Psychodynamic Terms

Psychoanalysis

sigmund Freud is widely considered to be the father of...............

Self-Esteem

Capacity to maintain a steady and reasonable level of positive self-regard in the face of distressing or frustrating external events.

Fixation

A group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which center around the desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex.

Messiness and disorganization

A person who is anally expulsive might exhibit what behavior according to Freud?

Industry vs. Inferiority

-6 to 11 years -Competence task mastery -Child comparing self worth to others (such as in a classroon environment). -Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. -Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Old Age

-65 and up -Reached the last chapter in one's life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. -Many people who have achieved what was important to them look back on their lives and feel accomplished and a sense of integrity. -Conversely, those who had a difficult time during middle adulthood mau look back and feel a sense of despair.

Dissociation

-A painful idea or memory is seperated from the feelings attached to it; thereby altering the idea or memor's emotional meaning & impact. -Core defense among incest survivors & among adults who were abused as children & those who were raped.

Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood

-Ages 20-24 -First stage of adult development -Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during the stage in their life. -By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, indiviudals are able to expereince love and intimacy. -Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.

Undoing

- Direct expression of wishes, impulses, & fantasies through overt behavior. -Immediate action makes it possible for individuals to avoid conscious recognition of distressing feelings they unconscioulsy are experiencing as intolerable. -Ex:. Addicts who drink or use because they cannot tolerate depressive feelings, self-multilating patients because they fee unsure they are actually alive.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

-11 to 20 years -Adolescent -Questioning of self, who am I? How do I fit in? -Where am I going in life? -Erikson beleives that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. -If the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion.

Autonomy vs. Shame

-18 months to 3 years -Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. -During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. -Virtue of this stage: "the unbroken determinant to excuse free choice as well as self-restraint".

Initiative vs. Guilt Play stage

-3 to 6 years -A period rich with imgaination and creativity, ushered in by locomotion and language. -Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him/herself? -If guilty about making his/her own choices, the child will not function well.

Generatvity vs. Stagnation Adulthood

-Ages 25-64 -Second stage of adulthood -People are normally settled in their life and know what is important to them. -A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure about if this is what they want to do for the rest of their working lives. -A person is enjoying raising their children and participating in activities that gives them a sense of purpose. -If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually regretful about the decisions and feel a sense of uselessness.

Projection

-Attributing unacceptable desires to others -Ex.: Chris often cheats on her boyfriend because she suspects he is already cheating on her.

Trust vs. Mistrust

-Birth to 18 months -Whether or not the baby developes basic trust or mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture.

Splitting Defense Mechanism

-Described as a major defense mechanism used when the infant has hostile feelings toward a loved object. -Described as a way of seeing the self and objects prior to seeing them whole. -Prevents object with both good and bad capacities.

Acting out

-Direct expression of wishes, impulses & fantasies through overt behavior. -Immediate action makes it possible for individuals to avoid conscious recognition of distressing feelings they unconsciously are experiencing as intolerable.

Ego Identity

-Enables each person to have a sense of individuality -The awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others'

Reality testing

-It is the single most important ego function because it is necessary for negotiating with the outside world -The ego's capacity to distinguish what is occuring in one's own mind from what is occuring in the ecternal world

Rationalization

-Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons. -Ex.; Kim failed her history course because she did not study or attend class, but she told her roomates that she failed because the professor didn't like her.

Humor

-Permits the overt expression of painful or socially unacceptable wishes & feelings without discomforting the individual who is being humorous or (in most instances) offending the listeners.

Sublimation

-Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels. -Ex.: Jerome's desire for revenge on the drunk driver who killed his son is channeled into a community support group for people who've lost loved ones to drunk driving.

Reaction Formation

-Reducing anxiety by adopting beleifs contrary to your own beliefs. -Ex.: Nadia is angry with her coworker Beth for always arriving late to work after a night of partying, but she is nice and agreeable to Beth and affirms the partying as "cool".

Denial

-Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasnt. -Ex.: Kaila refuses to admit she has an aclohol problem although she is unable to go to a single day without drinking excessively.

