PSYCH UNIT 4

Client centered therapy techniques

human potential would flourish in the atmosphere of genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding

Although he has never told anyone about the thoughts, Russ is often troubled by vivid and gory mental images of cutting and stabbing the person with whom he is talking. Although he tries to suppress the thoughts, they keep coming back to him. Russ's symptoms are an example of:

obsessions

About ________ of people who experience an initial episode of schizophrenia will develop a chronic, ongoing form of the disease that severely impairs their ability to function.

one-half

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by:

ongoing, global, and persistent anxiety

Hypochondriasis

people strongly believe they have a serious or life-threatening illness despite having no, or only mild, symptoms

According to one explanation, dissociative identity disorder:

represents a way to cope with extreme abuse or trauma that occurred during childhood

The first effective antipsychotic medications were:

reserpine and chlorpromazine

Compulsive personality disorder

rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interferes with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism

Howard explained the low evaluation he received on his job performance review by saying that his boss was a jerk and had it in for him. Howard appears to be engaging in:

self-serving bias

The front page of the newspaper has a story about a man wearing a clerical collar who robbed several people in their homes and escaped. That the victims readily allowed this man to enter their home shows the potential disadvantages of relying on:

social categories

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, how many of the participants remained obedient to the very end of the experiment?

26 out of 40, or two-thirds

determinants

?

evolutionary

?

What is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) ? pg. 567

A book that describes more than 260 specific psychological disorders. It is the most comprehensive and authoritative set of guidelines available for diagnosing psychological disorders

Eating disorder pg. 590

A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior

Anxiety disorders pg. 573

A category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person's cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning

Identity disorder

A dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities or "personalities"; formerly called multiple personality disorder

Major depressive disorder pg. 583

A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physical functioning - often called the "common cold" of psychological disorders

Cyclothymic disorder

A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not sever enough to qualify as bipolar disorder

Bi-polar disorder pg. 585

A mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formerly called manic depression

Aversion

A relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts

Systematic Desensitization

A type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking

Fugue

A type of dissociative amnesia involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, ad identity confusion

B-Mod - behavior therapy

A type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques; also called behavior modification

Psychodynamic pg. 622

A type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist

Researchers Michael Morris and Kaiping Peng compared Chinese versus American newspaper reports of two different mass murders. Morris and Peng found that:

American reporters were more likely than the Chinese reporters to emphasize personal, internal attributes in explaining the actions of the murderer, such as person's "bad temper" or "history of being mentally unstable."

Binge-eating disorder

An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme operating without use of self-induced vomiting or other inappropriate measures to purge the food

Bulimia

An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of weight gain, and distorted body self perception

Conversion

a mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer

prejudice

a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group

Alcohol use disorder

a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal from it

Panic disorder pg. 574

a person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

Double-depression is said to be occurring when:

a person's ongoing dysthymic disorder is interrupted by one or more episodes of major depression

Borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity

bystander apathy

a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress

Schizophrenia pg. 601

a psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes

Free association

a technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images that arise, revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions

Dream analysis

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguise or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

Insight therapies

a technique whish assumes that a person's behavior, thoughts, and emotions become disordered as a result of the individual's lack of understanding as to what motivates him or her, such as unresolved old conflicts or beliefs.

group think

a term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972), occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of "mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment"

Need for Affiliation

a term that was popularized by David McClelland and describes a person's need to feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within a social group

plateau phase

Heart rate and muscle tension increase further.

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict

MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and SSRIs are all types of:

antidepressant medications

Dissociative disorder

a category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function

stereotyping

a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group

Persistent depressive disorder

a disorder involving chronic feelings of depression that is often less severe than major depressive disorder

Amnesia

a dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important personal information

Token economy

a form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards

Action therapy

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on practical solutions to mental health problems

Action therapies

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on practical solutions to mental health problems. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most commonly used forms of action therapy.

Leptin:

a hormone that is secreted by adipose tissue

Hierarchy

a list of anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a list from least to most anxiety-producing

Post-traumatic stress disorder pg. 578

a long-lasting disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma

As a junior in college, Nicholas has made good grades in all of his classes. Despite this, he has kept putting off enrolling in English Composition I and II because he is convinced that he lacks the writing skills necessary to succeed in those classes. Nicholas's beliefs about his writing skills reflect a:

a low degree of self-efficacy

Somatoform disorder

are mental illnesses that cause bodily symptoms, including pain. The symptoms can't be traced back to any physical cause. And they are not the result of substance abuse or another mental illness

Psychotropic medications that have proven effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are called:

atypical antipsychotics

Normative social influence results from people's desire to:

be liked and accepted by others

Melinda wishes to overcome her extreme shyness. Melinda's therapist helps her design a program in which Melinda records every instance of shy behavior, sets specific goals for acting in a more outgoing fashion in particular situations, and rewards herself when she is successful. Melinda's therapist is probably practicing a form of:

behavior therapy

Substance related disorder

disorders of intoxication, dependence, abuse, and substance withdrawal caused by various substances, both legal and illegal.

