Psychology 104 Chapter 4

My Aunt Mabel has Alzheimer's disease. What neurotransmitter is likely in low supply in her brain? Glutamate Acetylcholine Dopamine GABA

Acetylcholine

Diamond's study of Albert Einstein's brain attempted to provide evidence that intelligence is determined by the number of glial cells in an individual's brain. What brain method did she use for her study? Cadavers Single-unit microelectrode PET scan Lesion studies

Cadavers

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? Dendrite, cell body, axon Axon, dendrite, cell body Dendrite, axon, cell body Axon, cell body, dendrite

Dendrite, cell body, axon

When a person has a stroke, a blood clot prevents oxygen from getting to a part of the brain and causes neurons to die. Which is the best method for scientists to learn more about this kind of damage to the brain? Cadaver studies PET scan Lesion studies EEG

Lesion studies

If a person is shot, and the bullet destroys the part of the brain called the _____________, which maintains basic life functions (heart rate, breathing), there is virtually no chance for surviving that injury. thalamus pons reticular formation medulla

Medulla

What is the term for the insulating material that covers some axons? Lipid geonodes Glucose Structured gaps Myelin

Myelin

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called? Gaps of Golgi Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Sir Roger Synapse Sherrington Gaps

Nodes of Ranvier

What are the two most important hormones that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system into action when we are feeling stressed? Estrogen and progesterone Norepinephrine and progesterone Melatonin and epinephrine Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which gland directly regulates the production of hormones in other endocrine glands? Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas

Pituitary gland

Laboratory scientists want to study the effects of a specific neuron in the brains of mice. What brain technique are they most likely to use? Functional MRI (fMRI) Single-unit microelectrode Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Positron emission tomography (PET) Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Single-unit microelectrode

Which part is not considered part of the brain stem? Thalamus Pons Reticular formation Medulla

Thalamus

Roberto, who is about to take the final exam for his psychology course, is totally stressed out because it is worth 50 percent of his grade. The endocrine system gland(s) that is (are) likely to be stimulated is (are) the ____________. pancreas nervous glands pineal gland adrenal glands

adrenal glands

The ____________ produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance and are located on top of the ____________. pancreas; heart adrenal glands; kidneys pineal gland; testes pituitary; brain

adrenal glands; kidneys

By stimulating the __________ part of the limbic system in lab animals, researchers found that the animal will display anger/rage instantly. amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus

amygdala

Dylan, 8-years old, has appeared to have had an epileptic seizure. He is rushed to the ER for treatment, and the admitting physician first orders some tests to be conducted on Dylan's brain to determine a diagnosis. Dylan will most likely receive a (an) __________. a functional MRI (fMRI) a single-unit microelectrode a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) a positron emission tomography (PET) an electroencephalograph (EEG)

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Terminal buttons are found at the ends of __________. dendrites glial cells cell bodies axons

axons

A difference between the fMRI and the TMS is that ____________________. the fMRI is dependent on a TMS providing pictures of brain structures causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the TMS but not by the fMRI causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the fMRI but not by the TMS the TMS is a noninvasive imaging technique, and the fMRI is an invasive imaging technique

causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the TMS but not by the fMRI

The two main divisions of the nervous system are ____________. autonomic and central nervous systems central and peripheral nervous systems sympathetic and autonomic nervous systems somatic and autonomic nervous systems

central and peripheral nervous systems

Jim's friends noticed that he was stumbling around, consistently losing his balance while walking. It's possible that his ___________ has been negatively affected or injured on some way. thalamus cerebellum reticular formation medulla

cerebellum

The human brain's more advanced structure, compared to most animal brains, is the __________________. large brain size to body size ratio cerebral cortex two hemispheres in the brain

cerebral cortex

The two separate hemispheres are connected by the ___________. limbic system hippocampus cerebellum corpus callosum

corpus callosum

The branchlike fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called __________. terminal buttons dendrites axons glial fibers

dendrites

Lateralization of brain function refers to the ___________ of the brain. specialized functions neuroplasticity difference between hemispheres neurogenesis

difference between hemispheres

Neurogenesis refers to the brain's ability to ______________. form brand new neurons fire action potentials faster repair damaged neurons prevent cell death of neurons

form brand new neurons

A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels is called _________________. functional MRI (fMRI) single-unit microelectrode transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalography (EEG)

functional MRI (fMRI)

