psych.ch7

Jonah knows that, in order to read his book, he must start at the top of the page and read from left to right; however, he cannot recall when he learned this reading rule. This is most likely an example of ____ memory.

implicit

What technique is often used when memorizing dialogue in a play, multiplication tables, or foreign language vocabulary?

maintenance rehearsal

Studying information even after you think you already know it is called ____.

overlearning

Computers process information sequentially or serially. This is different than the complex human brain, which can process information simultaneously, or in a ____ manner.

parallel

What is responsible for decoding language?

phonological loop

According to the text, ____ requires a person to retrieve and reproduce information from memory.

recall

Providing further support for distinct memory systems, recent neuroimaging studies have found that different areas of the cerebral cortex are activated by doing which of the following?

recalling items in different serial positions

In Ebbinghaus's memory experiment in the late 1800s, the subjects' remembering the nonsense syllables toward the end of the list rather than the middle of the list is known as the ____ effect.

recency

The increased memory for the last bits of information presented in a string of information is known as the ____ effect.

recency

Why do most students prefer true-false and multiple-choice exams over essay and fill-in-the-blank exams?

recognition tasks are generally easier than recall tasks

In the two storage systems in short-term (working) memory, ____ encoding seems to dominate.

acoustic

You are sitting and listening to television when your mother asks you to do something. You don't answer right away, and she asks if you heard her. You are able now to look up and repeat what she said, even though you were distracted when she said it. This is possible because of ____ encoding.

acoustic

A ____ is a phrase in which the first letters of each word are used to remind you of something.

acrostic

The concept of working memory, as applied to short-term memory, assumes that short-term memory is more of a ____ rather than a ____ process.

active; passive

Cross-cultural research indicates that ____ plays an important role in the kind of schemas that develop and, thus, what we remember.

cultural utility

Encoding information in terms of its meaning involves ____ processing.

deep

____ memory refers to your auditory sensory memories.

echoic

____, which relies extensively on semantic encoding, provides a much deeper level of processing than does ____, which relies primarily on acoustic encoding.

elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal

Memory for factual information acquired at a specific time and place is known as ____ memory.

episodic

According to the text, schemas develop from our ____ and it is reasonable to assume that they are significantly shaped by culture.

experiences

What type of memory is associated with the conscious recollection of previous experiences?

explicit memory

______ occurs when a person unconsciously "pushes" unpleasant memories out of conscious awareness.

repression

Which of the following is not a fact about the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

research demonstrates that it does not occur among people belonging to Asian cultures

According to the text, a ____ is a stimulus that allows us to more easily recall information from long-term memory.

retrieval cue

Forgetting previously learned information due to interference from newly learned information is known as ____.

retroactive interference

When brain scans have been able to locate the neurological source of déjà vu experiences, they tend to originate in the ____ lobes.

temporal

Which component of working memory is responsible for coordinating the functions of the other components?

the central executive

Which of the following is the best explanation for the recency effect discovered by Ebbinghaus?

the last items presented in a string of information are stored within a memory system for a short amount of time

What is the most accurate definition of memory?

the mental process by which information is encoded and stored in the brain, and later retrieved

Which of the following is a theory that describes concepts in long-term memory organized in a complex network of associations?

the semantic network model

What happens to data that are not rapidly moved from sensory to short-term memory?

they are quickly replaced by incoming stimuli

What is a frustrating retrieval problem and a demonstration of how recognition is easier than recall?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Explicit memory is sometimes also known as ____ memory.

declarative

Up until the late 1950s, the perspective of memory as a single system was largely due to the influence of ____.

behaviorism

Research indicates that iconic memory lasts no more than four-tenths of a second; however, the ____ the visual image, the ____ it fades.

brighter; slower

A memory strategy, known as ____, can greatly increase the amount of information held in short-term memory.

chunking

In ____, a person honestly believes that some work she or he has done is a novel creation, when in reality, the work is not original.

cryptomnesia

Forgetting due to the lack of use of certain information combined with the passage of time is known as ____.

decay

The ____ appears to be most important in the encoding of new memories and the transfer of them from short-term to long-term memory.

hippocampus

A memory model concerning the sequential processing and use of information as well as involving encoding, storage, and retrieval is known as ____ processing.

information

What is the responsibility of the phonological loop of working memory?

it is responsible for temporarily storing auditory input and generating and decoding language

According to recent studies, when does the cognitive capacity for recalling information from long-term memory emerge?

late in the first year of life

What is a visual mnemonic technique that requires you to mentally place items to be memorized in specific locations well known to yourself, such as rooms in your house?

method of Ioci

Hope is studying a list of Spanish vowels. In order to remember their correct pronunciation, she associates the sound of the vowel in Spanish with an English word. For example, she associates the Spanish word pais with the English words pie ease in order to remember the correct pronunciation. What does this strategy illustrate?

mnemonics

What is the duration of long-term memory?

potentially permanent

According to the text's author, memory researchers argued that the ____ effect occurs because people have more time to think about the earlier items than the later items.

primacy

Your ability to remember the items that come at the beginning of a list of information is called the ____ effect.

primacy

"You never get a second chance to make a first impression." This aphorism is a nice summary of which of the following?

primacy effect

____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the remembering of more recently learned information.

proactive

Memory of how to perform skilled motor activities is known as ____ memory.

procedural

Remembering how to cook your favorite Bundt cake is an example of ____ memory.

procedural

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected neurons called ____, each of which is responsible for a specific type of memory task.

processing units

Studies indicate that ____ help us remember and organize details, speed up processing time, and fill in gaps in our knowledge.

schemas

Memory for general knowledge about the world that is not associated with a time and place when the information was learned is known as ____ memory.

semantic

A number of theorists have proposed that information is stored in a vast network of interrelated concepts. Which of the following is an example of one of these models?

semantic network

____ memory is the doorway to the entire system and functioning of memory.

sensory

George Miller discovered that short-term memory is limited to ____ plus or minus _____ items or chunks of information (plus or minus two).

seven; two

Craik and Lockhart's theory of elaborative rehearsal states that ____ processing typically involves encoding information in terms of its superficial perceptual qualities.

shallow

Encoding sights and sounds typically involves ____ processing.

shallow

Craik and Lockhart argue that there is only one memory system, which is based on which of the following?

shallow-to-deep-continuum view

A limited-capacity memory system where we actively "work" with information is known as ____ memory.

short-term

After information is processed through sensory memory, it is quickly transferred to your ____ memory.

short-term

Cross-cultural research indicates that George Miller's discovery of the seven-item limit to ____ memory is universal.

short-term

The primacy and recency effects discovered by Ebbinghaus provided evidence for two distinct memory systems known as ____ memory.

short-term and long-term

The concept of working memory is an extension and elaboration of short-term memory. Which of the following attributes are found in both explanations of this memory system?

small capacity and short duration

The tendency for retrieval from memory to be better when our state of mind at the time of retrieval matches our state at the time of initial encoding is known as ____ memory.

state-dependent

Information must be encoded and ____ before it can be retrieved from long-term memory.

stored

Kandel and Schwartz discovered that significant changes occurred in both the ____ and ____ of the sea slug's affected neurons.

structure; function

Alexander Luria discovered that Shereshevskii habitually and automatically used ____ to encode information into long-term memory.

visual imagery

According to results from Simons and Levin's 1998 study, where one confederate of the study was replaced within a conversation with a participant with another confederate, suggest that one reason we forget information soon after learning it is caused by which of the following?

we were not sufficiently attentive when the information was presented