Psych Unit 1 Test

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. peripheral autonomic central sympathetic parasympathetic

A

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Joe's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Joe is most likely to suffer some loss of: muscular coordination. language comprehension. visual perception. speaking ability. pain sensations.

C

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by: overconfidence. illusory correlation. the placebo effect. hindsight bias. replication.

C

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events? mean scatterplot standard deviation median correlation coefficient

C

Which philosopher most clearly rejected the idea that the mind is separable from the body? Plato Socrates Aristotle Descartes

C

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants? replication statistical measurement random assignment operational definitions the double-blind procedure

C

A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n): opiate. antagonist. glutamate. agonist.

D

A synapse is a(n): chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions. automatic response to sensory input. neural network. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron. neural cable containing many axons.

D

A unified understanding of the explanations provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by: structuralism. behaviorism. a psychodynamic perspective. a biopsychosocial approach.

D

After Margaret lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from her adjacent fingers. This best illustrates: phrenology. aphasia. hemispherectomy. plasticity. tomography.

D

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of: naturalistic observation. illusory correlation. hindsight bias. replication. a theory.

E

After Bob's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Bob is most likely to have difficulty: experiencing intense emotions. reading printed words. understanding what others are saying. tasting the flavors of foods. playing his guitar.

E

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of: perceiving order in random events. generalizing from extreme examples. randomly sampling children's views. exaggerating the extent to which others share our beliefs. assuming that correlation proves causation.

E

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of: evolution versus natural selection. stage development versus continuous development. structuralism versus functionalism. behavior versus mental processes. nature versus nurture.

E

Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between introverted and extraverted people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. clinical biological cognitive industrial/organizational personality

E

In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a: random sample. false consensus. double-blind. replication. placebo.

E

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. dependent variable correlational experimental replication control

E

In order for you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system. the limbic system interneurons the reticular formation motor neurons sensory neurons

E

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of: random assignment. naturalistic observation. replication. correlation. random sampling.

E

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n): independent variable. representative sample. control. dependent variable. population.

E

Motor neurons are to the ________ nervous system as interneurons are to the ________ nervous system. sympathetic; parasympathetic central; peripheral autonomic; somatic parasympathetic; sympathetic peripheral; central

E

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. behavior genetics cognitive neuroscience psychodynamic behavioral

E

The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable learning and memory, are called the: reticular formation. medulla. sensory areas. cerebellum. association areas.

E

The old theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called: evolutionary psychology. behavior genetics. molecular biology. biological psychology. phrenology.

E

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? random assignment replication correlation naturalistic observation random sampling

E

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your: corpus callosum. angular gyrus. hippocampus. amygdala. thalamus.

E

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the: amygdala. hippocampus. angular gyrus. corpus callosum. medulla.

E

The first psychological laboratory was established by: William James. John Watson. Wilhelm Wundt. Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget.

C

An all or none response pattern is characteristic of the: initiation of neural impulses. release of endorphins into the central nervous system. release of hormones into the bloodstream. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. inheritance of behavioral predispositions.

A

In a recent accident, Billy sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Billy's ability to: facially express emotions. solve arithmetic problems. understand simple verbal requests. process information in an orderly sequence. control his aggression.

A

In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? naturalistic observation replication the survey the case study experimentation

A

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via: interneurons. the circulatory system. sensory neurons. the sympathetic nervous system. the endocrine system.

A

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies: a hypothesis. the hindsight bias. illusory correlation. the false consensus effect.

A

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n): action potential. synapse. glial cell. myelin sheath. interneuron.

A

The visual cortex is located in the: occipital lobe. temporal lobe. frontal lobe. parietal lobe.

A

Though there is no single “control center” for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the: limbic system. reticular formation. brainstem. cerebellum

A

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use: random assignment. naturalistic observation. standard deviations. correlation coefficients. scatterplots.

A

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of: random assignment. the double-blind procedure. naturalistic observations. operational definitions. replication.

A

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students? mean standard deviation mode median range

A

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? thalamus amygdala medulla hippocampus cerebellum

A

Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information? cognitive psychodynamic behavioral behavior genetics evolutionary

A

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name? reticular formation cerebellum hypothalamus amygdala medulla

A

Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology. biological personality social developmental

B

Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates: the illusion of control. illusory correlation. the hindsight bias. the false consensus effect. random sampling.

B

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the: voluntary nervous system. autonomic nervous system. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. somatic nervous system.

B

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are: causally related. positively correlated. independent variables. dependent variables. negatively correlated.

B

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are: causally related. negatively correlated. independent variables. dependent variables. positively correlated.

B

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the: medulla. corpus callosum. angular gyrus. limbic system. reticular formation.

B

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce: aphasia. epileptic seizures. depression. neural plasticity. reward deficiency syndrome.

