Psychology 101 chapter 16

cognitive therapy.

A critical attribute of the _________ developed by Aaron Beck focuses on the belief that changing people's thinking can change their functioning

resistance

A psychoanalyst would use this term to describe the tendency for some people to crack jokes when a conversation gets heavy.

10

Approximately _____ percent of New York City residents experienced a dysfunctional stress reaction to the events of September 11, 2001.

emphasize clients' personal interpretations

Cognitive therapists are MOST likely to:

behavior

Deena's therapist believes in using only empirically supported therapies for treating her dog phobia. She will probably use _____ therapy.

psychiatrist.

Lindsey is a physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders. She is an MD and can prescribe medication. Lindsey is MOST likely a:

acceptance, genuineness, empathy

Rogers encouraged therapists to exhibit

systemic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

dialectical behavior

A version of cognitive behavioral therapy called _____ therapy helps change harmful, even suicidal behavior patterns.

drugs do not address the source of the problem

Alberto struggles with anxiety. His friend, Miguel, encourages him to deal with the problem by taking a Xanax. What is a possible argument against this advice?

1950s

The introduction of therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs in the _____ helped to empty large mental hospitals as well as mark an era of improved treatments.

slightly more

The textbook discusses an experiment with 500 Massachusetts boys. Half were randomly assigned to a five-year treatment program. Thirty years later, when compared with the boys NOT assigned to the program, the boys who were assigned to the program were _____ likely to have committed new offenses.

exposure

The therapeutically effective component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may not be the eye movements but rather _____ therapy.

depakote

This medication was originally used to treat epilepsy and is also found effective in the control of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder.

rush to deinstitutionalize the mentally ill

Zara's mother was in a mental institution in the late 1950s when antipsychotic drugs were first introduced. Like many others, Zara blames the _____ for her mother's subsequent homelessness.

cognitive-behavioral

_____ therapy is a widely practiced integrative therapy which aims not only to alter the way people think, but also to alter the way they act.

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Psychotherapy

a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth

ecletic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

resistance.

patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

deep brain stimulation

For patients whose depression has resisted drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy, neuroscientist Helen Mayberg has developed a new treatment known as:

he will improve during this waiting period.

Zander has been struggling with personal issues and has decided to seek help at a mental health clinic. Unfortunately, he was put on a waiting list and told he would likely have to wait several weeks before he could meet with a therapist. According to Hans Eysenck's findings, what do you predict will happen to Zander?

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidpressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

client-centered therapy

in this nondirective therapy, the client leads the discussion

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

meta-analysis

A research team combines the results of nearly two dozen studies examining the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in treating self-injurious behavior among clients with borderline personality disorder. The research team is conducting a:

interpretation.

the therapist will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ______ of the mental blocks

insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

virtual reality exposure therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

clinical psychologist

Ashley has a master's degree. Based on this information alone, Ashley is NOT a:

psychiatric social worker.

Bonnie has just finished a two-year master's program and now is in postgraduate supervision that is preparing her to offer psychotherapy to people with everyday personal and family problems. Bonnie is MOST likely preparing to be a:

counselor

Christopher has a two-year master's degree and specializes in helping those with a history of substance use disorder. Christopher is MOST likely a:

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

system

Family therapists view the family as a:

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Cognitive

Glenn suffers from depression. He frequently thinks of situations as overwhelmingly bad with no hope of future improvement. Glenn would most benefit from _____ therapy.

paraphrase, invite clarification, reflect feelings

How can we improve communication in our own relationships by listening more actively?

Impaired executive functions

Howard Dully was a victim of lobotomy at the age of 12. He has written a memoir about his experiences. How would one expect that lobotomy would have affected him?

transference.

In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called

tardive dyskinesia

Mary Ann, a woman in her fifties, was diagnosed with schizophrenia and prescribed antipsychotic medication starting in her twenties. She has used this medication continuously since then. What serious side effect is she MOST at risk for?

depakote

Simon is a 28-year-old male who suffers from bipolar disorder. He does not like lithium because of the side effects. His doctor prescribes a medication that was originally used to treat epilepsy. This medication is _____.

sought therapy were more likely to improve

Since Eysenck's study, numerous studies have been conducted to look at the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Generally, these studies have shown that those who:

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

Stefan recently suffered a traumatic experience and is now seeing a therapist on a regular basis. His therapist waves her finger in front of Stefan's face while he imagines the traumatic scene. This type of therapy is known as:

an eclectic approach.

Stephanie meets with her therapist once a week in order to talk about her marriage as well as the relationship she has with her parents. Stephanie's therapist uses psychodynamic techniques to help her gain insight into her relationships, as well as behavioral and cognitive techniques to improve Stephanie's communication skills. The therapist's work exemplifies:

medical costs will be reduced.

The CEO of a large corporation is considering the benefits her firm will offer employees. If she offers employees psychotherapy for psychological problems, chances are good that:

clinical psychologist.

Yvonne works for a government agency where she treats those who have psychological disorders. In order to do this, she has a Psy.D. When she was younger, she also had a supervised internship and postdoctoral training. Yvonne is MOST likely a:

cognitive therapy - test beliefs

examine consequences, decatastrophize thinking

cognitive therapy - reveal beliefs

question your interpretations, rank thoughts and emotions

cognitive therapy - change beliefs

take appropriate responsibility, resist extremes

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

rTMS

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

resiliance

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

effort justification

we are prone to selective and biased recall and to making judgments that confirm our beliefs

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

the relationship between thoughts and feelings.

Shania sees a cognitive therapist for depression. Shania's therapist has explained to her that cognitive therapy is very effective for depression because it addresses:

behavior modification

behavior therapists reinforce behaviors they consider desirable, and they fail to reinforce - or sometimes punish, behaviors they consider undesirable

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences