PSYCH21A

A research method in which a single individual is examined in depth is called the A) case-study method. B) single-subject design. C) observational design. D) descriptive method.

A

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the psychosocial stage of A) identity versus identity confusion. B) industry versus inferiority. C) initiative versus guilt. D) intimacy versus isolation.

A

According to Freud, ________ is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. A) repression B) reaction formation C) denial D) regression

A

According to Jeffrey Arnett, emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these features? A) stability B) identity exploration C) self-focused D) feeling in-between

A

Allison, age 7, has begun to show signs of breast development and pubic hair. Allison could be diagnosed with A) precocious puberty. B) nothing; her early pubertal development is within normal range. C) fast-track puberty. D) a psychiatric illness that is affecting her body

A

DNA, the complex molecule that contains genetic information, is carried on A) chromosomes. B) mitosis segments. C) mitochondria. D) cilia.

A

Doreen has a tumor on her adrenal gland. Doreen is likely to experience problems with her A) growth. B) balance. C) vision. D) hearing.

A

Dr. Dutch studies adaptation and reproductive patterns to explain human behavior. Dr. Dutch is most likely A) an evolutionary psychologist. B) a cognitive psychologist. C) a forensic psychologist. D) a comparative psychologist.

A

Dr. Tremble sends out surveys to faculty at 57 randomly selected colleges to assess their perceptions of faculty harassment. This is an example of ________ research. A) descriptive B) correlational C) experimental D) observational

A

Harper, age 19 months, has just begun to assert her independence. Harper is probably in Erikson's psychosocial stage of A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) trust versus mistrust. C) identity versus identity confusion. D) industry versus inferiority.

A

Shane, age 19, died in a motor vehicle accident in which he was the driver. Of the following conditions, which is the LEAST likely to have caused Shane's accident? A) his inexperience as a driver B) tailgating C) driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs D) speeding

A

Starting school later for older adolescents has been shown to A) improve test scores. B) increase discipline problems. C) increase absenteeism, as adolescents tend to oversleep. D) decrease participation in extracurricular activities.

A

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence was postulated by A) G. Stanley Hall. B) Margaret Mead. C) Alfred Adler. D) Jean Rousseau.

A

The developmental period when people are interested in transmitting their values to the next generation is A) middle adulthood. B) early adulthood. C) late adulthood. D) emerging adulthood.

A

The transition from childhood to adolescence includes all of the following EXCEPT A) desire to spend more time with family. B) biological changes of puberty. C) more abstract ways of thinking. D) greater interest in romantic relationships.

A

The variable that is measured and that is expected to change as a result of experimental research is the A) dependent variable. B) experimental variable. C) independent variable. D) extraneous variable.

A

Wearing seat belts and eating nutritious foods are considered health-________ behaviors. A) enhancing B) neutral C) engaging D) neglecting

A

Which of the following best exemplifies an evocative genotype-environment correlation? A) Parents suggest music lessons for their musically talented children. B) Musical parents buy a piano for their children. C) A nervous adolescent displays anxiety at school. D) A high-school student bound for an agricultural college signs up for courses in plant biology.

A

Which of the following female characteristics is an EARLY sign of pubertal development? A) breast enlargement B) menarche C) axillary (armpit) hair D) slight lowering of the voice

A

Which of the following has research found to be positively related to promoting adolescents' health-enhancing behavior? A) regular participation in religious services B) treating adolescents with respect C) presence of extended family in an adolescent's life D) having at least one sibling

A

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to better health care for adolescents? A) health-care providers' commitment to confidentiality B) reluctance of health care providers to discuss sensitive health issues with their patients C) cost D) availability of health care services

A

Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world? A) migration to rural areas B) increase in mothers' employment C) greater family mobility D) smaller families

A

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages? A) moral B) genital C) oral D) phallic

A

Which of the following male pubertal characteristics develops LAST? A) growth of facial hair B) detectable voice changes C) increase in penis size D) appearance of straight pubic hair

A

Which of the following statements describing Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is NOT true? A) A behavior that is ignored will be repeated. B) Rewards and punishments shape behavior. C) A behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur. D) A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is likely to be repeated.

A

You meet a scientist who tells you that she studies the extent to which heredity and environment impact individual differences in human traits and development. This scientist works in the field of A) behavior genetics. B) gene therapy. C) behavior intervention. D) cognitive genetics.

A

________ are the main class of sex hormones in males; and ________ are the main class of female sex hormones. A) Androgens; estrogens B) Androgens; progesterones C) Estrogens; androgens D) Testosterones; estrogens

A

A person's genetic heritage is called his or her A) cognitive map. B) genotype. C) genome. D) phenotype.