B

Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the: sensory cortex. hypothalamus. cerebellum. medulla. amygdala.

B

Professor Jones conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system and sexual motivation. Her research interests best represent the psychological specialty known as: behaviorism. biological psychology. psychoanalysis. cognitive psychology. behavior genetics.

B

Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the: test was given to a very small class of students. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another. mean test score was lower than the median score. students generally performed very well on the test. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.

B

Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________. correlational studies; case studies surveys; experiments illusory correlation; false consensus replication; correlation description; prediction

B

Socrates, Plato, and Descartes believed that: the mind is a blank slate at birth. mind and body are distinct and separable. true knowledge originates in sensory experience. mental processes reflect evolutionary change. body fluids govern both mind and body.

B

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called: hormones. neurotransmitters. synapses. genes. glial cells.

B

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n): control condition. population. case study. independent variable. survey.

B

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the: mean. range. median. standard deviation. correlation coefficient.

B

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________. eating; sleeping breathing; walking emotion; motivation memory; attention hearing; seeing

B

The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________. hearing; speaking sensing touch; seeing sensing pleasure; sensing pain tasting; smelling speaking; seeing

B

The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as: Wernicke's area. Broca's area. the amygdala. the angular gyrus. the reticular formation

B

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n): association area. myelin sheath. endocrine gland. glial cell. synaptic vesicle.

B

Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the: sympathetic nervous system. somatic nervous system. parasympathetic nervous system. autonomic nervous system.

B

Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere? spatial reasoning word recognition the left side of the body perceptual skills

B

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments? occipital lobes frontal lobes temporal lobes parietal lobes

B

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the: difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean. direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. statistical significance of a difference between two sample means. frequency of scores at each level of some measure.

C

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. It is most probable that she has suffered damage to her: amygdala. angular gyrus. cerebellum. corpus callosum.

C

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: conscious and unconscious mental activity. observable responses to the environment. behavior and mental processes. thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

C

Damage to ________ will usually cause a person to lose the ability to comprehend language. the angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area frontal lobe association areas

C

Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? social psychology clinical psychology biological psychology industrial/organizational psychology developmental psychology

C

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the: cerebral cortex. autonomic nervous system. endocrine system. limbic system. reticular formation.

C

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a: dependent variable. replication. placebo. random sample. double blind.

C

In order for you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. interneurons the cerebellum motor neurons the reticular formation the autonomic nervous system

C

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as: acetylcholine. serotonin. endorphins. dopamine. epinephrine.

C

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as: the survey. experimentation. naturalistic observation. the case study. random sampling.

C

Replication involves: the selection of random samples. perceiving order in random events. repeating an earlier research study. rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. overestimating the extent to which others share our views.

C

Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut. hippocampus limbic system corpus callosum sensory cortex reticular formation

C

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on: natural selection. brain chemistry. unconscious conflicts. learned behaviors. introspection.

C

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. somatic; autonomic autonomic; somatic central; peripheral sympathetic; parasympathetic parasympathetic; sympathetic

D

An axon is: a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body. a junction between a sending and receiving neuron.

D

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: naturalistic observation. the hindsight bias. random sampling. the double-blind procedure. replication.

D

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the: thyroid gland. pituitary gland. parathyroids. adrenal glands. pancreas

D

Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by: aphasia. memory loss. auditory hallucinations. irritability. a reward deficiency syndrome.

D

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of: childhood memories. genetic predispositions. unconscious thoughts. healthy growth potential. punishment and reinforcement.

D

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of: naturalistic observation. survey research. a case study. an experiment. a correlational study.

D

In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the: control condition. independent variable. experimental condition. dependent variable.

D

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. social-cultural behavioral cognitive evolutionary psychodynamic

D

Severing a dog's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the dog to: become violently aggressive. cower in fear. experience convulsive seizures. lapse into a coma. become sexually preoccupied.

D

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to: avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. increase the difficulty level of research endeavors while maintaining validity.

D

The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n): MRI. brain lesion. EEG. PET scan. hemispherectomy.

D

The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the: thalamus. amygdala. hippocampus. hypothalamus.

D

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________. hearing; sensing movement seeing; sensing touch sensing pleasure; sensing pain seeing; hearing speaking; hearing

D

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the: amygdala. dendrites. corpus callosum. myelin sheath. pituitary gland.

D

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n): clinical psychologist. industrial/organizational psychologist. developmental psychologist. psychiatrist. biological psychologist.

D

The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures within the brain is called: the EEG. a lesion. a PET scan. MRI.

D

Which endocrine gland regulates body growth? parathyroid adrenal thyroid pituitary pancreas

D

Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities? evolutionary cognitive psychodynamic social-cultural neuroscience

D

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? personality psychology social psychology biological psychology clinical psychology developmental psychology

D

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. social clinical developmental industrial/organizational biological

c