Psych unit 4 learning
Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance, _____ has occurred.
extinction
BF Skinner contribution and experiment
-behaviorism; he was controversial - Elaborated on Thorndike's law of effect -Skinner box/operant chamber with rats: bar and key, one for food and one for water as reinforcers, see how the rat reacts depending on if they are thirsty or hungry and what they want
What are 4 types of partial reinforcement? Explain
1. fixed ratio: reinforcement occurs after a set number of response 2. variable ratio: reinforcement occurs after a unpredictable number of responses 3. fixed interval: reinforcement occurs after a set amount of time 4. variable interval: Reinforcement occurs after a unpredictable amount of time
taste aversion
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular taste that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. John Garcia Adaptive sense
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) acronym
AESRGD All Elderly Sports Reporters Get Drunk Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination
operant conditioning
Associate a response (our behavior) and it's consequence
Why can pigeons easily be conditioned to peck to obtain food
Because it is a naturally adaptive behavior. They already naturally peck at things when eating or trying to obtain food
Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in self improvement. Self control
Build self control, you need to reinforce your own desired behaviors and extinguish the undesired ones
Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in parenting
Child's wining behavior being positively reinforced by the child getting what it wants by wining. Parents giving in behavior is negatively reinforced by them giving im to stop an annoyingly stimulus (wining)
Ivan Pavlov experimental work
Classical conditioning with a dog Attached a tube in the dogs cheek to collect saliva Putting food (US) in a dogs mouth made the dog salivate (UR) Associated the food (US) with a bell (NS) so the bell alone (CS) led to salivation (CR)
Discrimination classical vs operant conditioning
Classical: being able to identify between the the CS (bell) and similar ones (different tones) Operant: being able to distinguish between the behavior that is being reinforced (jumping up and down is awarded with food) compared to similar ones (jumping side to side not awarded)
if Pavlov only presented the food (US) after the bell (CS) but not the tone, tuning fork, or buzzer, the dog would learn to discriminate between the sounds and only drool (CR) to the bell. This is an example of d
Discrimination
A child is punished at home for swearing but swears outside of home. This is an example of how punishment at home teaches
Discrimination among situations
Skinner trains a pigeon to peck at a green circle, but not a red square. What is the green circle called? Why?
Discriminative stimulus because pecking at it was reinforced behavior
When food no longer follow the bell, what occurs
Extinctions, bell doesn't trigger salivation (CR) much more
If a normally dependable candy machine fails to deliver a chocolate bar twice in a row, we stop putting money into it. What is this an example of? How might this change?
Extinguishment Spontaneous recovery, we might go back a different day to try again
Mail arriving at 2 pm every day is an example do
Fixed interval schedules
One free coffee is given after every 10 purchased. This is an example of
Fixed ratio schedules
A bell (CS) causes salivation (CR). But, a different sound that's similar does too. The other sound closest to the bell makes the strongest response. This is an example of
Generalization
an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. This is an example of
Higher order or second order conditioning
The paycheck that comes at the end of the month is an example of the idea of
Immediacy and delayment of reinforcement and how it impacts behavior
How did Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion studies help disprove Gregory Kimble's early claim that "just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be conditioned . . . to any stimulus that the organism can perceive"?
In cases, not all activity can be conditioned. In some cases, such as taste aversion, only some things can be due to preparedness for animals to associate the food with sickness and avoid it for better survival in's tea dog the sight or sounds with it.
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth, Pavlov exp
How do cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning?
In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of the effects of cognitive processes (thoughts, perceptions, expectations)
A reinforcer...the likelihood that the behavior will increase
Increases
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Isaac: Could you take me to the mall? Dad: (Continues reading paper.) Isaac: Dad, I need to go to the mall. Dad: Uh, yeah, in a few minutes. Isaac: DAAAAD! The mall!! Dad: Show me some manners! Okay, where are my keys . . . Can you identify the behavior and the reinforcement for both Isaac and his Dad?
Isaac: his behavior of wining was reinforced because his father gives in and river him. His behavior was positively reinforced cause now, since rewarded after doing it, is going to likely do it more Dad: his behavior of driving was reinforced because his sons wining stopped. His behavior was negatively reinforced because his is likely to drive his son more because the annoying wining was taken away
Fears being classically conditioned was an idea by
John B Watson
Charles smokes because his anxiety decreases when he does? What is this an example of
Negative reinforcement
Fasten seatbelt to end loud beeping is an example of
Negative reinforcement
The shocking was stopped after the dog rolled over. This is an example of .... Why?
Negative reinforcement. The negative stimulus (shocking) was removed when the favorable response was achieved (roll over)
Are all reinforcers created equal? Why?
No Depends on the animal, conditions,a dN their wants and needs
A little boy saying please is an example of operant or respondent behaviors
Operant
John stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him when he does. What's the reinforcement? What's the punishment?
