Psych101 Final

In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent thinking

T/F Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

False

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________.

120

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Both are ages of feeling in-between.

T/F Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

False

T/F Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.

False

T/F In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

False

T/F Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.

False

T/F Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

False

T/F Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.

False

T/F The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.

False

T/F The loss of memory in a person with dissociative amnesia can be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication.

False

T/F The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

False

T/F There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.

False

T/F When a client avoids talking about a difficult topic in therapy, such as an abusive relationship with a parent, saying, "I don't want to discuss it," this is known as transference.

False

T/F When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.

False

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.

Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

Introspection

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

T/F Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

True

T/F Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).

True

T/F Psychological disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning.

True

T/F Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.

True

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________.

all-or-none principle

Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.

are less ambitious and less impatient

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

aversive conditioning

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a __________.

health psychologist

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.

hippocampus

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

humanistic theorists

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

interference theory

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.

kinesthesis

The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.

lens

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with __________.

major depressive disorder

When Darren first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of _____.

negative adaptation

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

sleep apnea

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful.

A hypothesis is a

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?

They combat allergic reactions.

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

True

T/F A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.

True

T/F According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

True

T/F Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression.

True

T/F Anxiety is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive.

True

T/F Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.

True

T/F Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development—that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.

True

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are most likely to do one of the following to cope with stress?

Music and exercise.

Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most likely be considered to exhibit __________.

a Type B behavior pattern

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

fixed-interval schedule

T/F Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.

False

T/F Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

False

T/F Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

False

T/F Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.

False

T/F The human ability to store information is limited.

False

T/F Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.

False

T/F In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions.

False

T/F Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.

False

T/F Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

T/F In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.

True

T/F People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

False

_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.

Weber's constant

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

False

T/F Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.

False

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.

John B. Watson

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Money

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Sense of smell declines.

The __________ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). In this stage, the muscles become fatigued:

exhaustion stage

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

In the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed _________ show striking impairment in motor activity.

catatonia

T/F By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.

True

Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex

T/f Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

False

According to Piaget, the __________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

preoperational stage

The _______ is the part of the nervous system that is involved with sensory and motor neurons which transmit messages about sights, sounds, smells, temperature, and body positions to the central nervous system.

somatic nervous system

_________ are more likely to commit suicide than _________.

College students; non-college students

T/F According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.

False

T/F Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.

False

T/F It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.

False

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

Forensic psychologists

T/F In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

True

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

Accommodation

How do pigments gain their colors?

By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.

T/F According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.

False

T/F According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

T/F Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

False

T/F At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

False

T/F In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

False

T/F John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

False

T/F Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

False

T/F The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.

False

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Humanism

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?

Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.

__________ is a disorder that follows an upsetting event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear and avoidance.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

__________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific phobias

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

T/F According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

True

T/F Although Hippocrates' theory of personality traits was speculative, many of his terms such as choleric, sanguine, melancholic are still used in descriptions of personality today.

True

T/F Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

True

T/F Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

True

T/F Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems.

True

T/F If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.

True

T/F Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

True

T/F Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others. Taylor termed this the "tend-and-befriend" response.

True

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

aggression

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits __________.

both positive and negative symptoms

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

bulimia nervosa

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.

counterconditioning

David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.

daily hassles

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, __________.

defenses are established

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, __________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

emotional concern

Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?

fulfilment

Some researchers consider the __________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

prefrontal cortex

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________.

self-actualization

__________ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

T/F A sample consists of multiple populations.

False

T/F A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

False

T/F According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

T/F In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

False

T/F The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

False

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology?

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

Which of the following is true of the immune system?

It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Love and belongingness

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage.

T/F Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

True

T/F Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.

True

T/F Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

True

T/F When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

True

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

William James

Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the _________.

approach-avoidance conflict

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a) Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders. b) Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. c) School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children. d) Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

b) Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?

behavior therapy

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using __________.

client-centered therapy

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis? a) It was founded by B. F. Skinner. b) It believes that observable behavior can be changed only through reinforcement. c) It primarily breaks conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. d) It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

d) It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________.

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced-choice format

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.

irrational beliefs

People with mood disorders:

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.

Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?

rational emotive behavior therapy

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.

sex organs start to differentiate

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

sleep terrors

The __________ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

sympathetic nervous system

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

synaptic cleft

T/F Correlations allow us to determine causality.

False

T/F Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

T/F Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

T/F In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

True

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

dependent variable

A(n) __________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

memory trace

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

monozygotic twins

T/F Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

False.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

Sensory adaptation

T/F Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using Bottom-up processing.

True

T/F If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.

True

T/F In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

True

T/F Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

True

T/F Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.

True

T/F Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. This is termed rooting.

True

T/F Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

True

T/F Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

T/F With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

True

The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely refers to __________.

pitch.

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________.

prenatal development

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

T/F You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.

False

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? a) In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested. b) The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect. c) In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment being tested. d) The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

d. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.