Psychology 103 Midterm

Step 4

Analysis: involves breaking what you read or hear into its component parts in order to determine how the ideas are ordered, related, or connected to other ideas. Analysis involves both form and content to improve your critical thinking skills.

Characteristics of a good critical thinker?

Analytical Skills, Effective communication, Research and inquiry skills, flexibility and tolerance for ambiguity, open-minded skepticism, creative problem solving, attention, mindfulness and curiosity, and collaborative learning.

Step 3:

Application: requires that you know what you have read heard or seen, that you comprehend it, and that you carry out some task to apply what you comprehend to an actual situation.

What does the acronym CRAAP stand for?

Apply the criteria listed in the CRAAP test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose)Pg.111

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the study of the computations that make it possible for machines to perceive, reason and act. British mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose argues that human consciousness is neither algorithmic nor based on classical mechanics as are conventional digital computers. Instead, consciousness is a result of quantum microcytoskeleton inside neurons. Cyborgs are humans who are partially computerized.

Step 2:

Comprehension: means understanding material read, heard or seen. in comprehending, you make the new knowledge you have acquired on your own by relating it to what you already know. Remember that comprehending something implies that you can go beyond merely parroting the material back, and instead apply your own significance to the material.

What plays a key role in shaping our communication style?

Culture plays a key role in shaping our communication style.

Types of communication:

Communication styles: assertive, aggressive, passive, passive- aggressive Assertive communicators: clearly and respectfully communicate their own needs and strive for mutually satisfactory solutions Aggressive communicators: attempt to get their own way by controlling other people through the use of manipulation and control tactics Passive communicators: avoid confrontation and are compliant, often putting their own needs after those of others Passive-aggressive communicators: avoid direct communication, using indirect and manipulative means to get their own way.

Diffusion of responsibility

The tendency, when in a large group, to regard a problem as belonging to someone else We are much more likely to come to someone's aid if we are alone than if we are in a crowd (bystander apathy) Diffusion of responsibility can also occur in group hazing at fraternities where no one come to the rescue of a pledge who is clearly in distress

4 steps of the experimental process

1. Forming a hypothesis Hypothesis: An educated guess about the possible relationship between two or more variables Variable: A factor or element that can change in observable and measurable ways. Operational Definition: A full description of exactly how variables are defined, how they will be manipulated, and how they will be measured. Before a researcher can begin, they must choose a topic to study. Once an area of interest has been chosen, the researchers must then conduct a thorough review of the existing literature on the subject 2. Designing a Study and Collecting Data 3. Analyzing the Data and Researching Conclusions 4. Sharing the Findings

what is the purpose of frequency tables?

1. Make a list down the page of possible value from lowest to highest 2. Go one by one through the scores, making a mark for each next to its value on your list 3. Make a table showing how many times each value on your list is used 4. Figure out the percentage of scores for each value

Memorization strategies?

1.Visualization inspection: the study the appearance of an object 2.Verbal elaboration: construct sentences about an object and material 3.Mental imagery: Form interactive mental images. Similar to a animated cartoon 4.Memory retrieval: association of object to a personal memory

positive effects of emotion:

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive accurately, appraise and express emotion; the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought. Empathy is the capacity to enter into and understand the emotions of others.

What is emotive language?

Emotive language is particularly dangerous when it is used to cover weak arguments and insufficient facts or when it masquerades as news in the media It is often found in debates about controversial political and moral issues Advertising slogans such as "Things go better with Coke" "Like a rock" are designed to manipulate people into buying a certain product rather than actually providing information.

Step 6:

Evaluation: (Low cognitive demand/Little reasoning required). Evaluation occurs once we have understood and analyzed what is said or written and the three reasons offered to support it.

Agnostic:

A person who believes that the existence of God is ultimately unknowable.

self fulfilling prophesy

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when our exaggerated or distorted expectation reinforce actions that actually bring about the expected event Expectations can have a profound influence on our behavior.

Difference between hearsay and anecdotal evidence?

Hearsay: Evidence that is heard by one person and then repeated to another Ex: Game of Telephone Anecdotal evidence: Evidence based on personal testimonies Both of these are determined to be unreliable due to inaccurate memory

What is language?

A system of communication that involves a set of arbitrary symbols, whether spoken, written, or nonverbal (Sign language).

Negative effects of emotions.

Although emotions can motivate us to make better decisions, critical thinking can be hindered by other emotions that are based on negative stereotypes and anxieties stemming from unresolved past experiences. We are notoriously vulnerable to emotional appeals such as those in advertising and political campaigns. THE combinations of feeling and reason gives us a double-pronged tool in critical thinking.

different types of Language?

Informative language: Language is either true or false. directive language: Language used to direct or influence actions. Expressive Language: Language that communicates feelings and attitudes. Emotive Language: Words that are used to elicit certain emotions. Ceremonial Language: language used in particular prescribed formal circumstances.

Atheism:

Is a person who does not believe in the existence of a personal God.

Step 1 of 6 step model sequence.

