PSYCH3310 Exam#3
Simultagnosia is_____
A deficit in perceiving more than one object at a time
Mack and Rock (1998) asked participants to maintain fixation on a central point. They then saw a large cross somewhere in the parafoveal region. The participants' task was to determine if the horizontal or vertical lines of the cross were larger. The researchers found that _____
A majority of the participants did not report seeing an introduced diamond, even though it was presented in the fovea
_____ is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood and has symptoms such as difficulty focusing attention, as well as problems with controlling behavior
ADHD
_____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system
Achromatopsia
What is the difference between additive and subtractive mixing?
Additive mixing = lights of different colors Subtractive mixing = paints or other colored materials
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white through _____ color mixing and create green through _____ color mixing
Additive; Subtractive
An ____ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
Afterimage
A light of 485nm is presented to a person's visual system. Which of the following is the best description of what happens?
All three cone systems will respond at varying strengths. Color is perceived from the mix of those responses
What is the term for an inability to name objects or colors despite being able to see and recognize them?
Anomia
In the Posner cueing paradigm, participants attend to cue that indicate to which side a light will occur. However, the participant must maintain fixation at the central point. The goal of the study is to determine if _____
Attention can be covert, or directed to a location other than where the person is looking
The _____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimuli within 200 to 500ms before the second stimulus is presented
Attentional Blink
The tendency to respond more slowly or not at all to the second appearance of a target in an RSVP task when the second stimulus occurs within 500nms of the first stimuli is known as ______
Attentional Blink
What is the name of the neurological condition caused by damage to both the left and right posterior parietal lobes, which results in a limited ability to localize objects in space?
Balint's Syndrome
The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attribute to visual stimuli (e.g. color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g. blue horizontal, moving to the left)
Binding
Which of the following correctly lists the color-opponent pairs coded by the visual system?
Blue vs. yellow; red vs. green; black vs. white
If a video game labels friendly characters as green and enemy characters as red, who might have a hard time seeing the difference between friendly and enemy characters?
Both deutranopes (M-cones) and protonopes (L-cones)
Which of the following is a related color?
Brown
Peter is shown a photograph of a man standing in a garden holding an orange. He is then shown an identical photograph, except the man is holding an apple, not an orange. Peter does not detect a difference. This type of experiment demonstrates which phenomenon?
Change Blindness
An object appears red despite the fact that it is illuminated by a green light or a yellow light. This phenomenon is known as ____
Color Constancy
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as _____
Color Constancy
The distribution of wavelengths is sunlight change across the day. Evening light has more long-wavelength than light earlier in the day. This means _____
Color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light
Double-opponent cells are thought to be particularly useful for detecting _____
Color edges by enhancing color divisions at the edges of objects
According to the principle of univariance, which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to be truly color-blind?
Cone Monochromat
Neurons that respond best when they are excited by the input from one cone type in the center, but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround, are known as _____ cells
Cone-Opponent
A _____ search is a search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (e.g. a big yellow target among blue and small yellow distractors
Conjunction
In an experiment in color matching, an observer is shown two patches of light. One is called the test patch, and the other is called the comparison patch. The test patch is a single wavelength of an unchanging illumination or brightness. The comparison patch is composed of three primary colors, such as red, green, and blue used in television. The observer has control over the intensities of the three lights in the comparison patch. The observer should be able to _____
Control the comparison patch so that it looks identical to the test patch in color
Loss of color vision caused by damage to the occipital lobe is known as _____
Cortical Achromatopsia
_____ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment
Cultural Relativism
A ____ is an individual who suffers form color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones
Deuteranope
A _____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absences of M-cones
Deuteranope
In visual search studies, a _____ is any stimulus other than the target
Distractor
The process of attending to multiple sources of information is known as _____
Divided attention
What is the name of the neural system that focuses on attention as the inhibition of habitual responses and the top-down control of attention, found in the frontal lobe?
Executive Attention Network
In directing attention, an _____ cue is located out at the desired final location of attention
Exogenous
A metamer is a psychological color contrast between two patches of light that have identical sets of wavelengths but are perceived as different colors due to their surroundings. True or false?
False
In their experiment, Simons and Chabris (1999) asked participants to watch a video that shows three young college-age adults wearing white T-shirts passing a basketball, and three young college-age adults wearing black T-shirts, passing another ball. They found that participants could not accurately track the passes when a person in a gorilla suit interrupted the game.
False
Visual attention cannot be covert - attending is synonymous with the direction of gaze. True or false?
False
In Posner (1980) valid cues were found to result in _____ reaction times than neutral cues, but neutral cues were found to result in ____ times than invalid cues
Faster; Faster
What is the name of the theory stipulating that some features can be processed in parallel and quickly prior to using attentional resources, whereas other visual characteristics require us to use attention and are done serially and therefore less quickly
Feature Integration Theory
In the hue cancellation experiments described in the the textbook, if the starting color were too reddish you would add ____
Green
Suppose you have a red surface and want it to seem as red as possible. What sort of background should you put behind it, according to the color contrast effect?
Green
Which color is "illegal" for our visual system?
Greenish-red
After an accident that caused neurological damage, Nahia could not attend to stimuli on the left side of her visual world. This is an example of _____
Hemifield Neglect
White light, consisting of many wavelengths, is known as _____ , whereas light consisting of one wavelength is known as ____
Heterochromatic; Monochromatic
In this color circle, what dimension of color is represented by the perimeter of the circle?
