Psych1000 mid-semester test

1) asking biased questions. 2) present/present bias. 3) cherry-picking evidence. 4) availability heuristic.

1) Asking questions that you think you already know the answer to 2) name for our failure to consider appropriate com- parison groups (Bloodletting doctor only looking at lives saved not lives lost) 3) The tendency to look only at information that agrees with what we already believe (confirmation bias) 4) which states that things that pop up easily in our mind tend to guide our thinking

1) Third-variable criterion/Internal validity 2) External validity 3) Temporal precedence 4) Covariance

1) an indication of a study's ability to eliminate alternative explanations for the association (Music enhances IQ, but the Internal validity could be that certain parents require high GPA & make them take music lessons) 2) The extent to which the results of a study generalize to some larger population 3) Idea that the thing that's being the cause comes before the effect, A to B 4) the extent to which two variables are observed to go together, first step to making a causal claim

Which of the following is an example of translational research? a. A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance b. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure c. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction d. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD STUDY THIS!!

Correct a. A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance Answers:

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? Answers: a. Design confounds b. Selection effects c. Practice effects d. Demand characteristics

Correct c. Practice effects

Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct. Answers: a. intuition b. authority's conclusions c. personal experience d. research

Correct d. research

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: Answers: a. asking biased questions. b. present/present bias. c. cherry-picking evidence. d. availability heuristic.

B

1) Design confounds 2) Selection effects 3) Practice effects 4) Demand characteristics

1) A threat to internal validity; it's a 2nd variable that interferes with the intended IV (better looking pasta to the big plate people) 2) When the kinds of participants in one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other (people who came early to Group 1 and late to Group 2) 3) in which a long sequence might lead participants to get better at the task, or to get tired or bored toward the end. 4) When participants guess what the study is supposed to be about and change their behavior in the expected direction (solution=double blind study)

Another word for discriminant validity is ______________ validity. a. divergent b. convergent c. multiple d. asymmetrical

A

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: a. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies. b. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs. c. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style. d. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important.

A

How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist? a. Three b. Five c. Two d. Four

A

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: Answers: a. the importance and accuracy of the story. b. the length and source of the story. c. the education and experience of the journalist. d. the education and experience of the scientist.

A

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT: Answers: a. IRBs must have at least five members. b. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. c. IRBs are mandated by federal law. d. IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities.

B

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. b. It prevents researchers from being sued. c. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science. d. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience.

B

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a. Motivated thinking b. Faulty intuition c. Bias blind spot d. Confirmation bias

C

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. b. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. c. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate. d. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.

C

A Type I error is known as which of the following? a. a missed opportunity b. a false negative c. a near miss d. a false positive

D

Frequency, Association, and Causal Claims

F: 4 in 10 teens admit to texting while driving 42% of Europeans never exercise (give you a frequency) A: Single people eat fewer vegetables Angry Twitter communities linked to heart deaths (one level is likely to be linked to another level) C: Music lessons enhance IQ Babysitting may prime brain for parenting (notes a relationship between two variables)

IV & dependent variable

IV: manipulated variable DV: measure variable

Matched-group design what it is & when it's important

Researchers measure people based on a variable that might matter to the DV and then put them in pairs. From the pairs they would randomly select who goes where. Important in small samples

Design confounds: Systematic versus unsystematic variability

Systematic: nonrandom variability (generous workers giving more pasta to big plated people) Unsystematic: random variability towards both groups (equal to both pasta groups)

Discriminant Validity

The pattern of correlations with measures of theoretically similar and dissimilar constructs (convergent & discriminant) C: people who score high on depression test have worse depression

Theory & hypothesis

Theory: a set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another Hypothesis/prediction: is the specific outcome the researcher expects to observe in a study if the theory is accurate

Advantages of within-groups & between groups/independent ?

W: repeated measures design (eat choc with someone, test, eat chocolate alone, test) & concurrent measures design (shown all IV levels at the same time) Babies seeing two pictures at once ADVANTAGES: Participants in both groups will be equal & requires fewer participants B: posttest only & pre/post test (study improvement over time) (with pre/post you have to make sure the participants don't change their behavior after the pre test)

Internal reliability

a study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question.

