Psychology, 1-4

* Dr. Donaldson is a physician. His annual salary is approximately $215,000, which is very nearly average for a male physician. His colleague Dr. Yan is female; she earns the average salary for a female physician. Dr. Yan's salary is approximately:

$155,000.

* Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

* What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

* Erin is under stress: She has only a few minutes to make a connection at a large, busy airport—and the gate is in another terminal! Erin's _____ is/are probably releasing hormones.

adrenal glands

* In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

amygdala

* The _____ is to the limbic system as an alarm is to a building.

amygdala

* Critical thinking has allowed psychologists to support the notion that:

an electric shock delivered to the brain can relieve severe depression.

* Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The technique used in this study is:

an electroencephalograph (EEG).

* Ariel is NOT sexually attracted to either men or women. Ariel is:

asexual

* In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called _____. The process of adjusting ideas to make room for new information is called _____.

assimilation; accommodation

* Psychologist use the word _________to refer to an individual's close emotional bond with another person.

attachment

*Research designed to provide knowledge for its own sake is called _____ research.

basic

* Penny is recovering from a severe drug addiction. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of situations in her environment—"people, places, and things"—on the use of her drug of choice. Her program BEST reflects the _____ approach in psychology.

behaviorist

* Alison has developed an interest in how the brain controls the body's voluntary action. You suggest that she become a(n) _____ psychologist.

biological

* Shasta is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to both men and women. Shasta is _____.

bisexual

* Jerome is a man who is sexually and romantically attracted to both men and women. Jerome is:

bisexual.

* Selective attention is illustrated by:

both inattentional blindness and change blindness.

* Discounting an assertion because it is based on gut feelings, rather than evidence, means that one is engaging in _____ thinking.

critical

* Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

* The American Psychiatric Association dropped homosexuality from its list of disorders in the:

early 1970s.

* In extreme cases, split-brain operations are used to treat:

epilepsy

* Carole has stopped ovulating and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced:

menopause

* Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between our inheritance and our experience, which he also calls the ______issue when he lectures to his students.

nature and nurture

* Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:

pneumonia

* The level of commitment in a relationship before the relationship becomes sexual is _____ correlated with relationship satisfaction later on.

positively

* Alec is a male. His genetic sex is:

xy

* In the average ejaculation, _____ million or more sperm are released.

250

* How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

It led the field back to its early interest in mental processes and made them acceptable topics for scientific study.

* In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then, the participants are given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what we know about gender differences and aggression, what should the research expect?

Men will administer more painful electric shocks.

* _____ is to a girl's sexual development as _____ is to a boy's sexual development.

Menarche; spermarche

* Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now you need to wake him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleeptalking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was in what stage of sleep?

NREM-3

* Mrs. Norman smiles and laughs when her daughter plays with dolls. _____ theory emphasizes the importance of responses such as Mrs. Norman's to a child's gender role development.

Social learning

* _____ theory assumes that children acquire gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others and through the rewards and punishments they receive for their imitation.

Social learning

* Dr. Render is a neuropsychologist who works with postsurgical patients who have had surgery to sever their corpus callosums (to reduce severe seizures). When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. What does this patient say?

TED

* Dr. Wilson is a neuropsychologist who works with postsurgical patients who have had surgery to sever their corpus callosums (to reduce severe seizures). When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. The patient will say _____.

TED

*Why, after friends start dating, do we often feel that we knew they were meant to be together?

We often suffer from hindsight bias-after we've learned a situation's outcome, that outcome seems familiar and therefore obvious.

* The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is known as:

dual processing.

* Higher-level thinking is primarily the responsibility of the _____ lobes.

frontal

* Many people are guided by "gut feelings" or an "instinctive awareness"; that is, they are guided by:

intuition

Describe the three parts of the scientific attitude.

(1) curiosity about the world around us, (2) skepticism about unproven claims and ideas, and (3) humility about our own understanding. These three traits guide psychologists as they consider ideas and test them with scientific methods. Ideas that don't hold up will then be discarded.

* Sadie is experiencing a sexual dysfunction. She is not alone: just over _____ percent of women suffer from some type of sexual dysfunction.

40

* Which of the following statements provides evidence in favor of the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

Adult life does not seem to progress through the fixed, predictable series of steps that Erik Erikson envisioned.

* Psychology is the scientific study of:

Behavior and mental process

•The _____________ perspective emphasizes how we learn observable responses.

Behavioral

* ________ psychologists study the links between our physiology and our behavior.

