PSYCHOLOGY 101 FINAL REVIEW TEST

What is true of people with a more reactive than average amygdala?

They report many unpleasant experiences and they react strongly to stress.

What is a lucid dream?

a case when a dreamer is aware of having the dream

operational definition

a definition that tells us how to measure something

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

analytic ability, the practical application in the outside world, creativity

Which of the following research questions is most directly related to the nature-nurture issue?

are behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in genes?

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, you satisfy your lower needs

before moving onto your higher needs

Of the following, which is NOT possibly correlated with job satisfaction?

being young

IQ tests were originally devised to help identify

children who belonged in special classes

Research indicates that the most common emotion in dreams of adults is

fear or apprehension

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?

general

People suffering from narcolepsy

get sleepy in the middle of the day

A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called?

intrinsic motivation

What do we call the process of looking within yourself to describe sensations and experiences?

introspection

An item on the Stanford-Binet IQ test designated as "age 8"

is answered correctly by 60-90% of 8 year olds

If a test has high content validity, then

its questions fairly represent the material the test is supposed to cover

The guiding assumption of scientific-management or theory x is that

jobs should be simple and foolproof

Freud referred to the hidden content of dreams, which he said were represented only symbolically as the

latent content

The forebrain is divided into the

left and right hemispheres

Which of the following characterizes someone in a coma?

low brain activity with no response to any stimulation

Homeostasis refers to

maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions

"Falsifiability" is a desirable characteristic for a scientific theory because a falsifiable theory

makes clear, testable predictions

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells is called the _________. The part that sends messages to other cells is the ___________.

mitochondrion......endoplasmic reticulum

One type of evidence supporting the James-Lange theory of emotions is that

molding someone's face into a smile or frown enhances the relevant motion

Compared to the electroencephalograph (EEG) , the positron-emission tomography (PET) provides

more precise information about where the brain is active

Descriptions of the frequencies at which particular scores in an IQ test occur are?

norms

How does a voluntary smile typically differ from a full, spontaneous Duchenne smile?

only Duchenne smiles include contractions of the muscles around the eyes

According to the James-Lange theory

our perceptions of our body changes contribute to the experiences of emotion

Although the binding problem is still not answered, the functions performed in the ___________ lobe appear to be an important part of the answer.

parietal

The __________ lobe is specialized to process info related to touch, pain, and temperature.

parietal

The main assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that

people have a number of unrelated forms of intelligence

One way of stating the over-justification effect is that

people who have done something because of extrinsic motivations no longer do them because of intrinsic motivations

The dendrites of a neuron

receive info from other neurons

The reliability of a psychological test is the same as its

repeatability

What does it mean to say that a particular test has a high predictive validity?

the score enables us to predict performance on some other task

People with which of the following disorders have trouble breathing while they are asleep?

sleep apnea

If a person goes without sleep for a prolonged period of time

sleepiness decreases at the end of a sleepless night, as morning arrives

In order to be diagnosed as mentally retarded, a person would have to score _______ standard deviations below the mean score on an IQ test

two

Which part of the autonomic nervous system, if any, prepares the body for "fight of flight"?

sympathetic nervous system

A neurotransmitter is released into a synapse by which part of a neuron?

terminal button

The synaptic cleft is a narrow gap found between?

terminal buttons and the postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following would NOT be falsifiable?

"Dreams are often disguised to hide their true meaning."

latent content (of dreams)

(of dreams) hidden content/meaning

manifest content (of dreams)

(of dreams) literal/actual content

What percentage of people would we expect to score more than two standard deviations about the mean on an IQ test?

2%

What effect does exercise have on stress?

Exercise reduces stress by working off excess energy and promoting relaxation

What did Alfred Adler discover?

Human sexual behavior varies more than most people realize

How does the guilty-knowledge test differ from the more usual lie-detector test?

In the guilty knowledge test, innocent people should be no more nervous about the crime-related questions than about other questions

What does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move?

Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep

During which stage of sleep are the major postural muscles most relaxed?

REM sleep

Which of the following was an attempt to devise an IQ test that makes minimal use of language and is more fair to people with various cultural and language backgrounds?

Raven's Progressive Matrices

Which of the following is an example of a question for "basic research"?

What are the principles of learning and memory?

In order to measure happiness, most researchers use

a measure of subjective well-being

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle. Why?

a rhythm generated within the person's own brain

Workers show the highest level of productivity when they set which type of goal?

a specific, challenging goal

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a structure at the base of the brain known to be involved in maintaining circadian rhythms

Suppose astronauts are on the way to another planet. The temp and lighting of the spacecraft remain constant always. When will they become sleepy?

about once every 24-25 hours

In response to prolonged stress, higher amounts of cortisol are released from the __________.

adrenal glands

Brain researchers would probably be most comfortable with which of the following statements?

brain activity and mental activity are the same thing

In which of these activities does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness?

brain death

Investigators distinguish among stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of sleep by observing

brain waves

Your sympathetic nervous system has just been activated. What are you likely to do?

breathe harder and perspire

People who alternate between excessive eating and self-starvation suffer from a condition known as

bulimia

Which part of the brain enables the left half of the brain to know what the right half is doing?

corpus callosum

A study of the relationship between two variables that the investigator does not control is known as a

correlational study

If a psychologist waited to determine whether Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is correct, as opposed to Spearman's theory of the "g" factor, what type of info would be collected?

