Psych Test 2

The fact that eyewitnesses will tend to identify the person in a lineup that looks most like the culprit is called making

A relative Judgement

What is so interesting about Pavlov

Accidental

You are shown a video of 8 demonstrators protesting. Later you are asked "was the leader of the 10 demonstrators male?" after your answer you are asked how many demonstrators there were and you answer "10", is evidence that you have formed a...

Compromise Memory

Even though he has already memorized his notes, hao reviews them every night for two weeks before the exam. The strategy is likely to ____ his performance due to ____.

Help, Distributed Practice

The problem when people fill in the gaps in their memories with guesses is that:

Later on they don't remember that they guessed

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law on stress arousal and learning and memory performance, a ____ of stress/ arousal optimal

Moderate Level

Eye-witnesses are ___ with salient details of an event than they are with less salient details.

More Accurate

There is a growing body of work among memory researchers that suggests that eyewitness testimony may be the ______ persuasive and ____ reliable form of evidence offered in the courtroom

Most, Least

As you are walking down a crowded street you are unexpectedly bumped by a man running against the crowd traffic and carrying a large, heavy bag. He is pursued by police. Later you are questioned as a witness to the chase. The questioner wants to kno: "What were you looking at? What were you hearing? What were you thinking about at that time? This investigator is likely familiar with memory research and is asking about your _____ at the time of the event

Perceptual Activity

Retrieval

Recalling stored information when it is needed

Surveys consistently indicate that most people believe there is a ________ relationship between eyewitness confidence and accuracy

Strong

According to memory research, new environments inhibit recognition. If we extend this research finding to our own lives, that means that, at least in the case of multiple choice exams, we should try to take them in which of the following locations:

The Same room where the class meets

Which of the following is a definition of the term "Storage" according to memory researchers and cognitive psychologists?

The retention of encoded representation

Watson

The word fear is in the right answer

The term "short-term memory" has been criticized by cognitive scientists as being too limited in its scope. It has been largely replaced with the term

Working Memory

Phobia

acquired fear out of proportion to real threat

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

mnemonic strategies

any learning technique that aids info retention or retrieval; associating memories with specific places

Retrieval Cues

anything that helps a person recall a memory; often some stimuli like smell or sound

Blocking

brain tries to retrieve info, but another memory blocks it; cause of tip of the tongue phenomenon

Learning by Association

classical (two stimuli) and operant (event and response)

John Watson

created behaviorism; behavior and reaction was only way to get insight on human thinking; experiment with rats, demonstrated fear

elaborative rehearsal

encodes info in more meaningful ways like thinking about it conceptually or connecting it to something else

Reinforcer

event that strengthens behavior it follows; positive- chocolate, money; negative- advil for headache, turning off loud alarm for quiet

Temporary biases

expectation to see or hear something because of context or circumstance

classical conditioning

neutral stimulus, no response; unconditioned stimulus, unconditional response; conditioned stimulus(neutral), conditioned response

Robert Ulton Paris "hamburger murderer" -Freezing effect;

newspaper reported murderers ate hamburger after murder even though wasn't true

Supreme Court and EWT

opportunity for eye witness to view defender, degree of attention, accuracy of prior description, level of certainty, length of time between ID and testimony

Leading Question

question that encourages desired answer

maintenance rehearsal

repeating an item over and over

Pavlov

studied classical conditioning, noticed dogs salivate at signals of food coming before it was delivered, called psychic secretion

Eyewitnesses and confidence

tend to equate confidence with accuracy

Levels of processing theory

the more deeply an item is processed the more meaning it has and more likely it is to be remembered

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Encoding

the processing of information so that it can be stored

automatic processing

unconscious processing of incidental information; allows you to remember the amount of info that happened in recent memory, how many times song played that day

flashbulb memory

vivid memories for surroundings during surprising major events; ex 9/11

learning by observation

watch others behaviors, choose good behavior