Biological

* Which figure in psychology's history BEST reflects the positive psychology approach?

Carl Rogers

* Match the descriptions with the type of research to make sure you are ready to become a researcher. Drag the type of research to the term it is related to

Descriptive observational Prediction correlational Causation experimental

* Dr. Iverson states that she teaches a course at a community college that examines "how people grow and change from the cradle to the grave." The title of the course is MOST likely "_____ Psychology."

Developmental

* An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should they consider taking next semester?

Developmental Psychology

* Meena and several classmates are participating in a debate concerning continuity versus stages in development. Meena's task is to support stage theories. Which of the following points is Meena LEAST likely to make in the debate?

Most contemporary developmental psychologists are stage theorists.

*Scientific Method-

Observation, Question, Theory, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data, Conclusion

* Which statement concerning the study of the brain and the nervous system is MOST accurate?

The term "cognitive neuroscience" refers to the study of the connection between the brain and mental processes; whereas the term "biological psychology" refers to the study of the links between genetic, neural, and hormonal processes on the one hand, and psychological processes on the other.

* The mother's egg carries a(n) _____ chromosome, and the father's sperm carries a(n) _____ chromosome.

X; X or Y

* A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are the most likely to develop alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which group would the researcher choose?

a group of adult males

* Doris is a woman who calls herself a lesbian. Doris is:

a homosexual.

* Nakita is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to other women. Nakita is:

a homosexual.

* Dr. Joachim warned a pregnant patient that her recreational use of a particular drug might cause harm to her fetus. The drug would be classified as:

a teratogen.

* Mr. and Mrs. Guerra are concerned that their daughter may be suffering from an eating disorder. To help diagnose and understand her condition better, they would benefit from making an appointment with a ______ psychologist.

clinical

* Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for what the perpetrator looked like. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.

cognitive

* Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation.

* Psychologists refer to one's awareness of oneself and one's environment as:

consciousness

* Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of ___________.

conservation

* Ren is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____morality.

conventional

* A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by:

detecting where radioactive forms of glucose are located during a given task.

* Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the lifespan. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly.

developmental

* The man contributes _____ when a man and a woman conceive a child.

either an X or a Y chromosome

* After a particularly strenuous workout, Javon feels especially good. Javon's euphoria may reflect the release of the brain's natural painkiller, called:

endorphins

* Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of _____, the brain's natural painkiller.

endorphins

* Randall is a 25-year-old homosexual man who wonders why he is homosexual and his two brothers are not. A partial explanation might be that he was exposed prenatally to levels of the hormone __ ___ that are typically experienced by female fetuses.

estrogen

* According to Kohlberg, decisions at the postconventional level of moral reasoning are based on:

ethical principles.

* Dr. Endsley suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in Western cultures might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now these foods are easily available, and Westerners are eating too much of them. Dr. Endsley is MOST likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

evolutionary

* Dr. Wickstrom argues that, although gay men are less likely to reproduce than straight men, the genetic basis of male homosexuality persists because gay men enhance the survival of such kin as nieces and nephews by providing additional child care and financial resources. Dr. Wickstrom is MOST likely a(n) _____psychologist.

evolutionary

* Sasha's genital areas have become engorged with blood. Her vagina expands and secretes lubricant, as her breasts and nipples enlarge from her boyfriend's caresses. She is in the _____ phase of the sexual response cycle.

excitement

* Rosenzweig and his colleagues provided _____ evidence of the influence of the environment on brain development.

experimental

* Evolutionary psychologists believe that men in almost all cultures are attracted to women based on youthful physical characteristics that denote:

fertility and good health.

* A researcher is conducting a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the activity in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using _____ to examine the brain's activity.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

* Dr. Charles is using _____ when she conducts a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the brain's activity.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

* If a researcher is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain, which technique might one recommend?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

* In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating:

growth

*What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the lifespan

* Compared with European teens, American teens have _____ rates of STIs and teen pregnancies.

higher

* In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.

hindsight

* Carrie's boss tells her some disturbing news, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After she gets off the phone, Carrie has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Carrie is reacting to the continued effect of:

hormones

*In the 1990s, the U. S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This catchphrase BEST reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

humanistic

* The leader of a self-help group has asked Patty to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which approach would Patty MOST likely recommend for this group?

humanistic psychology

* According to one study, a section of the _____ has been found to be larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men.

hypothalamus

* Dr. Gomez has been asked by a large corporation to design interventions to improve collaboration among the members of project teams. He was MOST likely hired for this job because of his training in ______psychology.

industrial-organizational

* Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is MOST likely to display signs of:

insecure attachment.