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Interrater reliability

consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable.

Construct validity

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring (quality of the measures)

Test-retest reliability

the researcher gets consistent scores every time he or she uses the measure.

Known groups paradigm

whether scores on the measure can dis- criminate among two or more groups whose behavior is already confirmed (used for criterion validity) (e.g. spit in people about to public speak who should be nervous versus people who aren't about to public speak) (A way to gather evidence for criterion validity)

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Internal reliability b. Interrater reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

A

Research studies are superior to personal experience because: a. they include at least one comparison group. b. an authority is involved. c. they avoid constants. d. they use confederates.

A

Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims? Selected Answer: a. Does the study establish temporal precedence? b. Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference? c. To what populations can we generalize this claim? d. How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?

A (study)

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Discriminant validity b. Criterion validity c. Face validity d. Content validity

B

Basic, Applied and translational research

Basic: the goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge Applied: Done with a practical problem in mind (Will this study program better our school's test scores?) TR: the use of lessons from basic research to develop and test applications to treatments

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article? a. Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract b. Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References c. Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion d. Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

D

Confounds

alternative explanations. Research systematically compares multiple conditions

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, estrogen levels in participants were the ____________. Answers: a. data b. theory c. hypothesis d. research question

a. data

1) Face validity 2) Content validity 3) Criterion validity 4) Convergent validity

1) It looks like what you want to measure (subjective ways to measure Construct Validity) 2) The measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain (subject measure) 3) Evaluates whether the measure you're considering is associated with the behavioral outcome it should be with.STRONG evidence for construct validity! Does the test you're giving out actually measure sales performance? 4) If the different operationalizations all have the same pattern of results you can be reasonably assured of convergent validity (empirical)

1) Counterbalancing effects 2) Selection effects 3) Order effects 4) Demand characteristics

1) Researchers present the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences. 2) When the kinds of participants in one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other, also happens when participants choose what group to be in. 3) Exposure to one level of the IV affected influences responses to the next level (rating chocolate better the first time bc it always tastes best at first) 4) When participants guess what the study is supposed to be about and change their behavior in the expected direction (solution=double blind study)

1) An interval scale of measurement 2) A self-report measurement 3) A categorical measurement 4) An ordinal scale of measurement

1) numerals represent equal distances, but no true zero (IQ score, shoe size) 2) operationalizes a variable by recording people's answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview. 3) Levels are categories (nationality, type of music) 4) numerals of a quantitative variable represent a ranked order (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

How does research overcome the problem of confounds? a. Research systematically compares multiple conditions. b. Research combines data across diverse individuals. c. Research focuses on one possible explanation for the results. d. Research uses intuition to detect potential confounds.

A

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? a. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data b. Using common sense to understand scientific data c. Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses d. Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them

A

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve subjective judgments. b. Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. c. Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. d. Both are very difficult to establish.

A

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish _________ validity. a. construct b. external c. statistical d. internal

A

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the blind spot bias, what would you ask him? a. Have you tested this conclusion systematically? b. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? c. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? d. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind?

A

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? a. The anonymity of the peer reviewers b. The possibility of rejection c. The number of peer reviewers d. The frequency of publication

A

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? a. whether participants won against a partner b. which board game participants chose to play c. an earnest attempt to finish quickly d. performance when playing a board game

A (study)

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? a. Research b. A hypothesis c. Data d. A theory

B

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? a. Number of groups participants were assigned to b. Participant's mood c. Number rolled on the die d. Feeling happy

B

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of justice b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of beneficence

B

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study? Answers: a. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. b. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study. c. He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. d. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study.

