Psychology

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

Declarative memory

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.

In the auditory system, which of the following is the ear's sensory receptor?

Hair cells

Derek is suffering from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Derek in this case?

He can recall his past memories, but he cannot process new memories.

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

Implicit memory is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?

In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.

In the context of the chemical senses, which of the following is true of the neural pathway of smell?

It first goes to the olfactory areas in the temporal lobe.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus

Rachel is walking in the woods and feels a sudden pain in the back of her neck. Due to the nature of the pain she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?

Perception

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

Positive reinforcement

_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world, his or her areas of expertise, general knowledge, and everyday knowledge.

Semantic memory

_____ are the openings through which the brain and nervous system experience the world.

Sensory receptors

Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory?

The amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Learning is defined as:

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Gary is watching a movie. He can hear the dialogue at all times except sometimes when the actors are whispering in a scene. This is because the actors' whispers are often too soft for Gary to hear. In other words, the whispers are most likely below the level of Gary's _____.

absolute threshold

Rodney suffers severe food poisoning after eating lunch at his school cafeteria. As a result of the experience, every time Rodney walks past the cafeteria and smells the food, he feels nauseated. In the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.

bad food

In the visual system, _____ is the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.

binding

Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through:

classical conditioning.

When a person reads a book, the black ink of the words on the white pages looks the same, regardless of the place, time, and lighting in the room. This best demonstrates the phenomenon of:

color constancy.

Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.

discrimination

The first step in memory is _____.

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

episodic

At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____.

explicit memory and implicit memory

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

generalization

The wavelength of light determines its _____, and the amplitude of light determines its _____.

hue; brightness

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

negative reinforcement

Ryan, a five-year-old boy, receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible. In this scenario, Ryan demonstrates learning through:

operant conditioning

Chunking is the process of _____.

packing information that exceeds the 7 + (or) - 2 memory span into higher order units

In psychology, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information is called _____.

perception

Thomas, a war veteran, still experiences occasional aches in the arm that was amputated when he was injured in a war. In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, Thomas's condition best illustrates the phenomenon of _____.

phantom limb pain

Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory.

procedural

Kate is on the phone talking to her friend Paul, who is referring her for a job interview. Paul gives Kate a phone number, but before Kate can write it down, the call is disconnected. Kate can only recall the last three digits of the number that Paul gave her. This scenario best illustrates the _____ effect.

recency

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____.

retrograde amnesia

In the visual system, _____ are the receptors in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision.

rods

Jane loves to read. However, she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences. If she cannot associate a story with her own life, she is unable to recall it at a later stage. In this scenario, Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories

self-reference

The process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment and transforming it into neural energy is called _____.

sensation

Short-term memory can store information for a longer period of time than _____ memory.

sensory

Emma is waiting for a bus at her regular bus stop when she hears someone calling her name. She is able to identify that the voice is on her left because she feels the sound of the voice more quickly and intensely in her left ear. This can be explained through the phenomenon of _____.

sound localization

Teresa, a young woman, is an object of interest for psychological researchers because her senses work differently from other people. She hears her favorite song when she eats meatballs and she smells fish when she touches a rose. In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, Teresa's experiences best illustrate the phenomenon of _____.

synaesthesia

Fred always comments that his mother's and sister's voices sound alike on the telephone. Both voices are equally high-pitched and loud. Yet, he is able to tell the voices apart by a subtle difference in their voice quality. This difference is most likely due to the feature of sound known as _____.

timbre

An unconditioned response is a(n):

unlearned reaction.

Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through _____.

vicarious reinforcement