According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

drive

When Susan learned that infants in Mayan families in Guatemala often sleep in their mother's bed until the child is two or three years old, she expressed her surprise that the Mayan culture was so "backward" compared to American culture. Susan's views are a good example of ________.

ethnocentrism

Baseline & Target

exposure to feared experiences

Narcissism personality disorder

extravagant sense of self-importance; exaggerates abilities and accomplishments; excessive need for admiration; boastful; pretentious; lacking in empathy

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

extreme mood swings

T/F Getting by on less sleep is an effective strategy to curb your appetite and lose weight.

false

Agoraphobia pg. 574

fear of suffering a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public situation where escape is impossible and help is unavailable

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

feelings of sadness, helplessness, guilt, withdrawal from social activities, difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering, changes in appetite, insomnia, global feelings of anxiety

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

flat affect, alogia, and avolition

Social skills training

form of behavior therapy used by teachers, therapists, and trainers to help persons who have difficulties relating to other people

The three essential components of client-centered therapy are:

genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding

One advantage that group therapy has over individual therapy is that:

group members receive helpful feedback and support from one another

Agoraphobia is a type of specific phobia characterized by the intense fear of:

having a panic attack in a situation in which the person would be unable to escape or get help

Which of the following was one of the factors that seemed to help explain why no one helped Kitty Genovese?

some of the bystanders interpreted the situation as a lovers' quarrel or a domestic dispute

The three dimensions of emotion include:

subjective experience, a physiological response, and behavioral expression

Which of the following is a common attributional bias?

the actor-observer discrepancy

The achievement motive

the desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task

biological motivation for hunger

the feeling of hunger comes from our stomach. motivated to eat by internal cues, empty stomach, feelings of hunger

As you slowly inch your way toward the intersection, you finally see the auto accident that was stalling traffic. As you look at the two drivers standing by their crumpled cars, you think to yourself, "They probably had the accident because they're careless drivers." Your thinking reflects which of the following concepts?

the fundamental attribution error

Which of the following increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation?

the hormone cholecystokinin

The term eclecticism refers to:

the integrated use of techniques from different psychotherapy approaches

attribution

the mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior

obedience

the performance of a behavior in a response to a direct command

Flat affect

the person responds in an emotionally "flat" way, showing a dramatic reduction in emotional responsiveness and facial expressions - speech is low and monotonous

Obsessive-compulsive disorder pg. 579

the presence of intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform (compulsions)

Transference

the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patients life, such as a parent, are unconsciously transferred on the psychoanalyst

Reflection

the realization of his or her unique potentials and talents

Many fund-raising organizations send free, personalized return address labels to people as part of their strategy to get people to donate money to their particular organization. This persuasion strategy is an example of ___________.

the rule of reciprocity

In Milgram's original experiment:

the subject assigned to the "teacher" role was given a sample electric shock at the 45-volt level

social loafing

the tendency to spend less effort on a task when it is a group effort

Cognitive emotion theory

the theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation

Client-centered pg. 623

the therapist is non directive and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session

Psychodynamic therapy techniques

the therapist uses interpretations to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transferences

discrimination

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex

Biomedical therapies

the use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders

Drive motivation theory

the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Incentive motivation theory

the view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards

Evolutionary motivation theory

the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

Cognitive therapy

therapy developed by Aaron T. Beck that focuses on changing the client's unrealistic and maladaptive beliefs

Cognitive dissonance occurs when:

two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent

Jack drank several cups of strong, black coffee when he stayed up late to study for a midterm exam. When Jack's roommate came home, he made a few joking remarks about the messy pile of papers on Jack's desk. Rather than laughing, Jack reacted angrily. This event would best illustrate the _____ theory of emotion.

two-factor

T/F Of the different categories of people portrayed on television shows, people with psychological disorders are the most stigmatized.

True

T/F When major depression recurs, the symptoms tend to increase in severity

True

Electroconvulsive Shock and drug

a biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of major depressive disorder that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure

_____ is a medication that is commonly used to help control the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

lithium

In the months following her graduation from college, Amber has grappled with feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and despair. In the last several weeks, these feelings have intensified, and Amber has withdrawn from all interaction with her friends and family. Based on this short description, it would appear that Amber is:

major depression

Researchers have found that deception is associated with nonverbal cues, such as fleeting facial expressions, vocal cues, and nervous body movements. Psychologist Paul Ekman called these brief facial gestures, which last about 1/25 of a second, _________________.

microexpressions

environmental motivation for hunger

motivated to eat by external cues, such as stress, smell, or just the fact that food is in front of you

Somatization

(also Briquet's syndrome) is a mental disorder characterized by recurring, multiple, and current, clinically significant complaints about somatic symptoms

What did William James believe was the sequence emotions followed in?

1. we perceive a stimulus 2. physiological and behavioral changes occur 3. we experience a particular emotion

excitement phase

Blood flow to the sex organs increases, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises. The male has an erection.

orgasm phase

Breathing becomes extremely rapid and pelvic muscles begin a series of rhythmic contractions. During this phase, men ejaculate.