B

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? Selected Answer: a. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate b. A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants d. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

B

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Dr. Lonsbary's colleague, Dr. Chavis, recommended randomly assigning the participants to the three groups. His recommendation was designed to avoid which of the following? a. A carryover effect b. An order effect c. A selection effect d. A practice effect

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? Answers: a. the external validity of the study b. the internal validity of the study c. the construct validity of the study d. the statistical validity of the study

C

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? a. 6 b. 4 c. 8 d. 2

C

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? a. Intellectual property destruction b. Data falsification c. Data fabrication d. Plagiarism

C

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? Answers: a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

C

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? Answers: a. A behavior that is directly observable b. Physical measurements (e.g., length) c. An abstract concept d. A concrete construct

C (construct validity= how well they measured their variables)

Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of _________ effects. a. scientific b. between-person c. order d. causal

C (when how we're exposed to one condition changes how to react to another) (Chocolate example)

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? Answers: a. They are federal crimes. b. Data are easy to acquire. c. They impede scientific progress. d. They are impossible to discover.

C.

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? Answers: a. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person b. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past c. Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months d. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies

Correct a. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? Selected Answer: a. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity. b. Research the frequency of OCD in mice. c. Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error. d. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense.

Correct a. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, the article's headline is ________ because ________. Answers: a. justified; the findings are significant b. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism c. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist d. justified; the researchers manipulated sexism

Correct c. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? Answers: a. Participant's mood b. Feeling happy c. Number of groups participants were assigned to d. Number rolled on the die

Correct a. Participant's mood

Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs? Answers: a. These designs rely on fewer participants. b. These designs avoid order effects. c. These designs are always possible. d. These designs avoid demand characteristics.

Correct a. These designs rely on fewer participants.

Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? Selected Answer: Answers: a. When you have only a few people in your study b. When you have a complex dependent variable c. When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable d. When you do not have a control group STUDY THIS!!

Correct a. When you have only a few people in your study

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation? Answers: a. the third-variable criterion b. the criterion of external validity c. the criterion of temporal precedence d. the criterion of covariance

Correct a. the third-variable criterion

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? Answers: a. When they present all the evidence on a topic b. When they based their opinions on their intuition c. When they have a scientific degree d. When they have conducted scientific research on the topic

Correct b. When they based their opinions on their intuition

Translational research is best thought of as __________________ basic research and applied research. Answers: a. inferior to both b. a bridge between c. another word for d. superior to both

Correct b. a bridge between

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. Answers: a. a questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived b. perceived prejudiced attitudes c. age of participants d. self-reported race on a questionnaire

Correct b. perceived prejudiced attitudes

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? Answers: a. the length of the distractor task b. the number of words remembered c. the number of words on the list d. the emotional or neutral content of the words

Correct b. the number of words remembered

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: Answers: a. They require fewer participants. b. It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions. c. It is less time-consuming for the participants. d. Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent. STUDY THIS!!

Correct c. It is less time-consuming for the participants.

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? Answers: a. Results b. Introduction c. Method d. Discussion

Correct c. Method

Which of the following is true of variables? Answers: a. Variables are the same as constants. b. All variables can be manipulated. c. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. d. Variables only need conceptual definitions.

Correct c. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? Answers: a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for content validity c. To obtain evidence for criterion validity d. To obtain evidence for convergent validity

Correct c. To obtain evidence for criterion validity

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary? Answers: a. Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated. b. At least three groups must be used. c. The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology. d. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

Correct d. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? Answers: a. Counterbalancing effects b. Selection effects c. Order effects d. Demand characteristics STUDY THIS

Correct d. Demand characteristics

Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? Answers: a. PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. b. PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields. c. PsycINFO does not provide PDF versions of articles. d. PsycINFO is not free to use.

Correct d. PsycINFO is not free to use.

Which of the following indicates that an article's claims are based on research? Answers: a. The author describes her creative solution to a scientific problem. b. The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field. c. The article compares two groups of individuals. d. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable.

Correct d. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable.

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the _____. Answers: a. data b. research question c. theory d. hypothesis

Correct d. hypothesis

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? Answers: a. An interval scale of measurement b. A self-report measurement c. A categorical measurement d. An ordinal scale of measurement

D

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? a. Counterbalancing effects b. Order effects c. Selection effects d. Demand characteristics

D

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in ____________ than _____________. a. the effect size of their findings; construct validity b. external validity; validating their causal claims c. generalizing to all minority groups; statistical validity d. construct validity; generalizing to all minority groups

D