavior through _____ learning.
observational
Social learning is another name for:
observational
Sadie watches her mother apply lipstick and eye makeup. The next day Sadie sits at her mother's vanity and attempts to apply her mother's makeup to her own face. This is a clear example of:
observational learning
_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
operant
If Jamal wants to train his dog to sit and lie down when he commands the behavior, which type of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?
operant conditioning
Macy gave her dog a treat each time he came to Macy when she called him by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called him by name. This is an example of:
operant conditioning
Theresa's children receive attention from guests at Theresa's parties when they perform brief songs and skits. They repeat this behavior at each of Theresa's parties. This BEST illustrates:
operant conditioning
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):
unconditioned response (UR).
The _____ sense is the sense of the head's movement and position, including the sense of balance.
vestibular
_____ is the process of learning associations.
Conditioning
The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.
Gestalt
_____ is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.
Hearing
____ memory is relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system
Long term
In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise, he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without _____ memory.
Long-Term
_____ holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
Short-term memory
Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:
The Psychology of Learning
What was most likely to occur as a result of an emotionally painful experience?
The memory of the event will likely be intrusive
Raina is 25 and happily married. However, she has been feeling much less interested in sexual activities since having her ovaries removed. Which factor might be causing this?
a drop in her testosterone level
While taking an American history exam, Bree was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:
retrieval failure
Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question but not being quite able to say it. This is called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, which is a failure of:
retrival
After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.
retroactive
Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately before a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.
retrograde
Alec is a male. His genetic sex is:
XY
One reason a person's memories fail is because of problems with information:
encoding
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called:
modeling
_____ is an auditory phantom limb sensation.
tinnitus
A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which group would the researcher choose?
A group of adult males
In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates a failure in the memory process of:
encoding
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning, he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:
habitual behavior
Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.
high amplitude
When people repeatedly visualize nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For examplExplicit experiment, students are asked to repeatedly visualize breaking a toothpick. Following this exercise, they are more likely to think they actually broke a toothpick. This phenomenon is known as:
imagination effect
A bisexual individual:
is attracted to members of both sexes.
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the _____.
lens
Our capacity for storing long-term memories is:
limitless
You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.
linear perspective
What is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?
long term potentiation
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Which type of learning is Dan using?
operant conditioning
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
Which area of the brain plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning?
cerebellum
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.
classical
Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
Sheldon met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" After replying "no," she walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of _____.
déjà vu
The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.
encoding
Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:
encoding failure
Which physical development during adolescence is accurately labeled?
enlarged Adam's apple, secondary sexual characteristic
Randall is a 25-year-old homosexual man who wonders why he is homosexual and his two brothers are not. A partial explanation might be that he was exposed prenatally to levels of the hormone _____ that are typically experienced by female fetuses.
estrogen
Dr. Jennings argues that people help others because it feels good to do so; it is rewarding. Dr. Turner notes that people are most likely to help family or other kin; helping ther
evolutionary
In the case of H. M., removal of tissue in his hippocampus resulted in impaired ability to form new _____ memories.
explicit
A recall test is to a recognition test as _____ is to _____.
fill-in-the-blank; multiple choice
Marissa knows that a package shipping company usually delivers overnighted packages to her business at about 9:45 a.m. Expecting an important package and watching for the delivery truck, Marissa glances out her window more frequently as 9:45 approaches. Marissa's glancing is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
fixed interval
Which choice matches a gender concept with the correct definition?
gender schema, a general mental framework that helps one organize gender-related experiences
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her brain's _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her brain's _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
The fovea:
is found in the center of the retina.
Randy is playing the piano. His left hand plays notes that are _____ in _____ than does his right hand.
lower; frequency
Research on memory construction reveals that memories
reflect a person's biases and assumptions
Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.
the smell or taste of tequila; nausea
Gamblers have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio
Researchers Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive depth. This famous experimental setup is known as the _____ cliff.
visual
Memories before the age of _____ are often unreliable
4
Professor McCormick studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
Helps people understand how memory works
____ was to the study of memory as Ivan Pavlov was to the study of conditioning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
____ is retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.
Implicit Memory
___ form without conscious effort are formed through automatic processing
Implicit memories
According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near to each other. This is called the principle of _____.
proximity
The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.
proximity
When we see the mouth movements for "ga" while hearing "ba," we may perceive "da." This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
McGurk
Because of _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.
Memory construction
This is a lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms.
Memory trace
In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then the participants are given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what we know about gender differences and aggression, what should the research expect?
Men will administer more painful electric shocks.
Which statement correctly classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook?
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning.
Sensory nerve ends that respond to stimuli are called sensory ______.
Receptors
Emotional states and memories of a location and surroundings can be used as
Retrieval ques
Who proposed the three stage model of memory?
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Trevor has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information but has not ability to recall visual designs and location. He probably has damaged his:
Right frontal lobe
What memories involve both facts and general knowledge?