* According to Erik Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of ______.

integrity

* The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications and intervene between inputs and outputs. These are the _ ____.

interneurons

With respect to adolescence, biology determines its:

its beginning, but not its end.

* John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which neuroimaging technique to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain?

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

* Susan has been prescribed medication to keep her awake and less likely to fall asleep behind the wheel of her car. She MOST likely suffers from:

narcolepsy

* The textbook asks whether some of the similarities between identical twins may be explained by shared experiences rather than by shared genes. The textbook's question BEST reflects developmental psychology's major issue of:

nature and nurture.

* Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

* Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobe was affected?

occipital

* At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own social behaviors (e.g., calling their parents, voting in an election). The students reported being 84 percent certain in their self-predictions. However, they correctly predicted their own behavior only 71 percent of the time. This result reflects a flaw in thinking called:

overconfidence

* Human strengths, optimal behavior, and happiness are elements of an approach called _____ psychology.

positive

* Mona remarks that she is interested in the effects of happiness on physical health and mental well-being. Mona's interest reflects the _____ psychology approach.

positive

* Manny has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The therapeutic approach used in his outpatient treatment facility aims to help Manny flourish, rather than merely to alleviate his symptoms. Manny's therapy reflects a psychological perspective called the _____ approach.

positive psychology

* According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people attain the _____ level of moral development when they develop an abstract level of reasoning wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own selves.

postconventional

* Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a _____ morality.

preconventional

* Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

* A brief writing assignment asks Norm to explain how hormones influence lives, using specific areas of behavior as examples. Which area of behavior is Norm LEAST likely to address in his assignment?

problem solving

* Olympia and Helena are discussing obesity. Olympia notes that 70 percent of adult Americans are obese. Helena engages in critical thinking by:

questioning Olympia's assumptions and asking to examine the evidence behind the 70 percent figure.

* Dr. Miller decided to conduct an exercise in his class in which two students each flipped a coin and record how many times they received heads or tails. One student had five heads in a row, while the other student's coin toss had no pattern. Dr. Miller explained that, while the five-head pattern is interesting, it is BEST explained by:

random events.

* Which description is matched with the correct parenting style?

responsive, demanding — authoritative

* The light-sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the ________.

retina

* A gender _____ is a set of expected behaviors for males or females.

role

* Your neighbors have three children, and both parents work. Without fail, whenever there is a sick child in the family, the mother will stay home to care for the child because she is expected to do so. The mother is fulfilling a set of expectations called gender:

role

* Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also talking on a cell phone. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

selective attention.

* Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates:

selective attention.

* Jane is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are:

serotonin and norepinephrine.

* Which influence on sexual motivation is matched with the CORRECT level of analysis in the biopsychosocial model?

sexual fantasies - psychological

* As compared with the philosophers of ancient Greece, today's psychologists ask _____ questions. As compared with the ancient philosophers, modern psychologists use _____ methods to find answers to their questions.

similar; different

* When 6-year-old Sara imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Sara's learning of gender-linked behaviors is BEST explained by _____ theory.

social learning

*A study of the marriage rituals practiced by members of different ethnic groups exemplifies the _____perspective.

social-cultural

*It led the field back to its early interest in mental processes and made them acceptable topics for scientific study.

social-cultural

* Baby June is now 8 months of age. Her mother has noticed that, lately, June has become extremely fearful of unfamiliar people. June is displaying _____ anxiety.

stranger

* Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.

stranger

* Izzy's pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her _____ nervous system is active.

sympathetic

* The _ ____ nervous system consumes energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy.

sympathetic

* Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotional excitability, called _____, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.

temperament

* Your neighbor is 5 months pregnant and still smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a(n) _____ for the fetus of a mother who smokes heavily.

teratogen

* A _____ is part of a(n) _____.

terminal branch; axon

* After a terrorist attack in Brussels, Sharon disagrees with others and believes that intelligence agencies could NOT have foreseen the event. Sharon is avoiding an error in thinking known as:

the hindsight bias.

* Estrogen is a female sex hormone. Based on the textbook's discussion of the endocrine system, which gland releases estrogen?

the ovaries

* Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

theory of mind.

* Betty's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland.

thyroid

* Clarissa's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _______ gland.

thyroid

* With respect to parenting style, negligent is to ______ as ______ is to unrestraining.

uninvolved; permissive