Positive Reinforcement=reward of playing time; john shoots good free throws Positive punishment= being benched; so John stops shooting bad free throws
A child swears and the parent hits the kid. The kid stops swearing. This is an example of How has the parent been reinforced
Positive punishment The parent's behavior of hitting the kid is negatively reinforced. More likely to hit kid because sit removes the cursing of their children
Petting a dog that comes when you call it's name is an example of
Positive reinforcement
Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles at school
Quizzing allows immediate feedback. Students receive reinforcement (good) grades for correct understanding
Giving a cat food after if performs the wanted action is an example of
Reinforcement
A women tensing for the thunder book is an example of respondent or operant behaviors
Respondent
Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles at work
Rewards are most likely to increase productivity if the desired performance is high well defined and achievable
Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in sports
Shaping. Reinforcing small success them gradually I'm reading the challenge. Getting better and better at a certain thing
.Your calculus teacher wants her students to be more diligent in completing their homework and, since you are taking AP® psychology, she has asked for your help. Give an example of how she could use each of the following to help her increase homework completion. Shaping Negative reinforcement Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
Shaping: each time they work on their homework, they are given candy. Eventually, when they finish majority of it,t hey are given candy. Then, only when them finish it they are given candy Negative reinforcement: the student's zeros on assignments are taken away every time they complete the assignment Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement: the students are given candy at the end of every month if they completed all the homework that month
In one conditioned taste-aversion study, coyotes and wolves were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with a sickening poison. Thereafter, they developed an aversion to sheep meat. Identify the US, CS, UR, CR
Sheep carcasses=CS Poison=US Sickness by the poison=UR Sickness by the sheep after association=CR
Robert Rescorla showed what
Show that an animal can learn the predictability of an event. The more predictable the association, the stronger the condition response. Its as if the animal learns an expectancy, an awareness of how likely it is that the unconditioned stimulus will occur
How does immediacy of the reinforcement impact behavior?
Some animals will need immediate (within 30 seconds for instance) reinforcement in order to tie the reinforcement to the behavior. Human animals respond to delayed reinforcement...even learn to delay gratification as a point of maturity.
Every time the bell rings, food comes and your mouth salivates, but for a time period, the food did not come so the bell no longer made you salivate. However, after sometime, the bell makes you salivate again. This is an example of a
Spontaneous recovery
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Checking our phone for a text from our friend is an example of
Variable interval schedules
Shea bought 100 tickets in the raffle for a free homecoming ticket and lost. Months later she also buys 100 tickets for the senior prom raffle, hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario?
Variable ratio schedule
Payoff on slot machine after a varying number of plays is an example of
Variable ratio schedules
Punishment tells you... . Reinforcement tells you...
What not to do What to do
extintion
When an US does not follow a CS, so the CR decreases
Preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Food is an example of ____; money is an example of ____.
a primary reinforcer; a secondary reinforcer
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Habituates
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. Reduced response as a result of repeated but not constant exposure
Superstitious behavior can be produced by
b. the accidental timing of rewards
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant Behavior (Skinner)
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
John B. Watson, contribution and experiment
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat classical conditioning
How do biological constraints affect operant conditioning?
biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
The purpose of reinforcement is to
cause a behavior to continue
John Garcia. What did he discover, what was his experiment
challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well Exposed a group of rats to a particular taste, sight, or sounds (NS) and later also to radiation or drugs (US) that led to nausea and vomiting (UR). Even if sickened hours after that flavor, they later avoided the flavor (CS). They had taste aversion but no conditioned aversions to sights or sounds.
Social cultural influences on learning
culturally learned preferences, motivation, affected by presence of others, modeling
Neal miller Contribution, ideas
demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure) Biofeedback
A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept of
discrimination
Biological influences on learning
genetic predispositions (preparedness), unconditioned responses, adaptive responses, neural mirroring
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning Bell in Pavlov's exp before association
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a UR. Food in pavlovs experiment that naturally causes salivation
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. The bell being associated with the US food to now trigger salivation alone
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) Salivation from the bell in Pavlov's exp
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Classical conditioning response
involuntary, automatic
Associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Psychological influences on learning
previous experiences, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination, expectations
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule Benefits Negatives
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
continuous reinforcement schedule What the benefits and negative for his approach
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs -fast learning -fast extinguishment because the expectations for the wanted response is expected more
Operant conditioning generalization
same response to similar stimuli as the one that is reinforced If I put money in this machine, I will get the candy in it just like the gumball machine I've been reinforced to put money into
Students in a school are accustomed to moving to the next class when music plays. After a period of time, the principal replaces the music with a bell to signal the end of class. If one day he plays the music by mistake and the students leave class, which of the following is being shown?
spontaneous recovery
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Biofeedback
the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function Neal miller
Operant conditioning response
voluntary, operates on environment
Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporarily put away one of Maya's toys every time she spits. Mom is going to continue this until Maya has stopped spitting. • Explain whether Mom's plan uses reinforcement or punishment. • Explain whether Mom's plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment.
~ the plan uses punishment because it is designed to reduce the frequency of spitting. ~ this is negative punishment because toys are being taken away from maya