Semantic memories
____ is a newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information as well as information retrieved from long term memory
Working memory
Psychologists define _____ as the capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world.
adaptability
Henri and Beth each want to improve their performance on the next psychology test. Beth reviews the material for 30 minutes each day and then goes to bed early the night before the exam. Henri decides to devote the entire night before the Beth to studying so that the material will be fresh. Who has used the most effective strategy?
beth
Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called _____ constraints on learning.
biological
_____ processing proceeds from the lines, angles, and colors that form the stimuli around us.
bottom up
Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrant scent is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n):
conditioned stimulus
As you watch a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur passes through the first of three structures of your eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?
cornea, pupil, lens
Your 7-month-old niece is just learning to crawl. Your sister has agreed to have her participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. This experiment is MOST likely studying _____ perception.
depth
You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person who you hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of a(n) _____ cognition.
embodied
Dr. Endsley suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in Western cultures might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now these foods are easily available, and Westerners are eating too much of them. Dr. Endsley is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
evolutionary
Tamal is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Tamal to do at this point is to:
go directly to sleep
Nakita is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to other women. Nakita is:
homosexual
Which statement is not true about sexual abuse?
memories recovered in hypnosis are reliable
Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is collected, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:
memory
Dylan decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Dylan does not realize is that if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of:
memory construction
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.
misinformation
Whenever Mindy experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Mindy's experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.
mood-congruent
The term gender _____ refers to the collection of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits that a culture associates with masculinity or femininity.
role
Your neighbors have three children, and both parents work. Without fail, whenever there is a sick child in the family, the mother stays home to care for the child because she is expected to do so. The mother is fulfilling a set of expectations called gender:
role
Brad has noticed that the girls he has dated still expect him to pay the bill when they go out, even though they may have asked him out in the first place. These expectations are called gender:
roles
After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, Kyle has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. Kyle is suffering from _____ hearing loss.
sensorineural
When Thad arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
sensory adaptation
to make a long distance call, Tim has to dial an unfamiliar number. He is likely to forget the number he looked up best described by the limited capacity of ____ memory
short term
Victor has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up. He also has been having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality, it was only a dream. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.
source
The middle ear contains a structure called the:
stirrup
"It's been 20 years!" Tim protests, to explain his failure to remember the topics of some of his college term papers in the 1990s. Tim is citing _____ as the reason for his forgetting.
storage decay
Fifty-year-old Jack finds that he really enjoys the taste of scotch, whiskey, mushrooms, strong peppers, and onions, but his 21-year-old son does not. The reason for this difference in taste is likely due to:
the number of taste buds in the mouth that decreases with age
memories of an emotional event are likely to be facilitated by the activation of the:
Amygdala
We remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to activation of a structure in the limbic system called the _____.
amygdala
____ form without conscious effort are formed through automatic processing
Implicit memories
Dr. Winslow was discussing the evolutionary perspective with an introductory psychology class last week. She is generally not very supportive of the theory that men and women have innately different mating preferences. Which statement is NOT a valid reason for her objection to the evolutionary viewpoint?
It lacks supporting evidence from a range of cultures.
What does the strong evidence for the biological basis of sexual orientation suggest with respect to the potential effectiveness of conversion therapy?
It suggests that conversion therapy is unlikely to be effective.
Which research finding suggesting significant biological contributors to sexual orientation has NOT been reported in the literature noted by the textbook author?
The use of medications to suppress certain neurotransmitters during infancy led to a reduction in homosexual orientation during adulthood.
WHich of the following is a loss of memory that may be due to brain trauma, injury or disease?
amnesia
In an effort to help Jeff recall his early life experiences, his parents began talking to him about his childhood home, providing detailed images of the rooms and what Jeff often did there. Jeff's parents were attempting to:
prime him to remember
In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is known as:
priming
The unconscious activation of associations in memory is called _____.
priming
The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:
proximity
Men are _____ times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than women are.
4
Violet is to red as _____ is to _____.
400 nm; 700 nm
Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.
60
Systolic blood pressure increases by _____ points during sexual intercourse.
60
When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels.
60
During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:
anterograde amnesia.
Every time Martin opens the cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of:
associative learning
Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:
associative learning.
After a rap concert, as Dominique walks into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of her _____ membrane.
basilar
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast-food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became upset, and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:
classical conditioning
Which choice correctly defines one of the types of learning described in the textbook?
cognitive learning, the acquisition of mental information
Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n):
cognitive map
Jerome feels fine at a picnic until he sees a spider similar to the one that bit him last year and made him sick walk across his picnic blanket. Jerome begins to become anxious and fearful. This reaction is MOST likely a(n):
conditioned response
In a study of classical conditioning, AJ repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into his eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
conditioned response (CR)
Jake enjoys hunting, playing football, and wrestling more than the other boys in his class, while Susan enjoys talking to her friends and taking care of her younger siblings. We can say that Jake is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits, while Susan is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits.
masculine; feminine
The APA Task Force on Violent Media (2015) noted that research indicates that violent video game use is _____ associated with prosocial behavior and ______ associated with aggressive behavior.
negatively; positively
A person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of his or her own sex or the other sex is called his or her sexual _____.
orientation
Affecting physical events or objects with one's mind is called _____.
psychokinesis
Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as _____.
recognition
Joe is happy to hear that his class final will be all multiple-choice questions, because he believes he has a better chance to pass the class by using:
recognition
Nine-year-old Jared has one very good friend. The two boys spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball and often can be heard talking to each other about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared's social behavior is:
somewhat unusual because most boys his age typically play in large groups and do not engage in intimate discussion.
It is not uncommon for us to recognize a person but to have no idea where we met him or her. Or we may hear something but later recall instead that we saw it. This type of misattribution is known as:
source amnesia
When people recall an imagined event as something they experienced directly or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating
source amnesia
Preserving information is to accessing information as _____ is to _____.
storage; retrieval
Luca is trying to improve his retention of course information so that he can perform better on his exams what piece of advice shout NOT be good?
study before going to sleep
Which method is an effective way to minimize retroactive interference?
studying before sleeping
Seeing the numeral 3, for instance, may evoke a particular taste sensation in a condition called _____.
synesthesia
What effect is also referred to as the retrieval practice effect?
testing effect
The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural _____ level is lowered.
testosterone
Michelle has misplaced her car keys and is retracing her activities of the day she will probably locate her keys because her brain automatically coded information regarding ____ while she went about her day
time
Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of _____.
umami