correlations between people's performances on many unrelated types of intelligent abilities

During a period of prolonged stress

cortisol levels remain at a high level

Which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half of the body?

damage in the right hemisphere of the brain

Which of the following is NOT associated with a stress response?

decreased metabolism

The cues that tell a participant what is expected or what the experimenter hopes to find are known as

demand characteristics

Monozygotic twins

develop from a single fertilized egg and have identical genes

Someone with an IQ score of 130 is in the 98th percentile. This means he/she

did better than 98% of the people his/her age who took the test

When would insulin levels be highest, for an average person?

during the middle of the day, when people tend to be hungry

A biopsychologist tries to relate behavior to

electrical and chemical activities in the body

The results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer suggest suggest

emotion is an interpretation of a physiological condition based on info about the situation

Psychologists have proposed which of the following as an alternative to the idea of six basic emotions?

emotions vary along two or more dimensions, such as pleasure to misery

stages of sexual arousement

excitement, plateau,orgasm, resolution

The field of psychology today is

extremely diverse in the subjects it explores

William James advocated the _______________ approach to psychology

functionalism

A new personality test claims to measure how much two people love each other. How could you measure the reliability of it?

have couples take the test repeatedly and see whether they keep getting the same score

A person who has suffered damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex would probably experience impairment of

hearing

Which of the following is NOT associated with an increased probability of heart disease?

hostility

What do psychologists mean by "subjective well-being"?

how highly someone evaluates his/her whole life

Gestalt psychologists specialized in studying

how we perceive a complex pattern as a whole

Which of the following is true about the use of hypnosis for the control of pain?

hypnosis reduces the emotional aspect of pain

An area of the brain that is especially important in determining when to start and stop eating is the

hypothalamus

One of the most effective ways to cope with stress is to

increase your perceived ability to predict/control the situation

The term "sexual orientation" refers to

preference for male or female sexual partners

One advantage of the Wechsler intelligence test, such as the WAIS-III and WISC-IV, is that they

provide separate scores representing a number of separate abilities

Psychologists sometimes use the term "gifted" to describe someone who

scores more than two standard deviations about the mean on an IQ test

At the apex (top) of Maslow's hierarchy is the need for

self-actualization

The greatest difficulty with Freud's theory of dreams is that

the accuracy of the therapist's interpretations cannot be tested

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, three factors need to be considered when describing intelligence. Which is NOT one of the three factors?

the age of the individual

What determines whether the external genitals appear male or female?

the amount of testosterone and other androgens

Most (not all) researchers believe that observed variations in IQ scores are due to

the combined effects of both heredity and environmental factors

Most (though not all) researchers believe that observed variations in IQ scores are due to

the combined effects of both heredity and environmental factors

Some psychologists study positive psychology, which is the study of

the features that enrich life, such as hope, creativity, and responsibility

The proportion of cones is greatest in which part of the retina?

the fovea

People note the moment when they decide to flex their wrist, and they report it later. Researchers record the time of the movement, the time of the reported decision, and the time when activity began to increase in the premotor cortex of the person's brain. Which comes FIRST?

the increase in brain activity

People note the moment when they decide to flex their wrist, and they report it later. Researchers record the time of the movement, the time of the reported decision, and the time when the activity began to increase in the premotor cortex of the person's brain. Which comes first?

the increase in brain activity

A motivation is regarded as homeostatic if

the individual maintains some variable around a constant value

Why would it be unlikely for anyone to engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep?

the muscles are too relaxed

Clearly the amount of money an employee is paid is related to job satisfaction. In addition to the amount of pay, what other factor plays an important role in satisfaction?

the pay scale is perceived to be fair

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is least likely when

the person has been asleep less than an hour

Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the belief that differences among people in their IQ scores are related in part to differences in heredity?

there is a high correlation in IQ between identical twins who have been adopted by different parents and reared in different environments

New research on the influence of wealth on happiness has led researchers to conclude that

there is little or no relationship between wealth and subjective well-being

Titchener's research on the structure of the mind failed to gain popularity because

there was no convincing way to check the accuracy of his data

Psychology research differs from chemistry research in many ways. What is one way in which they are similar?

they both need careful measurement

Following damage to the prefrontal cortex, patients such as "Elliot" have experienced impairments of emotional feeling. How did that impairment affect their reasoning?

they had trouble making decisions and following plans

Since the invention of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests and intentionally made the test more difficult. Why?

to keep the mean score from rising above 100

Murphy, an executive at ACME, articulates a vision to his employees for what ACME can become, if only they can use their imagination and intellect to raise the company to a new level. Murphy could be described as which type of leader?

transformational

Which sensory system detects the position and acceleration of the head?

vestibular system

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for

vigorous activity

When does a psychologist who is administering the Stanford-Binet test end the test for an 8 year old?

when the child begins to consistently miss items

Psychologist Dina Moe asks each individual to take several tests of specialized intellectual abilities, such as arithmetic, mechanical ability, logical reasoning, and spatial reasoning. Then she measures the correlation between performance on one test and on another. What is she probably trying to determine?

whether or not Spearman's concept of a "g" factor is correct

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming is

your brain's effort to make sense of of spontaneous sensory activity

An investigator finds no consistent relationship between how much sleep students get at night and their GPA in school. According to that study, the correlation between sleep and grades is

zero