Psych Unit 9

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Normative social influence; informational social influence

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

Aggressive behavior comes from:

both biology and experience.

Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision-making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of:

equity

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

What explains the rise of fascism in the 1930's?

group polarization

Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to influence:

helping behavior

Stephanie's new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and is being sloppy. She assumes this is because she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. Stephanie is attributing her behavior to:

her heavy coursework.

Marcie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal before so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying:

informational social influence.

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates:

social facilitation.

This circulates in the bloodstream to influence the neural systems that control aggression.

testosterone

Lori decides to make a positive change in her life. Instead of going to work with a frown on her face, she will force herself to smile when she walks out the door. According to _____, by altering her behavior she stands a good chance of changing her attitude.

the attitudes-follow-behavior principle

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates:

the chameleon effect.

Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:

the chameleon effect.

Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events?

the energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience

During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

As Bella is driving to campus one day another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately she yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment best illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error.

While eating at the university cafe, students see a waiter's serving tray tilt and the food and beverages spill all over four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," they mumble to themselves as they resume eating. They have just committed an attributional bias called:

the fundamental attribution error.

In the Asch conformity experiments, researchers found that a person was more likely to conform to the group when:

the group was unanimous

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of:

the just-world phenomenon.

After the attacks on the United States in 2001, some Americans boycotted Arab-American stores and lashed out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is best explained in terms of:

the scapegoat theory.

Passionate love has been described as "adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder" because of the arousal caused by another person. The theory that best explains this is the:

two-factor theory

In which situation is one most likely to conform?

when everyone else in the group agrees

In which situation is one most likely to conform?

when one admires the group's status

The quote by Joseph Joubert, "Those who never retract their opinions love themselves more than they love truth" best explains:

why some people may not be susceptible to informational social influence.

_____are feelings that are based on beliefs; they predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

Why does social loafing occur?

Both of these are reasons.

Dr. Cheng studies social influence at a university in China. He is concerned because he is finding that rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher who does his research in the United States. Which of the following reasons might account for this difference?

Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that prizes collectivism, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts which opens the door to a reciprocal response is a central feature of:

GRIT

Juan's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which of the following reasons might be strengthening Juan's conformity to the group?

He admires the group's status and attractiveness.

John is not a great golfer; he has only been playing golf for two years. One day, John was playing alone and a foursome in front of him told him he could play through. All four of the others watched him tee off. According to social facilitation research, what type of performance would you expect from John?

He will not perform well because of increased arousal.

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

Based on the information presented in the text, what is the most likely outcome experienced by children who frequently play violent video games?

They are more likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

What might account for why, in college residence halls, students' attitudes become more similar to those living near them?

They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behavior.

Hugh bought a new calculator for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said, "I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:

cognitive dissonance reduction.

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as:

deindividuation

What might account for the increased level of violence by hooded Ku Klux Klan members against African Americans?

deindividuation

John Darley and Bibb Latane simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure and called for help. Those subjects who believed only they could hear the victim were:

more likely to help.

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:

normative social influence.

Javier has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates his teachers because of his actions. Rather than work to succeed, he tends to "dumb down" to act more like the students with whom he hangs out. He has at times answered questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like his friends. Javier's behavior is an example of:

normative social influence.

Makayla has heard that the teachers are considering switching her to the gifted class. Makayla decides to "dumb down" to act more like her friends. She begins answering questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like her friends. Her behavior is an example of:

normative social influence.

Alexandra wants to buy a new car before she goes off to college. She wants one that looks good and has a nice stereo system so that she can listen to her favorite music while driving to class. Which form of persuasion would probably be MORE convincing to her?

peripheral route persuasion

_____ is revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

self-disclosure

A comedian has a series of jokes that work very well when there is a full house. However, tonight his gig is in an uncrowded room. His jokes are not going over well. The audience is talking back to him. Some begin to boo and he eventually is booed off stage. Which of the following can best account for his unsuccessful night?

social facilitation