B

According to Plato, reasoning first appears during A) middle childhood. B) adolescence. C) young adulthood. D) early childhood.

B

Alex has begun dating and he is interested in taking a course called "Career Exploration" that will help him decide on a future career. Alex is probably in which period? A) early adulthood B) late adolescence C) early adolescence D) late childhood

B

Anthropologist Margaret Mead concluded that the basic nature of adolescence is A) psychological. B) sociocultural. C) cognitive. D) biological.

B

At the peak of her weight gain in adolescence, Maud, age 12, gained 18 pounds in one year. Research on weight gain during adolescence would indicate that Maud's weight gain is A) significantly below average; she should have gained approximately 25 pounds. B) average. C) excessive; she should have gained no more than 10 pounds. D) a little less than normal; she should have gained 20-23 pounds.

B

Brendan is 6 feet tall and has red hair and green eyes. His cousin, Connor, is 5 feet, 6 inches tall, and has brown hair and brown eyes. Both boys are described as friendly and outgoing. These descriptions of genetic expression are known as their A) latent maps. B) phenotypes. C) pheromones. D) genotypes.

B

Edith, age 57, believes that she has done little to help nurture the next generation. According to Erikson, Edith has experienced ________ associated with the seventh stage of psychosocial development. A) role confusion B) stagnation C) inferiority D) selfishness

B

Jenn has just begun to think abstractly and develop images of ideal circumstances. According to Piaget, Jenn is in the ________ stage of cognitive development. A) post-formal operational B) formal operational C) sensorimotor D) concrete operational

B

Measuring the levels of hormones in an adolescent's blood stream is an example of which type of measure of adolescent development? A) concrete B) physiological C) psychological D) experience sampling

B

Plato thought that adolescents should study A) history. B) science. C) music. D) language.

B

The evolutionary process that favors the individuals of the species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is known as A) selective attention. B) natural selection. C) naturalism. D) Darwinism.

B

The term "adolescent generalization gap" refers to A) differences in social abilities between younger and older adolescents. B) generalizations based on information about a limited group of adolescents. C) differences in decision-making skills between adolescents and older adults. D) technological skill differences between adolescents and grade school children

B

Unprotected sexual intercourse is considered a health-________ behavior. A) neutral B) compromising C) decreasing D) detracting

B

Which ability did Aristotle argue is the most important aspect of adolescence? A) the ability to reason B) the ability to choose C) the ability to think critically D) the ability to debate

B

A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is A) it is time-consuming and expensive to conduct. B) the variable under investigation is assessed all at the same time. C) it gives no information about how individuals change over time. D) it is not very effective.

C

A key task of adolescence is A) mastery of language skills. B) refining sensorimotor coordination. C) preparation for adulthood. D) development of an understanding of one's culture.

C

A special concern is the amount of ________ in the diets of American adolescents. A) carbohydrates B) dairy C) fat D) proteins

C

Adoption studies seek to discover the role of ________ on behavior. A) brain development B) impulse control C) environment D) siblings.

C

All of the following are health benefits of exercise EXCEPT A) lower blood pressure. B) lower triglyceride levels. C) lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes. D) lower incidence of Type 2 diabetes.

C

All of the following is true of genes EXCEPT A) they direct cells to reproduce themselves. B) they have their own specific functions. C) they are located on segments of DNA. D) they direct cells to assemble proteins.

C

Behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr identified different ways in which heredity and environment correlate. Which of the following is NOT a pattern she described? A) niche-picking B) passive C) reactive D) evocative

C

Ben and Alex, ages 12 and 14, live with their biological parents, who are both violinists in the local orchestra. The boys are both very talented musicians in their middle-school band. This is an example of a A) active genotype-environment correlation. B) niche-picking genotype-environment correlation. C) passive genotype-environment correlation. D) evocative genotype-environment correlation.

C

Chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream are known as A) cytokines. B) endorphins. C) hormones. D) enkephalins.

C

Corey is participating in research. She is given an electronic pager, and a researcher "beeps" her several times a day to ask her what she is doing. The researcher is using which of the following methods? A) experimental design B) random sampling C) experience sampling D) correlational research

C

Daniel Offer and his colleagues discovered that most adolescents have A) an ambiguous self-image. B) negative attitudes towards their schools. C) a positive self-image. D) a negative self-image.

C

Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of experience describe development as A) a series of distinct stages. B) chaotic and unpredictable. C) a gradual, continuous process. D) None of these choices are correct.

C

G. Stanley Hall believed that development is controlled primarily by ________ factors. A) psychological B) cultural C) biological D) social

C

In the United States the most widely recognized marker for entry into adulthood is A) getting married. B) graduation from high school. C) holding a permanent, full-time job. D) graduation from college.

