Psychology 6-15

Ch 6: Who proposed observational learning and created the Bobo doll studies? a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. Albert Bandura d. B.F. Skinner

c. Albert Bandura

Ch 9: The concept conservation refers to ________. a. a knowing that even if u change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added b. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas c. thinking logically about real (concrete) events

a. a knowing that even if u change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Ch 9: Who is the researcher most associated with the attachment theory? a. ainsworth b. piaget c. frued d. kohlberg

a. ainsworth

Ch 8: If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. prefrontoral cortex

a. amygdala

Ch 8: Encoding information occurs through ________. a. automatic processing and effortful processing b. automatic storing and effortful retrieving c. processing & storing d. storing & retrieving

a. automatic processing and effortful processing

Ch 9: As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. identity vis confusion c. trust vs mistrust d. industry vs inferiority

a. autonomy vs shame/doubt

Ch 6: In _____ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. a. classical b. operant c. response d. stimulus

a. classical

Ch 9: Jean piaget's theories of development exemplifies the: a. discontinuity approach to development b. continuity approach to development c. community approach to development d. none of the approach to development

a. discontinuity approach to development

Ch 8: I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. procedural memory d. sensory memory

a. explicit memory

Ch 8: What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. sensory memories d. short-term memory

a. explicit memory

Ch 9: Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. a. fine b. gross c. hand d. manipulative

a. fine

Chapter 6: Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

Ch 8: For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. a. flashbulb memory b. flashpoint c. hyperthymesia d. sensory memory

a. flashbulb memory

Chapter 6: In _______ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. a. higher order b. initial c. primary d. secondary

a. higher order

Ch 8: What is an episodic memory? a. information about events that we have personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language based knowledge & facts c .storage of facts and events we have personally experienced

a. information about events that we have personally experienced

Ch 6: Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. a. it is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear b. he didn't have the consent of little albert's mother

a. it is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Ch 8: When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a. recognition b. encoding c. storage d. the stroop effect

a. recognition

Ch 6: Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement using cognitive maps? a. B.F. Skinner b. Edward C. Tolman c. Ivan Pavlov d. John B. Watson

b. Edward C. Tolman

Ch 8: Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the information of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences from weak memories? a. engram hypotheis b. arousal theory c. equipotentiality hypothesis d. flashbulb theory

b. arousal theory

Ch 8: Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. prefrontoral cortex

b. cerebellum

Ch 9: ______ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity a. artistic b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial

b. cognitive

Ch 8: The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. a. coding, recoding b. construction, reconstruction c. equipotentially, amnesia d. information, misinformation

b. construction, reconstruction

Ch 9: The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a. biological imperative b. cumulative process c. series of accidents d. unique progress

b. cumulative process

Ch 9: Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. abraham maslow b. erik erikson c. jean piaget d. lawrence kohlberg

b. erik erikson

Chapter 6: Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? a. acquisition b. extinction c. recovery d. reflex

b. extinction

Ch 8: Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. a. distortion b. forgetting c. imposition d. intrusion

b. forgetting

Ch 8: In order for a memory to go into storage (long term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and _______ memory. a. encoded b. long-term c. sensory d. visual

b. long-term

Ch 6: The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. a. teacher b. model c. instructor d. coach

b. model

Chapter 6: Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. acquisition b. learning c. reinforcement d. shaping

d. shaping

Chapter 6: Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

b. model

Ch 6: Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found only in humans d. occurs by observing others

b. occurs as a result of experience

Chapter 6: Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ______. a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found in only humans d. occurs by observing others

b. occurs as a result of experience

Ch 8: Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. a. acoustic b. semantic c. sensory d. visual

b. semantic

Ch 8: The components of the human memory model Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) are: a. sensory, short term, and intermediate meory b. sensory, short term, and long term memory c. sensory, rehearsal, and long term memory d. semantic, short term, and long term memory

b. sensory, short term, and long term memory

Ch 8: According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. a. animals process memories the same way as people b. short-term memory itself has different forms c. ppl process happy memories better than sad memories d. ppl will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

b. short-term memory itself has different forms

Ch 6: Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

b. variable ratio

Ch 9: Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? a. ainsworth b. piaget c. kohlberg d. freud

c. kohlberg

Chapter 6: What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments b. fear is conditioned reponse c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Ch 8: According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. a. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color b. happy memories are processed better than sad memories c. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

c. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Ch 8: What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. memory d. sensory encoding

c. memory

Ch 8: Engram refers to the ________. a. emotional focus of a memory b. mental trauma that creates a memory c. physical trace of a memory d. sensory component of a memory

c. physical trace of a memory

Ch 9: During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

c. preoperational

Chapter 6: In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery

c. punishment

Ch 8: When experiencing ______ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing _____ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. a. antero-retro, flashbulb b. anterograde, retrograde c. retrograde, anterograde d. flashbulb, retro-antero

c. retrograde, anterograde

Chapter 6: Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Kerry can only fear strawberries but not other kinds of berries. she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. a. imitation b. modeling c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

c. stimulus discrimination

Ch 9: A _____ is an environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical - that causes damage. a. contaminant b. mutagen c. teratogen d. zygote

c. teratogen

Ch 9: What is the first psychosocial stage according to erik erikson? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. identity vis confusion c. trust vs mistrust d. industry vs inferiority

c. trust vs mistrust

Ch 6: Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c. variable interval

Chapter 6: Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c. variable interval

Ch 8: Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. a. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to use the microwave c. your first day of school d. what the word January means

c. your first day of school

Ch 9: Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? a. erik erikson b. jean piglet c. lawrence kohlberg d. sigmund freud

d. sigmund freud

Ch 6: In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. a, higher order conditioning b. acquisitoion c. discrimimation d. generalization

d. generalization

Ch 8: long-term memory capacity _________ a. depends on attention b. does not contain explicit memory c. does not contain implicit memory d. is unlimited

d. is unlimited

Ch 8: Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. a. active b. inactive c. proactive d. retroactive

d. retroactive

Ch 9: ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information a. categories b. cognitions c. facsimiles d. schemata

d. schemata

Ch 8: What kind of memory involves storage of brief events such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a. effortful b. procedural c. recall d. sensory

d. sensory

Chapter 6: Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. a. classical conditioning b. higher order conditioning c. neutral stimulus d. spontaneous recovery

d. spontaneous recovery

Ch 8: Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? a. anterograde amnesia b. misinformation effect paradigm c. reconstruction d. suggestability

d. suggestability

Ch 8: Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. a. acoustic b. semantic c. sensory d. visual

d. visual

Ch 9: A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. a. embryo b. placenta c. protean d. zygote

d. zygote

Ch 9: provide at least 3 examples of developmental milestones:

physical, language, cognitive, personal/social