Psychhology Final

Which of the following people will be helped by hypnosis?

Carlos, who wants to stop thinking about his foot pain

In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called a ________.

Case Study

If your ________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally.

Cerebellum

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle.

Circadian

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.

Classical Conditioning

Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called ________.

Consciousness

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________ on behavior.

Consequences

The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the ___________.

Corpus Callosum

Adrenal glands produce hormones called:

Corticoids.

The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship?

Frequency with which students ask questions.

Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate ________.

Operational Definition

Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.

Sandy Sue was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Sandy Sue reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Sandy Sue's drowsy feeling?

Placebo Effect

During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ________ compared to the electrical charge outside the neuron.

Positive

Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

Predicting Behavior

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

Primary

Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ________.

Psychiatrist

Janice is dreaming about walking her dog. However, in her dream, her dog is flying, the sidewalk is moving, and she has no awareness that this activity is odd. Janice is probably in ______ sleep.

REM

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.

Narcolepsy occurs when ________.

REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness

Which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one's surroundings and become alert to changes?

Reticular Formation

Lately, Wanda has been having trouble sleeping at night, and has also experienced a sharp decline in appetite and energy level. A decrease in which of the following neurotransmitters might be responsible for Wanda's sudden change in behavior?

Serotonin

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the ________.

Soma

Running, lifting a book, and sweeping a floor are all actions associated with the use of which nervous system?

Somatic

Just as Khalif approaches the podium to give his speech, he realizes that his heart is racing, his mouth is dry, his breathing is faster, and his mind is completely blank. The division of Khalif's nervous system that has just been activated is the _____.

Sympathetic Division

________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

The double-blind study.

The sociocultural perspective studies what?

The effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group.

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.

Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allows one group of psychology students to take a single 15-minute break while another group of psychology students takes three 5-minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example?

The students' memory of the material.

________ is known as the "father of psychology."

Wilhelm Wundt

After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?

Withdrawal

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

a fixed-ratio schedule

Reuptake is ________.

a process by which neurotransmitters are sucked back into the synaptic vesicles

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

altered state of consciousness

Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________.

amphetamines

As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's ________ has been activated.

amygdala

Which of the following parts of a neuron work most like a telephone wire that carries information away from a telephone?

axon

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

beta eventually replaced by alpha

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

biopsychological

Jaleel was driving home at 7 o'clock in the morning after working a hard eight-hour shift. Along the drive, he would occasionally find himself drifting off into the oncoming lane, becoming alert just in time to avoid a head-on collision. It appears that Jaleel may have been experiencing _______.

microsleeps

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.

negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of ________.

psychological addiction

A professional who holds a doctoral degree (but has not attended medical school) and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a(n) ________.

psychologist

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

Scientists report their results even if an experiment failed because:

researchers studying the same things will gain from what has already been learned.

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior. She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have ________.

sleep apnea

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

spontaneous recovery

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

stimulus generalization

Freud proposed that there is a(n) ________ mind into which we repress all of our threatening urges and desires.

unconscious

Sam enjoys seeing shooting stars. He hears on the news that tonight will be a good night to observe shooting stars. Sam's looking at the sky will be reinforced by seeing shooting stars that appear while he is looking at the sky. This is an example of __________________ reinforcement schedule.

variable interval

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ________.

waking a sleepwalker is always dangerous

Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets?

-.62 *LOOK UP CORRELATIONS

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

-.93

Dr. Eckler is looking for new ideas to examine and is interested in testing the notion that students who prepare for their exams by cramming will perform more poorly than students who study regularly throughout the semester. The notion being tested best depicts which of the following research concepts?

A Hypothesis

Which of the following statements is correct concerning hypnosis?

A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior.

_________ carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord.

Afferent Neurons

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

As we age, we tend to get less sleep.

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the ________ nervous system.

Autonomic

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

Delta

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________.

Endorphins

When a person is hurt, ________ are released.

Endorphins

_________ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas ________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.

Excitatory; inhibitory

Unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called ________.

Experimenter Effects

Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?

Extinction

Alcohol stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant.

GABA

The effect of alcohol is to enhance the effect of _________, which causes the general inhibition of the nervous system associated with getting drunk.

GABA

The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, "That's a cat. Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, "Cat!" This is an example of ________.

Generalization

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

Gestaltist

Endocrine glands differ from other glands in that they release ______ which flow directly into the bloodstream to affect target organs.

Hormones

A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the _________.

Independent Variable

________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

Melatonin

Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of:

Naturalistic Observation.

Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy and can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ______, which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.

Neuroplasticity

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________.

Objective Introspection

Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the ________.

Observer Effect

The visual centers of the brain area are contained in the:

Occipital Lobes.

Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her

What is the function of myelin?

To speed up the Neural Impulse

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

Try to nap as much as possible.

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.

conditioned taste-aversion

A police car is a ___________ for slowing down.

discriminative stimulus

Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ___________ for _______________.

discriminative stimulus; asking questions

Psychoactive drugs are ________.

drugs capable of influencing thinking, perception, and memory

If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.

functionalist

The restorative theory views sleep as ________.

helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events

The brain region MOST responsible for an individual's ability to form NEW long-term memories is the _________.

hippocampus

The "aha!" experience is known as ________.

insight learning

Research suggests that once people learn something:

it is always present somewhere in memory.

According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the ________.

latent content

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ______.

learned helplessness

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats:

learned to find the exit almost immediately.

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of ________.

observational learning

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.

operant conditioning

After a neurotransmitter travels across the ______, it fits into a place on the dendrite of another neuron called the _________.

synapse; receptor site

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?

the cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

When a neuron receives a stimulus that is very strong, the result is that:

the neuron fires in an all-or-none fashion.

Miley suffers from sleep deprivation because her body doesn't produce enough melatonin. Which gland is most likely responsible for Miley's sleep deprivation?

the pineal gland