Who founded client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Who wrote the best-selling book titled The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals ?

Charles Darwin

______ is/are the most common _______ symptom that occurs in schizophrenia.

Delusions; positive

According to the _____ theory of emotion, your subjective emotional experience is the direct result of physical changes in your body.

James-Lange

Jeff strongly believes that endangered species should be protected. After conducting a job search he is offered a job with a company that intends to develop a parcel of land, destroying one of the few remaining habitats of an endangered species of earthworm. Which of the following circumstances would make it more likely that Jeff would behave in accordance with his attitude and REFUSE the job offer?

Jeff knows a great deal about the endangered earthworm species

resolution phase

Muscles relax and blood pressure drops.

Two-factor theory

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal. If my heart is racing and an alligator is chasing me, I might interpret that as fear. If my heart is racing and I am looking at the person I am in love with, I might interpret that as excitement. Even though the bodily response is the same, I might experience very different emotions depending on the type of situation I am in.

group processing

The procedures through which a group approaches, attacks, and solves a common problem.

What were the results of controlled research studies that compared Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) with a "sham" or placebo version of EMDR?

The sham EMDR therapy was just as effective as EMDR

James-Lange theory

The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes. If I see a big scary dog barking at me, my heart begins to race. Noticing my heart race, my brain figures out that I am experiencing fear.

The basic characteristics that are associated with motivated behavior are:

activation, persistence, and intensity

conformity/compliance

adjusting your opinions, judgements, or behaviors so that they match the opinions, judgements, or behaviors of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation

Basic emotions

all human in every culture experience the emotions fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness

According to Maslow's theory of motivation:

all people are motivated by an inborn tendency to strive for self-actualization

What is LEAST likely to be shared by a psychotherapy client who is a member of a collectivistic culture?

an emphasis on the client's individual goals, choices, and self-reliance

Phobias disorder pg. 575

an excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity

Anti-social personality disorder

blatantly disregards or violates the right of others; impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, and lacking in guilt or remorse

PsychoSurgery

brain surgery, such as lobotomy, used to treat mental disorder

You are thinking about entering psychotherapy. It is reasonable for you to expect that your therapist will:

challenge how you think and act

Felicia wishes to overcome her extreme shyness and tells her therapist that she would "die of embarrassment" if she ever had to make a speech in public. Felicia's therapist challenges her unrealistic belief by asking her if she has ever heard of a case in which a person has actually died from embarrassment. Felicia's therapist is practicing a form of:

cognitive therapy

According to Richard Lazarus, emotions are the direct result of the cognitive appraisal of the personal meaning of a particular experience or event. This theory is called the _____ theory of emotion.

cognitive-appraisal

To help Woody conquer his fear of driving, Dr. Furlong develops a treatment plan that includes shaping, positive reinforcement, systematic desensitization, and challenging Woody's irrational beliefs. Dr. Furlong is probably practicing which form of psychotherapy?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A person who feels driven to perform repetitive behaviors in a particular sequence or pattern is said to be experiencing a(n):

compulsion

Which of the following therapy techniques are based upon the early research of Mary Cover Jones?

counterconditioning and systematic desensitization

The "Robbers Cave Experiment" showed that an effective way to reduce prejudice and tension between members of different groups was to:

create a situation in which members of different groups cooperate to achieve a common goal

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, and disturbances in sensation, thinking and speech

DSM-IV-TR:

describes the symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for more than 200 different specific psychological disorders

Avolition

inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal-directed behaviors, such as dressing, bathing, or engaging in social activities

In collectivistic cultures, achievement motivation tends to reflect:

increasing the success or status of one's family or group

Personality disorder pg. 594

inflexible, defective patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, that are stable over time and this person does not seek help because they do not think anything is wrong with them

Group therapy

involves one or more therapists working with several people simultaneously

Compared to the spring months, during the winter months the number of suicides in the United States:

is at its lowest rate

Diffusion of responsibility:

plays a key role in explaining the bystander effect

In her therapy practice, Dr. Castellanos regularly uses the techniques of free association, dream interpretation, transference, resistance, and interpretation. Dr. Castellanos has been trained in:

psychoanalytic therapy

What general conclusion can be drawn about the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

psychotherapy is significantly more effective than no treatment

orientation

refers to the direction of an individual's sexual attraction

Relaxation

relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved

The Thematic Apperception Test:

used to measure achievement motivation

aggression

verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people

Alogia

verbal responses are limited to brief, empty comments

Cannon-Bard theory

when your heart is racing, it may mean you are angry, but it may also mean you are excited in a positive way. This means that our brain cannot just rely on our bodily responses to know which emotion we are experiencing

Which gender is twice as likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder? Why?

women because they experience a greater degree of chronic stress in daily life combined with a lesser sense of personal control. Women are also more prone to dwell on their problems

Generalized anxiety pg. 573

worrying about anything and everything