Regression

-Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. -Ex.: The birth of sibling in childhood; regressin is caused by jealousy of the new baby & by the older child's fantasy that he would be equally loved & fussed over if he were a baby. -Ex.: After failing to pass his doctoral examinations, Giorgio spends days in bed cuddling his faorite childhood toy.

Repression

-Suppressing painful memories anf thoughts. -Ex.: LaShea cannot remember her grandfather's fatal heart attack, although she was present.

Judgment

-The ability to act responsibly & achieve "reasonable" conclusions about what is and what is not "appropriate" behavior

Thought Process

-The ability to have logical, coherent, and abstract thoughts

Affect Regulation

-The ability to modulate feelings without being overwhelmed. -This function performs by preventing painful or unacceptable feelings.

Modulating and Controlling Impulses

-The capacity to hold sexual and aggressive wishes in check w/out acting on them until the ego has evaluated whether they meet the individual's own moral standards and are acceptable in terms of social norms.

Object Relations

-The capapcity to form and maintain coherent representations of other and the self. -This includes people with whom we react with in our external world while also being able to hold significant others who are remembered and represented within our minds.

Paranoid-Schizoid Position

-The first position which occurs in the neonatal period -Child is described as living in a land of shadows & pieces of noise & light of momenets that feel blissful & moments of overwhelming discomfort -Ex.: A very hungry baby who has to wait too long, gets pacnicky, then gulps down the milk so fast as they begin to choke

Ego Psychology

-The focus is on the ego's normal and pathological development -It's management impulses, and its adaptation to reality. -Encourages clinicians to think about the developmental process across the life cycle.

Displacement

-Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto moreacceptable or less threatening target. -Ex.: During lunch at a restaurant, Mark is angry at his older brother, but does not express it and instead is verbally abusive to the server.

Anal fixation

A child who has not successfully completed this behavior will become an adult who has an anally expulsive character. They will be characterized as disorganized, messy, reckless, careless, and defiant. if the child's tactics are overindulged then they can form an anally retentitive character as an adult.

Unconsciously

A defense mechanism is usually used (blank)

Oral Fixation

A fixation in the oral stage of development manifested by an obsession with stimulating the mouth.

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to conteporary psychologists, information processsing of which we are unaware.

Identification

According to Freud, the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

To mediate between impulsive drives and the moral conscience

According to Freud, what is the functionof the 'ego"?

Drives

According to the theories of Freud, the (blank) is the sex instinct, and articstic creation is an expression of the sex instinct that has been rechanneled.

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Anal stage

Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brngs about the child's fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus.

Places more emphasis on interpersonal relations

Compared with Freudian theory, object relations theory (blank)

Id

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Genital period

Described as the final stage of human psychoseexual development. According to Freud's theories, this stage begins at puberty and constitutes mature adult sexuality.

Oedipus/Electra complex

During the phallic stage, what may develop?

False

Erickson's 5th stage at which individuals expereince during adolescence. If adolescents explore roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life, then they achieve a positive identity; if not; then identity confusion reigns ---> Industry vs. Inferiority (true or false)

Trust vs. mistrust

Erikon's 1 st stage is experienced in the first year of lefe. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a life-long expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live.

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson's 2nd stage occurs during late infancy and toddlerhood. After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that thier behaviorsis their own. They start to assert sense of independence or autonomy. They realize thier will. If infantsoror toddlers are restrained too much or punished too harshly, they will develop a sense of shame and doubt.

False

Erikson's 3rd stage of devlopment occurs during the preschool years. As preschool children encounter a widening socialworld, they face newchallengeshat require active, purposeful responsible behavior. Feelings of guilt may arrise if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious---> Integrity vs. Despair (true or false)

Heinz Hartmann

Founded the Psychoanalytic Study of the Child w/ Kris and Anna Freud.

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Freud is well known for his development of what theory?

Oral Stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth. 0-1. Goal/achievement was trust and comfort. Consequences for these needs not being met would result to dependency and aggression.

Genital Stage

Freud's psychosexual development when adult sexuality is prominent. (13+/12-18)Interest in the welfare of others. Shoukd now be well balanced, warm, and caring.