Hue
What is the term for the light that shines onto a surface?
Illuminant
_____ refers to the failure to notice - or at least to report - a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended
Inattentional Blindness
This image is known as ____ and it serves to determine if a person is _____
Ishihara Plate; Color deficient
Which of the following is an argument from the textbook about the usefulness of color vision?
It helps animals find food and mates
Which photoreceptors are most active when looking at a beautiful sunset?
L-cones
Which photoreceptors are most active when looking at a green forest?
M-cones
Which of the following is not a unique hue?
Magenta
_____ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical
Metamers
Drew, Vo and Wolfe used expert radiologists as their test participants. The stimuli were CT scans taken to determine if patients had dangerous nodules on their lungs. What happened in the study?
More than 80% of the radiologist failed to detect the image of a gorilla in the CT scan
This figure depicts what happens when a patient with _____ tried to copy a drawing
Neglect
Double-opponent cells are _____
Neurons that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by its opposite, while in the surround, the pattern is reversed
If you stare at a bright incandescent light bulb for even a short time and then close your eyes, you will continue to see an afterimage of that light bulb for a relatively brief period. But you will notice that even though the lightbulb has a yellowish hue, your afterimage will appear somewhat blue. This phenomenon supports the _____ theory of color vision
Opponent-Process
What theory proposes that all colors on the color circle can be represented by the following pair of opposing mechanisms: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white?
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision
What is the name of the neural system, located primarily in the parietal lobe, that allows us to engage in visual search and direct our visual attention to different locations in visual space?
Orienting Attention Network
In a _____ research, multiple stimuli are processed at the same time
Parallel
In the Posner cueing paradigm, the participant maintains fixation at the central point. Cues indicate whether the target will appear on the left or the right. In most trials, the cue is valid; that is, the target appears on the indicated side. But in some trials, the cue is invalid; that is the target appears on the opposite side of the cue. The experimenters measure the reaction time to indicate that the target is present. The results show that ____
Participants are relatively faster when the cue is valid
Research suggest that you could reduce the magnitude of your attentional blink by _____
Playing action video games
_____ stage processing of a stimulus
Preattentive
Two conditions lead to a red-green deficiency. One is _____, or a lack of L-cones, while the other is _____
Protanopia; Deuteranopia
A unique blue is a blue that has no ____ or green tint
Red
Suppose you are shown a red circle for moment, and then shown two color choice and asked which of these colors you saw before. Which color pairing would present the most difficult choice?
Red vs. Maroon
Which of the following is a more saturated/less saturated pair of colors?
Red/pink
Patients with _____ damage have problems directing attention to objects and places on their let
Right Parietal Lobe
A _____ describes an individual with no cones of any type
Rod Monochromat
Which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to see the most color metamers when doing a color-matching experiment?
Rod Monochromatism
Which of the following is the least common of the cones that are found in the retinae?
S-cone
Which photoreceptors are most active while looking at a blue sky?
S-cones
On a train, Federico focuses on reading a novel while other people are talking and the conductor collects fares. This example shows _____
Selective Attention
The process of attention that allows us to focus on one source when many are present are is known as _____
Selective Attention
A _____ search proceeds from item to item, ending when the target is found
Serial Self-Terminating
Additive color mixing is used in which of the following technologies?
Simulating a full range of colors on a smart phone screen
Blue objects absorb most wavelengths but reflect light at about 450 nm. This phenomenon relates to _____
Spectral Reflectance
According to the _____ theory, attention moves from point to point
Spotlight of Attention
SOA refers to ____
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony
The _____ is the period of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony
Color mixing in which a new color is made by the removal of wavelengths from a light with a broad spectrum of wavelengths is known as ______
Subtractive Color Mixing
Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing.
Subtractive; Additive
Suppose a new ethnic group is discovered and their language only has four color words. Which color is least likely to be one of the color terms in that language?
Tan
A phenomenon whereby an intensely lit black object appears to be gray or white in a homogenously dark space is known as ______
The Gelb Effect
Suppose you are looking at an image of a face superimposed on a house. What would we expect to happen in terms of neural activity if you are attending to the house?
The PPA becomes more active
What primarily differentiates the three types of cone photoreceptors in the retina?
The wavelength of the light they are sensitive to
If a male patient with right parietal lobe damage were to shave their face, what might happen?
They might shave the right side of their face but not their left
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the_____
Time from the onset of a stimulus to the response
A _____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones
Trianope
A lack of S-cones is known as _____
Trianopia
According to _____ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by relationships among three numbers of a set
Trichromacy
Additive color mixing is the creation of a new color by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths. True or false?
True
Change blindness is the difficulty we experience in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are identical except for one or more changers in the image. True or false?
True
Cone-opponent cells are found in the LGN, but color-opponent cells are found in V1 of the cerebral cortex. True or false?
True
People with protanopia and deuteranopia are both considered red-green color deficient. True or False?
True
Spectral reflectance is the ratio of light reflected by an object at each wavelength. True or false?
True
The band of wavelengths from 400 to 700nm that people with normal vision can detect is known as the _____
Visible Spectrum
An object that reflects all light of all wavelengths from its surface will be perceived as _____
White
Suppose you are the lighting director for a theater production. The current spotlight on the stage is to blue and you want to make it whiter. What colored spotlight would you shine on the same area to cancel out the blue?
Yellow
Rapid serial visual presentation paradigm is a method of _____
studying the effects in which a series of stimuli appear rapidly in time at the same point in visual space