A synapse is a __________. signal gap chemical joint

gap

The pituitary gland is the body's master gland, which is responsible for __________ and hormones that influence feelings of __________ and signal the sexual reproduction hormones. energy; euphoria dependency; stress growth; pain metabolism; sexual

growth; pain

The ______________ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. pituitary gland hypothalamus adrenal gland thyroid gland

hypothalamus

The most common type of neuron in the human body is the ___________. interneuron afferent neuron sensory neuron motor neuron

interneuron

The reason the area of the brain that includes the brain stem is called the "old brain" is that ____________________. it's most useful as we get older it's the oldest brain region it's the part we use the least

it's the oldest brain region

The function of the pancreas is to ____________. produce the growth hormone metabolize the body systems and regulate behavior keep the body supplied with energy sources such as sugar and insulin keep the body safe from invading viruses or bacteria

keep the body supplied with energy sources such as sugar and insulin

An axon is a ____________. branchlike fiber extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body neuron's cell body support cell in the nervous system

long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body

The pineal gland secretes ____________, a hormone that helps regulate the _____________. melatonin; wake/sleep cycle epinephrine; energy levels adrenaline; metabolism estrogen; reproduction cycle

melatonin; wake/sleep cycle

As Mona was searching for her phone in her purse, she accidentally dropped her keys on the floor. She quickly reached down, retrieved them, and put them back in her purse. This voluntary reaction involved _____________ signals that were communicated to her muscles via the ____________ nervous system. sensory; somatic motor; autonomic motor; somatic sensory; autonomic

motor; somatic

The ___________ cortex sends signals to move our muscles, whereas the ____________ cortex receives information about bodily sensations. motor; somatosensory visual; motor auditory; visual somatosensory; auditory

motor; somatosensory

The difference between a nerve and a neuron is that a ____________. neuron is made up of a bundle of interconnected nerves nerve only exists in the brain nerve is made up of a bundle of interconnected neurons neuron is made up of nerves on sensory and motor nerves

nerve is made up of a bundle of interconnected neurons

Julie fell during an accident at work and suffered damage that affected her ability to comprehend language. After a few months of therapy, her ability to understand language has improved. This most likely demonstrated ______________. neurogenesis localization of brain function neuroplasticity lateralization of brain function

neuroplasticity

Sally was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to her hippocampus, she has trouble with __________________________. older memories, but still retains newer memories newer memories, but still retains older memories both new and older memories

newer memories, but still retains older memories

The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe. occipital parietal frontal temporal

occipital

Contralateral control describes ____________________. one hemisphere's ability to receive sensations and control movement of the opposite side of the body the brain's ability to control our balance when we move the brain's ability to multitask

one hemisphere's ability to receive sensations and control movement of the opposite side of the body

When Carlos answered the door, he discovered it was the pizza delivery person; before long, he calmed down, and his blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing returned to their normal state. These physical reactions were most likely regulated by his ________________. parasympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system digestive system sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

The terms autonomic and somatic refer to the two main subdivisions of the ____________. central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system

While asleep, Jesse's heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion are functioning without any conscious effort on his part. This is because a subdivision of the ___________ nervous system called the ____________ regulates these involuntary functions. peripheral; somatic nervous system central; autonomic nervous system central; somatic nervous system peripheral; autonomic nervous system

peripheral; autonomic nervous system

Before entering 9th grade, Brooks had to have most of his clothes replaced because he had grown almost 3 inches since the previous year. The gland responsible for his growth is the ____________. pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland pineal gland

pituitary gland

Jack is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose and then lies in a scanner. He is given a task—to think about his favorite song—as the scanner records the movement and location of the glucose his brain. A computer analyzes the data and produces a color-coded image of his brain activity. Jack is receiving the imaging technique called ____________________. functional MRI (fMRI) single-unit microelectrode transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalograph (EEG)

positron emission tomography (PET)