Knowledge- Low cognitive demand/Little reasoning required. The Basic level of acquisition of knowledge requires that you be able to identify what is being said: The topic, the issue, the thesis, and main points.

What two items are used to make decisions in critical thinking?

Logic and Opinions are primarily used to make decisions. Logic is a study of the methods and principles used to distinguish sound arguments from unsound arguments. opinion is a belief based solely on personal feelings rather than on reason, evidence, or facts.

know the difference between how men and women communicate?

Recent studies have found that men and women use different parts of their brain for language. Other believe that these sex differences are primarily or even solely a result of the way in which we are socialized

Critical rationalism

Religious beliefs should be rationally evaluated but conclusive proof of them is not possible.

Barriers to Critical Thinking

Resistance: Types: Avoidance, anger, cliches, denial, ignorance, conformity, struggle, and distractions. narrow-mindedness, types: absolutism, fear of challenge, egocentrism, ethnocentrism, anthropocentrism. rationalization and double-think cognitive and social dissonance stress as a barrier.

Abu Ghraib prison

Revelations of abuse perpetrated by American soldiers against Iraqi prisoners in this Baghdad prison inflamed anti-American sentiment in the Middle East and beyond, calling into question America's democratic ideals., A detention center near Baghdad, Iraq. Under Saddam Hussein the prison was the site f infamous torturing and execution of political dissidents. In 2004, during the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the prison became the the focal point of a prisoner-abuse and torture scandal after photographs surfaced of American soldiers mistreating, torturing and degrading Iraqi war prisoners and suspected terrorists.

Types of Rhetoric devices?

Rhetorical devices: the use of euphemisms, dysphemisms, hyperbole, and sarcasm to manipulate and persuade Euphemism: the replacement of a term that has a negative association by a neutral or positive term Language has the power to influence how we perceive the world Dysphemism: a word or phrase chosen to produce a negative effect Sarcasm: the use of ridicule, insults, taunting, and/or caustic irony Hyperbole: a rhetorical device that uses an exaggeration Lie: a deliberate attempt to mislead without the prior consent of the target

Step 5:

Synthesis: Involves the ability to put together the parts you analyzed with other information to create something original.

What is reason?

The process of supporting a claim or conclusion on the basis of evidence. reason is thought to be what separates humans from other animals.

Zimbardo experiment

Twenty-four male students out of seventy-five were selected to take on randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison situated in the basement of the Stanford psychology building. The participants adapted to their roles well beyond Zimbardo's expectations, as the guards enforced authoritarian measures and ultimately subjected some of the prisoners to psychological torture. Many of the prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse, and, at the request of the guards, readily harassed other prisoners who attempted to prevent it. The experiment even affected Zimbardo himself, who, in his role as the superintendent, permitted the abuse to continue. Two of the prisoners quit the experiment early, and the entire experiment was abruptly stopped after only six days.

milgram experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure. Subjects were asked to administer electric shock to an actor. Shocks increased in severity. Milgram wanted to see if subjects would deliver shocks even if it went against their morality

What is communication?

good communication skills are important for critical thinking and effective decision making. communication is the exchange of information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

What is critical thinking?

is a collection of skills we use everyday that are necessary for our full intellectual and personal development.

Rationalism:

is the belief that religion should be consistent with reason or empirical evidence.

Traditional western thinking (difference between men and women).

men are more closely linked to the realm of the mind and reason, whereas women are more closely linked to realm of the body and nature (associated with reproductive role)

what does normal distribution mean?

• 1. the frequencies start low, then increase to one or two high frequencies, and then decrease to a low frequency • The distribution is approximately symmetric, with frequencies preceding the maximum being roughly a mirror image of those that follow the maximum

meanings of mean, mode, median, range, and standard deviation?

• Mean: arithmetic average of a group of scores; sum of the scores divided by the number of scores • Mode: value with the greatest frequency in a distribution • Median: middle score when all the scores in a distribution are arranged from lowest to highest • Range: the difference between the maximum data value and minimum data value • Standard deviation :a measure of how much data values deviate away from the mean

difference between quantitative and qualitative

• Quantitative(numerical)data:datathatconsistof numbers representing counts or measurements • Qualitative(categorical) data: data that consist of names or labels that are not numbers representing counts or measurements

What statistic allows psychologist and people?

• Statistics allows psychologists and people to: -organize data -describe data -make inferences based upon data -engage statistics in daily life - Probability and chance

problems with statistics

• While statistics are extremely valuable, they are also notorious for being a means that people use to make false and misleading arguments Faulty Statistics • Ex: Saying "83% of high school students admit cheating on tests" just sounds more authoritative than "most high school students admit they cheat on tests." Bad sampling • Ex: Biased samples or faulty or unfair surveys Unfair poll questions • Ex: Questions are only directed to one answer or • Force people to answer the questions they want them to be Statistics that are true but misleading • Ex: Taste test - Only one person tested -100% Ranking Statistics • Ex: Saying statements as they are top 5th percent of their class