psychology

What is the HUGE THING that your instructor will NOT permit in class?

"Isms", biases, prejudices, and bullying

In a myelinated axon, the action potential _____ the segments of myelin, going from one node of Ranvier to the next.

"skips" over

When the relationship between two variables is extremely strong, the correlation coefficient approaches:

-1.00 or 1.00.

The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.

-1.00; +1.00

Today about _____% of students earning doctorates in psychology are women.

70

_____ allows information to be collected and saved (at least temporarily) with little or no conscious effort.

Automatic processing

Conditioned taste aversion is a form of:

Classical conditioning

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus elicits a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits the same response.

Classical conditioning

_____ psychology underlies the study of consciousness.

Cognitive

_____ is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and another stimulus that is sufficiently dissimilar to it.

Discrimination

What are you required to do, by Mott AND by your instructor, to enter and stay in this classroom?

Do a temperature check, wear a mask, use hand sanitizer, and stay 6' away from other students and the instructor.

_____ happens when a previously conditioned response occurs less frequently after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

Alcohol binds to and activates _____ receptors to produce a calming effect on the body. _____ drugs have the same effect, and when used in combination with alcohol, they can suppress heart rate and breathing.

GABA; Barbiturate

_____ gather information from multiple neurons and facilitate the nervous system's complex functions.

Interneurons

Although _____ studied the digestive system of dogs, he is best known for his pioneering work on classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

_____ is learning that occurs without awareness and is not evident until needed.

Latent learning

_____ is the idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels at certain activities.

Lateralization

_____ was the first woman to complete all of the requirements for a PhD at Harvard University, but she was not allowed to graduate because she was a woman.

Mary Whiton Calkins

_____ is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, which includes lapses into sleep and napping.

Narcolepsy

_____ is a research technique in which behavior is described in its everyday environment.

Naturalistic observation

_____ are frightening dreams that occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Nightmares

Can your teacher give you a bad grade for absence?

No

What effect does absence have on Title IX and student financial aid?

None-Title IX is about inclusiveness and accomodation

Where can you find resources if you should need them?

On the syllabus!!

_____ are painkillers derived from the poppy plant.

Opiates

_______________ perspective focused on nature; however, __________ focused more on nurture.

Plato; Aristotle

_____ occurs when the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep does not function properly.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Sleepers may act out their dreams in a sleep disturbance called:

REM sleep behavior disorder.

In a myelinated axon, the action potential hops from one node of _____ to the next.

Ranvier

Which historical figure proposed the wish fulfillment theory of dreaming?

Sigmund Freud

The most influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by:

Skinner

_____ occurs when a conditioned response that had been extinguished reappears.

Spontaneous recovery

Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of _____ sleep.

Stage N2

Operant conditioning is associated with:

Thorndike and Skinner.

_____ nightmares, sleep terrors occur during _____ sleep.

Unlike; non-REM

Psychologists credit _____ with founding the discipline by opening the first psychology laboratory in _____.

Wilhelm Wundt; 1879

A psychologist conducts a detailed investigation of a single genius with an IQ of 190. This example illustrates:

a case study.

The process in which a stimulus causes an involuntary response is known as:

a reflex arc.

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the _____ phase.

acquisition

According to the _____ of dreams, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the brain tries to make sense of neural activity in the vestibular system and the result is dreaming.

activation-synthesis model

In the context of a conditioned taste aversion, _____ is the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive.

adaptive value

Caffeine is an antagonist that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter:

adenosine.

One example of a depressant is:

alcohol

Which types of drugs are stimulants?

amphetamines

According to researchers, which characteristic is evident in a hypnotized person?

an ability to focus intently

Research with the goal of changing behaviors or outcomes is called _____ research.

applied

The handling of information with little or no conscious effort is called:

automatic processing.

The somatic nervous system initiates voluntary muscle activity, and the _____ nervous system regulates involuntary activity.

autonomic

Action potentials travel from the:

axon hillock, down the axon to the terminal buds.

Skinner's work reflected the psychological school of:

behaviorism.

The central nervous system consists of the:

brain and the spinal cord.

Correlational research cannot provide information about _____ but it can provide _____.

causation; a description of a relationship

The part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking such as decision making is the:

cerebral cortex.

In a small preliminary study of sixth graders, Britton et al. (2014) found that replacing detention with mindful meditation has resulted in better behavior. The results of this study illustrate which goal of psychology?

change

The somatic nervous system:

contains sensory and motor nerves.