Anal Stage

Freud's second stage of psychosexual developmet where the primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world. 1-3. Sense of accomplishment and independence. Needs not met results in anal-expulsive vs anal-retentive.

Embryological and developmental theories

Freud's theory about the developmental course of the drives united what two thoeries with neurological concepts of drives that seek discharge?

Epigenic

Freud's theory of infantile sexuality or psychosocial devleopment was what?

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

Pleasure Principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

Latency Stage

In Freud's psychosexual stages where you have dormant sexual feelings (puberty). Ages 6-12. Intellectual pursuits & social interactions. Social and communication skills and self-confidence.

Preconscious

In Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrievable to consciousness.

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes motives whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Id, Ego, Superego

In what order do the folowing areas of the psyche develop?

Hysteria

It desribes a state of mind, one of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses.

Erogenous zone

It is an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which may result in the production of erotic or sexual excitement.

Libido

It means sexual desire

The depressive positions

Klein beleived that feelings of anxiety about loosing a loved objectand a sense of guilt for desiring to destroy that object were of?

The mother's breast

Klein suggested the the infant's first model for interpersonalrelations was (blank)

Paranoid-Schizoid & Depressed positions

Klein's two basic psychological positions are?

Prevent unconscious fantasies reaching consciousness

Kliein's psychic defense mechanisms were

The death instinct

Like Freud, Klein believed that people are motivated by what?

Phallic stage

Psychosexual development that occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. The source of pleasure at this stage is the genitals.

Behaving often in the opposite way to one's impulses

Reaction formation, involves what type of behavior?

Phallic Stage

The third of Freud's psychosexual development in which genitals are the cource of pleasure and oedipus Complex begins. 3-6. Identity with same sex parent. Results in inferiority if needs are not met.

Mastery

Refelects the epigenic view that individuals achieve more advanced levels of ego organization by mastering successive developmental challenges.

Castration anxiety

Refers to the unconsious fear of penile loss in men, which originates during the phallic stage of sexual development and lasts a lifetime

Oral stage

Term used to desribe freud's theory of child development during the first 21 months of life, in which an infant's pleaure centers are in the mouth.

Electra complex

The "feminine Oedipus attitude" was posited by Freud as a theroetical conterpart tot he Oedipus complex.

1 year

The "oral stage" lasts from birth until approximately what age?

Reality Principle (our presentation of self thru our personality)

The attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id, superego while still considering the reality of the situation.

Psychosexual Stages

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Ego

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasaure rather than pain.

The object

The person or part of a person that satisfieshe aim of an instinct is called

Defense mechanism

To denfend itself against unacceptable impulses, the ego develops specific physical means, known as (blank). These include repression, the exclusion of impulses from conscious awareness; projection, the process of ascribing to one's own unacknowledged desires; and reaction formation, the estabishment of a pattern if behavor direnctly opposed to a strong unconcious need.

True

True or False? During the latency stage, conflicts tend to be reduced compared to the oral, anal, and phallic stages?

To represent innate, instinctive desires and impulses

What did Freud consider to be the role of the "id"?

Case studies

What form of evidence did Freud mainly use to support his theories?

It is retained in the unconscious

What happens to a memory when it is repressed?

Directing one's energy towards a more productive pursuit, such as a hobby or artistic creation.

What is sublimation?

To provide a conscience and awareness of others through feelings such as guilt

What is the role of the "superego"?

To protect the ego from anxious feelings, including guilt

What purpose does a defense mechanism serve?

Puberty

When does the genital stage begin?

Repression

Which defense forms the basis of many other mechanisms??

When a son adopts the mannerisms of his father

Which of the following is an example of the defense mechanism, "identificatin"?

Humor

Which of these might be considered a mature defense mechanism according to George Vaillant?

Sigmund Freud

Who first identified defense mechanisms as aw way of protecting against anxiety?

George Vaillant

Who proposed :identification with an aggressor" as a defense mechanism?

Carl Jung

Who proposed the idea of the Electra Complex, a complex observed in girls is comparible to the Oedipus complex?

Mother

Who would a boy experiencing an Oedipus complex pursue the affection of?