Psychology 101 Exam 2

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Which one of the following is an instinctual reflex at birth?

all of the above

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others

attachment

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

attitude

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

central route

_____ emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

cognitive

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills

gross

_____ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

groupthink

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?

informational

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

physical

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Who was Stanley Milgram?

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

When a newborn baby flings their arms and legs open wide and then draws them back to their bodies when a loud sound is made or it feels as if they are being moved too suddenly, this reflex is called:

startle

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response