A placebo is given to members of the _____ group.

control

The pons serves to:

coordinate movement

The majority of neurotransmitters migrate across the synaptic gap and latch onto receptor sites of the receiving neuron's:

dendrites.

The goals that lay the foundation for the scientific approach in psychology include:

describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior.

In order to administer positive reinforcement, a(n):

desirable stimulus is added following a behavior.

Communication within neurons is primarily _____ and communication between neurons is primarily _____.

electrical; chemical

Action potentials are _____ signals _____ neurons.

electrical; within

Aristotle believed that people know their reality through their perceptions and that they learn though their sensory experiences. Today this is known as:

empiricism.

A research study using naturalistic observation entails:

examining behavior in the setting where it typically occurs.

Of all the research methods, only _____ can tell us about cause and effect.

experiments

A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is given after a pre-established number of responses.

fixed-ratio

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus was the _____, the neutral stimulus was the _____, and the conditioned stimulus was the _____.

food; buzzer; buzzer

A synapse is a:

gap

Although previously thought to simply keep things together, researchers now know that _____ defend the brain from infection and support communication between neurons.

glial cells

LSD, marijuana, and MDMA are classified as:

hallucinogens.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with the _____ perspective in psychology.

humanistic

Negative reinforcement is designed to _____ a behavior, and punishment is designed to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

The successful use of negative reinforcement:

increases the probability of a behavior.

An addiction typically refers to an urge to engage in an activity to such an extent that it:

interferes with daily functioning.

Classical conditioning involves the learning of _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning involves the learning of _____ behavior.

involuntary; voluntary

Because of women like Margaret Floy Washburn and Mamie Phipps Clark, the field of psychology today:

is no longer dominated by men.

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences is called:

learning

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

measured by the researcher.

The pineal gland is responsible for the production of _____, with higher levels being produced during dark conditions, thus promoting sleep.

melatonin

Researchers suspect sleep spindles are associated with:

memory consolidation and intelligence.

Sending a child to a corner for a "time out" is an example of _____, whereas giving a child a spanking is and example of _____.

negative punishment; positive punishment

In a Skinner box, a rat escapes painful electric shock by pressing a lever. The rat's bar-pressing behavior is conditioned through:

negative reinforcement.

Stem cells produce new neurons in a process known as:

neurogenesis

The chemicals that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called:

neurotransmitters.

The breaks between the myelin sheath of an axon are called:

nodes of Ranvier.

Kiesha indicates that she will measure happiness as the number of times an individual smiles per hour. She has provided a(n):

operational definition.

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need, such as hunger and thirst, are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Research has shown that hypnosis may:

promote the formation of false memories.

Today phrenology would be considered _____.

pseudoscience

In an experiment, Skinner used shaping to teach pigeons to "play" tennis. During the first phase of the shaping process, pigeons were:

reinforced if they pecked the ball.

Descartes believed in dualism, the view that the mind and the body are:

separate

Physical exercise may boost _____ in the brain, leading to improved mood.

serotonin

If a parent repeatedly shouts "NO!" at a toddler whenever the child reaches to pet a dog, the toddler may become fearful of dogs. In this situation, the unconditioned stimulus is:

shouting "NO!"

In many Asian markets, such as those in Vietnam, customers are expected to bargain with the seller, which affects their shopping behavior in a way that is very different from the shopping behavior of customers in the United States. This exemplifies the importance of considering _____ when trying to understand human behavior.

social interactions and culture

The _____ cortex is a band of tissue running parallel to the motor cortex that receives and integrates information related to pain and temperature from all over the body.

somatosensory

When behavior reemerges after extinction, _____ has occurred.

spontaneous recovery

Caffeine and cocaine are _____ that _____ activity in the central nervous system.

stimulants; increase

Which descriptive research technique relies on questionnaires or interviews of a large group of people?

survey

Automatic processing is defined as:

taking in information with little or no conscious effort.

The job of the _____ is to process and relay sensory information to appropriate parts of the cortex.

thalamus

Identify the brain structure that helps us plan and execute voluntary movements and allows us to move our body.

the motor cortex

The occipital lobe is to the _____ cortex as the _____ lobe is to the auditory cortex.

visual; temporal

People cannot be hypnotized without their consent because:

you cannot force someone to be hypnotized, they must be willing.