C

Meaghan weighed 3 pounds, 2 ounces at birth but gained weight rapidly. She weighed 21 pounds at the end of her first year of life. Research indicates that Meaghan will probably experience menarche A) approximately one year later than her normal birth weight peers. B) at the same time as her normal birthweight peers. C) five to ten months earlier than her normal birth weight peers. D) approximately two years earlier than her normal birth weight peers.

C

Melissa has agreed to participate in a 90-day study of food preferences among adolescents. After participating for two weeks, Melissa wants to withdraw from the study because it is taking too much of her time. According to the APA guidelines A) Melissa cannot withdraw once she has signed an informed consent form. B) Melissa has to give the researchers a two-week notice before she can withdraw. C) Melissa can withdraw at any time. D) Melissa can withdraw only if she has a valid reason, such as a health issue or family emergency.

C

Robert, age 14, is experiencing a rise in testosterone. Which of the following changes would Robert NOT expect to experience? A) voice changes B) development of external genitals C) increase in height D) decrease in sexual desire

C

Sally, age 15, is experiencing a rise in estradiol. Which of the following changes would Sally expect to experience? A) voice changes B) weight loss C) uterine development D) decrease in sexual desire

C

The first ejaculation of semen, which occurs in early to mid-gonadarche, is known as A) andropause. B) menarche. C) spermarche. D) spermatogenesis.

C

The first menstrual period, which occurs in mid to late gonadarche, is known as A) spermarche. B) dysphoria. C) menarche. D) dysmenorrhea.

C

The part of the brain involved in emotions is the A) prefrontal cortex. B) pons. C) amygdala. D) occipital lobe.

C

The part of the brain involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control is the A) amygdala. B) cerebellum. C) prefrontal cortex. D) temporal lobe.

C

Three doctoral students are using correlational research designs for their dissertation research. When all of the work is done, Marilyn's data yielded a correlation coefficient of -.45, Susan's data was at +.30 and Bryan's data a -.50. Which student's data shows the strongest correlation between variables? A) Susan B) Marilyn C) Bryan D) All students showed very similar results.

C

Twin studies have found that ________ twins are more alike than ________ twins. A) fraternal; identical B) paternal; maternal C) monozygotic; dizygotic D) dizygotic; monozygotic

C

When the temperature in a room drops too low, the thermostat senses it and the furnace turns on. Once the temperature rises to a predetermined level, the furnace turns off. This is analogous to the way sex hormone levels operate on a A) neutral feedback system. B) positive feedback system. C) negative feedback system. D) relaxation oscillator.

C

Which of the following early experiences has been linked to early pubertal onset? A) growing up in a nuclear family B) family stability C) child maltreatment D) high socioeconomic status

C

Which of the following statements about adolescents and sports is TRUE? A) Participation in sports has very little impact on self-confidence. B) Sports do not play a particularly important role in the lives of adolescents in the United States. C) Adolescents who spend time in sports are less likely to take drugs than their counterparts who are not involved in sports. D) Girls are more likely to play on a sports team than boys.

C

Which of the following statements regarding early-maturing boys is TRUE? A) In their thirties, early-maturing boys have a more positive identity than late-maturing boys. B) Early-maturing boys often display antisocial behavior during middle adulthood. C) Early-maturing boys have a more positive identity than late-maturing boys, especially during the early high school years. D) Early-maturing boys are more likely to drink alcohol when they were in middle adulthood.

C

________ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily change. A) Menopause B) Adrenarche C) Puberty D) Menarche

C

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomenon and to make predictions is called A) an operational definition. B) an independent variable. C) a hypothesis. D) a theory.

D

Bronfenbrenner developed ________, a perspective that has important implications for understanding adolescent development. A) socioeconomic theory B) existential theory C) environmental theory D) ecological theory

D

Caryn matured early as an adolescent; her friend Wendy was a late-maturing adolescent. Research shows that, as adults A) Wendy is more likely to have a higher body mass index than Caryn. B) Wendy is less likely than Caryn to have attained a higher education. C) Caryn is more likely to have attained a higher occupational level than Wendy. D) Caryn is more likely to have a higher body mass index than Wendy.

D

Cody is the star pitcher for his high-school baseball team. His father is a retired minor league baseball pitcher, and his mother played softball in college. The epigenetic view of development would say that Cody's pitching ability is the result of A) his genetically inherited ability to accurately throw a ball. B) hard work and practice; genes have little or nothing to do with his ability. C) luck. D) a combination of heredity and environment.