An advantage of the PET scan is that it ___________, and a disadvantage is that it ___________. is a noninvasive imaging technique; does not provide images of brain activity provides good information of brain structure; does not provide information of brain functioning provides good images of brain activity; does not provide information of brain functioning provides good images of brain activity; is an invasive imaging technique

provides good images of brain activity; is an invasive imaging technique

An advantage of the EEG is that it ____________, and a disadvantage of the EEG is that it ___________. provides good information on electrical brain activity; does not provide clear pictures of brain structure provides clear pictures of brain structure; does not provide good information on brain function provides good information on brain structure and functions; is an invasive technique None of the above

provides good information on electrical brain activity; does not provide clear pictures of brain structure

Reflexes are _______________________. responses that originate in neurons in the brain voluntary responses that are processed in the spinal cord quick, involuntary responses that are not processed in the brain voluntary responses that are not processed in the brain

quick, involuntary responses that are not processed in the brain

Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________. sending; receiving reuptake; action potential receiving; sending electrical; chemical

receiving; sending

The electroencephalograph is a method of studying the brain that _____________. records electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons by using electrodes provides clear pictures of the structure of the brain is more invasive than the use of single-unit microelectrodes records videos of electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons

records electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons by using electrodes

The part of the brain stem called the _________ has been shown to be related to arousal in lab animals; when this part is stimulated, the animal is awake; when it's severed (cut), the animal goes into a coma. thalamus pons reticular formation medulla

reticular formation

Researchers discovered that the hypothalamus helps to regulate basic drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexuality. Another interesting aspect of the hypothalamus is that it ___________________. inhibits new memories from forming serves as a reward center helps us to recognize emotional expressions

serves as a reward center

The function of the ______ is to keep the cell alive. dendrite terminal button soma axon

soma

Christopher Reeve was accidentally thrown from his horse while riding. Unfortunately, he landed on his head and was paralyzed from the shoulders down. Although his mental abilities were intact, he was unable to move the lower part of his body, which was a result of permanent damage to his ______________. sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

somatic nervous system

The _________ cortex is part of the parietal lobe. auditory motor visual somatosensory

somatosensory

Cecilia accidentally touched her hot curling iron and immediately withdrew her hand before becoming consciously aware of the sensation or movement. She was able to do this because of a(n) _____________. spinal reflex autonomic arousal spinal cord peripheral interferon

spinal reflex

Brains of cadavers have provided helpful information about the _____________. brain activity blood flow in the neurons functions of the brain structures of the brain

structures of the brain

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are ________________. somatic and parasomatic parasympathetic and schismatic sympathetic and parasympathetic neuritic and sympathetic

sympathetic and parasympathetic

At home alone late one night, Carlos had just finished watching a very frightening movie when there was a knock on the door. His heart rate suddenly increased, his breathing accelerated, and he began to sweat. These physiological changes were most likely triggered by his __________________. parasympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system central nervous system sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

Melanie is suffering from severe depression, and medication has not seemed to help. Her physician suggests that she try a new, noninvasive brain technique to relieve her symptoms. This technique is called __________________. functional MRI (fMRI) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalograph (EEG)

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Which method used to study the human brain has not enabled psychologists to get a good picture of human brain functions? Lesion studies fMRI Cadaver studies PET scan

Cadaver studies

What neurotransmitter is important if there is an injury and pain relief is necessary? Endorphins GABA Dopamine Glutamate

Endorphins

Eisenberger and her colleagues conducted research to determine if a person's emotional pain originated in the same brain location as did physical pain. They tested their hypothesis by collecting brain activity data when participants played cyberball with others and then again when participants were excluded from playing cyberbal with othersl. What brain technique did the researchers use to collect the participants brain activity? Functional MRI (fMRI) Single-unit microelectrode Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Positron emission tomography (PET) Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Which neuroimaging technique can be used as a treatment for certain physical and psychological disorders? Functional MRI (fMRI) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Positron emission tomography (PET)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Which of the following best describes the process of neuroplasticity? When the brain is damaged due to plastic poisoning in food packaging When the brain develops hard, plasticlike plaques due to Alzheimer's disease When the brain is able to generate new neurons When parts of the brain compensate for damages to another part of the brain

When parts of the brain compensate for damages to another part of the brain