Psychology 101 Columbia College
A hypothesis is a:
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.
Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.
withdrawal reflex
Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.
False
The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.
False
Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?
It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.
The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.
Lens
The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are most likely to do one of the following to cope with stress?
Music and exercise.
According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors.
True
Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development—that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.
True
It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.
True
Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is
120
__________ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
__________ refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.
Cognitive learning
_________ are more likely to commit suicide than _________.
College students; non-college students
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.
False
There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders.
False
Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.
False
__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
Which of the following is true of the immune system?
It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.
According to Lauren (2018) and Layton and Smith (2017) which of the following factors is not a reason as to why prejudiced people select their targets?
Lack of familiarity.
Which of the following is true of psychological needs?
Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?
Sensory adaptation
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.
True
Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.
True
If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.
True
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.
True
Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.
True
Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters
True
Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most likely be considered to exhibit __________.
a Type B behavior pattern
Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.
are less ambitious and less impatient
The _________ of conversion disorders holds that people with conversion disorder are susceptible to being hypnotized.
biopsychosocial perspective
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
catastrophizing the extent of loss.
In the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed _________ show striking impairment in motor activity.
catatonia
Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?
fulfilment
Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.
live in the community
Cognitive theorists note that:
people represent their worlds mentally.
In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________.
the pressure to conform
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.
trust versus mistrust
Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?
Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.
In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.
True
In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.
spontaneous recovery
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep
True
According to Piaget, the __________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational stage
A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of
the foot-in-the-door technique
__________ form a fatty substance called myelin.
Glial cells
Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of __________ and accommodation.
assimilation
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
humanistic-existential
Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.
introspection
Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.
False
Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
Overeating.
Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.
__________ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.
Externals
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation.
False
Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.
False
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
False
Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.
False
Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.
False
Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.
False
Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.
False
The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score
False
The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.
False
The human ability to store information is limited.
False
The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.
False
When a client avoids talking about a difficult topic in therapy, such as an abusive relationship with a parent, saying, "I don't want to discuss it," this is known as transference.
False
When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.
False
With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.
False
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?
It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?
Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
True
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
True
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
True
Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference.
True
Debbie failed her first Chemistry exam. Because she was very stressed and tired, her mind jumped to the beliefs that she was a "terrible student" and "a failure"; she became certain she would fail the class and perhaps fail at school altogether. Debbie catastrophized failing her exam.
True
In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.
True
In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
True
In cultures that view the self as independent, people tend to make dispositional attributions.
True
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
True
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
True
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).
True
Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
True
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.
True
One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas
True
People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
True
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.
True
The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.
True
Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others. Taylor termed this the "tend-and-befriend" response.
True
alen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered the dependent variable.
True
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?
accommodation
Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the _________.
approach-avoidance conflict
Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.
bulimia nervosa
In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.
dependent variable
What type of attributional style claims that people who are kind are just "nice" people all around?
dispositional attributions
The __________ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). In this stage, the muscles become fatigued:
exhaustion stage
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.
infinite creativity
Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with __________.
major depressive disorder
People with mood disorders:
may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory.
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from __________
paranoid personality disorder
The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."
pituitary gland
Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?
preconventional
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
sleep terrors
Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.
vestibular
Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?
Sense of smell declines.
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
True
How do pigments gain their colors?
By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False
According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
False
In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
False
In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.
False
In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions.
False
Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.
False
Self-awareness is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory.
False
Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?
Forensic psychologists
__________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.
Individualists
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
Money
Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?
Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.
Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?
Noise
_________ is also termed as modeling.
Observational learning
From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?
Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior.
Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
The exhaustion stage.
Which of the following characteristics is an aspect of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?
The group's belief in its rightness.
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
True
Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.
True
Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.
True
Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.
True
Research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well-being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion.
True
Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
aggression
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the __________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor.
alarm reaction
In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?
aversive conditioning
During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?
behavior therapy
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits __________.
both positive and negative symptoms
The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.
bystander effect
Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using __________.
client-centered therapy
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.
commitment
Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.
counterconditioning
David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.
daily hassles
In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, __________.
defenses are established
Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________.
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood
In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
divergent thinking
Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.
extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.
extrinsic rewards
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.
hypothalamus
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _________.
learning goal
The __________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.
limbic system
Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?
rational emotive behavior therapy
The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.
self-serving bias
People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.
sleep apnea
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?
systematic desensitization
In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of __________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.
testosterone
High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____.
wakefulness
A sample consists of multiple populations.
False
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.
False
According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.
False
Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.
False
Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.
False
Altruism is a form of discrimination.
False
Asch's research was focused on studying obedience.
False
Correlations allow us to determine causality.
False
Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.
False
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
False
Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.
False
Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.
False
In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group
False
In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need.
False
Men tend to emphasize the following in a romantic partner: consideration, kindness, and thrift.
False
Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.
False
Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
False
Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
False
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
False
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?
They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.
True
All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
True
Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.
True
Strong attitudes are more likely to determine behavior than weak attitudes.
True
On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.
cognitive
According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who __________.
is not good-looking
__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.
Epinephrine
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.
False
John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.
False
You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.
False
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
True
When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.
True
A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
industrial psychologist
Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?
It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of cognitive psychologists?
People decide whether they will lash out or not on the basis of their interpretation of the other person's motives.
From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.
True
A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.
correlation coefficient
The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________.
prenatal development
If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.
True
_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.
John B. Watson
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.
True
When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _________.
an implicit social norm