D

Craig sees his father help an elderly man who seems to have become confused and lost his way. Several days later, Craig notices a woman looking in the shrubs for her lost wallet. Craig tries to help her look for her wallet. Bandura would say that Craig's behavior was learned through A) teaching of moral values in Sunday School. B) being given a reward in the past for turning in a lost wallet to the police. C) being punished in the past for not offering to help an older person. D) observation of his father.

D

Dr. Jackson argues that human beings have basic growth tendencies genetically wired into them. Dr. Albright believes that humans are basically shaped by their environments. Dr. Jackson supports the ________ approach to development, while Dr. Albright advocates for the ________ approach. A) cognitive; biological B) nurture; nature C) continuity; discontinuity D) nature; nurture

D

For Piaget, the two processes that underlie cognitive construction of the world are A) denial and distortion. B) ordering and differentiating. C) internalizing and externalizing. D) organization and adaptation.

D

Lilly is a researcher who wants to know how often high-school students are using their cell phones to cheat on tests. Lilly pretends to be a visiting student. She sits in on classes and observes students as they take tests. Lilly's method of research is known as A) covert research. B) in vivo research. C) in situ research. D) naturalistic observation.

D

Millennials are more ________ than their counterparts of previous generations. A) open-minded B) diverse C) tolerant D) All of these choices are correct.

D

Ms. Bowen encourages her students, ages 12-15, to engage their curiosity in their learning. This teacher's ideas most closely resemble those of A) Aristotle. B) Hall. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Rousseau.

D

Research has shown that children living in poverty have elevated levels of A) growth hormones. B) anger. C) blood glucose. D) stress.

D

Research on sleep patterns in adolescence have found all of the following to be true EXCEPT A) in general, adolescents are not getting enough sleep. B) getting less than the needed amount of sleep can lead to poorer relationships with peers. C) older adolescents get less sleep than younger adolescents. D) optimal sleep in adolescents is approximately seven hours per night.

D

The ability to adapt positively and achieve successful outcomes despite significant risks and adverse consequences is A) self-efficacy. B) propriate striving. C) hardiness. D) resilience.

D

The fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents in the United States is A) Latinos. B) non-Latino Whites. C) African Americans. D) Asian Americans.

D

The settings in which development occurs are known as A) cohorts. B) arenas. C) compounds. D) context.

D

The three leading causes of death in the United States for adolescents and emerging adults are homicide, suicide, and A) leukemia. B) congenital heart disease. C) AIDS. D) accidents.

D

What did Aristotle see as the hallmark of maturity? A) empathy B) critical thinking C) self-efficacy D) self-determination

D

What do studies show about gender differences? A) In many countries, males have less freedom than females to engage in leisure activities. B) Gender differences are similar in all countries. C) In some parts of the world, control over adolescent girls' sexual relationships is increasing. D) Except in a few areas, males have greater access to educational opportunities than females.

D

Which of the following has not been proposed as a cause of adolescent's sleep debt? A) biological changes in the brain B) increased screen time C) use of caffeinated beverages D) social pressures

D

Which of the following is NOT a biological process? A) advances in motor skills B) weight gains C) development of the brain D) changes in personality

D

Which of the following is a drawback to conducting observational research in a laboratory? A) People behave more naturally when they are away from the stresses of the "real world." B) People must be paid for their time. C) People may be too relaxed in a laboratory setting. D) People who are willing to come to a laboratory might not be representative of the general population.

D

Which of the following statements about gender bias is TRUE? A) When gender differences are found, they sometimes are unduly magnified. B) Gender bias happens when conclusions are drawn about females from research conducted with only males. C) Gender bias is a preconceived idea about the abilities of females and males that prevents them from reaching their full potential. D) All of these choices are correct

D

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true? A) Stereotypes describe a typical member of a specific group. B) Stereotypes are generalizations about a broad category of people. C) Stereotypes are difficult to give up once assigned. D) There are very few stereotypes related to adolescents.

D

Which of the following statements regarding Laurence Steinberg's position on the state of adolescent well-being in today's generation is NOT TRUE? A) Almost one-third of today's teenage girls become pregnant by the age of 20. B) College graduation rates among U.S. college students falls below the college graduation rates among college students in other countries. C) The academic achievement in math and science among U.S. teens falls well below the academic achievement of teens in many other countries. D) Rates of first sexual intercourse prior to age 18 has risen dramatically over the past several years.

D

Which of the following statements regarding nutrition among adolescents is TRUE? A) Adolescents in the U.S. are decreasing their intake of fried foods. B) Eating disorders are decreasing slightly among U.S. adolescents. C) Adolescents are eating more whole grains than a decade ago. D) Adolescents in the U.S. are decreasing their intake of fruits and vegetables.

D