Psychology

Your professor asks you to summarize learning in one word. What word do you choose? a.) "memories" b.) "observations" c.) "synapses" d.) "associations"

"associations"

primary reinforcer

-a reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, such as food, water, physical contact -innate reinforcer

fixed-interval schedule

-a schedule in which the reinforcer comes after a preestablished interval of time -the behavior is only reinforced after the given interval is over

methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

-a synthetic drug chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline -produces a combination of stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

-a synthetically produced, odorless, tasteless, and colorless hallucinogen that is very potent -produces extreme changes in sensations and perceptions

conditioned emotional response

-an emotional reaction acquired through classical conditioning -process by which an emotional reaction becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus

extinction

-in classical conditioning, the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus -in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer

psychoactive drugs

-substances that can cause changes in psychological activities such as sensation, perception, attention, judgement, memory, self-control, emotion, thinking, and behavior -substances that cause changes in conscious experiences

Match the drug with the outcome: 1. depressant 2. opioid 3. alcohol 4. cocaine a. blocks pain b. slows down activity in the CNS c. increases neural activity in the CNS d. cirrhosis of the liver

1- b. slows down activity in the CNS 2- a. blocks pain 3- d. cirrhosis of the liver 4- c. increases neural activity in the CNS

Yessenia just burned her tongue when she drank a hot cup of coffee. Luckily for her, receptors for taste are constantly being replenished, although their life span is only about: a.) 10 days. b.) 40 days. c.) 30 days. d.) 20 days.

10 days.

Jabel is studying for a psychology exam. She has learned that humans have far fewer types of odor receptors than the numbers of odors they can distinguish. Which of the following shows how many types of odor receptors humans have versus how many odors they can distinguish? a.) 300; 7000 b.) 100; 2000 c.) 250; 5500 d.) 350; 10,000

350; 10,000

Professor Jubber is explaining to his class that humans can only see a small portion of the electromagnetic energy spectrum. He tells them that visible light for humans falls between _____ nanometers. a.) 800 to 1000 b.) 700 to 800 c.) 400 to 700 d.) 600 to 800

400 to 700

_____ is a rare condition in which a person is unable to perceive odors. a.) Retinopathy b.) Presbyopia c.) Anosmia d.) Synesthesia

Anosmia

_____ are sudden episodes of loss of muscle tone or strength that occur when a person is awake. a.) Cataplexy b.) Lucid dreams c.) Microsleeps d.) Retinal ganglion cells

Cataplexy

__________ is the learning process in which two stimuli become associated.

Classical conditioning

_____ is a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness. a.) Extinction b.) Conditioned emotional response c.) Conditioned taste aversion d.) Latent learning

Conditioned taste aversion

__________ is the state of being aware of oneself, one's thoughts, and/or the environment.

Consciousness

_____ have short wavelengths and are located on the far left of the electromagnetic spectrum. a.) Microwaves b.) Radio waves c.) Gamma waves d.) X-rays

Gamma waves

________ means the "whole" or "form" in German.

Gestalt

__________ refers to the information that your brain collects, stores, and may use at a later time.

Memory

_____ are emitted by a variety of sources, and they make their way into the nose on currents of air flowing into the nostrils or through the mouth.

Odor molecules

_____ is essential to human functioning, but it is far from foolproof. a.) Accommodation b.) Interposition c.) Perception d.) Synesthesia

Perception

With narcolepsy, the loss of muscle tone during cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and dreamlike hypnagogic hallucinations while falling asleep may be explained by occurrences of _____ in the midst of wakefulness. a.) Stage N3 sleep b.) false perceptions c.) blood oxygen levels d.) REM sleep

REM sleep

_____ are two types of photoreceptors located along the back of the retina. a.) Glomerulus and nociceptors b.) Ganglion cells and fovea c.) Papillae and nociceptors d.) Rods and cones

Rods and cones

_____ is the ability to focus awareness on a small segment of information that is available through our sensory systems. a.) Inattentional blindness b.) Selective attention c.) Waking consciousness d.) Sensory adaptation

Selective attention

_____ are distinct yet seamless processes that enable humans to know their surroundings. a.) Texture gradient and monocular cues b.) Orientation and convergence c.) Sensation and perception d.) Convergence and binocular cues

Sensation and perception

_____ indicates that an object is perceived as maintaining its shape, regardless of the image projected on the retina. a.) Sensory conflict b.) Sensory adaptation c.) Shape constancy d.) Similarity

Shape constancy

The first comprehensive theory of dreaming was developed by: a.) Wilhelm Wundt. b.) William James. c.) Sigmund Freud. d.) Edward Titchener.

Sigmund Freud

Vicky walks into a lab equipped with boxes for animals (rats or pigeons) that are fitted with small levers and that dispense food. Vicky is relatively sure that she is about to try to replicate the work of: a.) Watson. b.) Skinner. c.) Tolman. d.) Pavlov.

Skinner

Delta waves are tall, low-frequency waves that are prominent during: a.) Stages N2 and N3. b.) cataplexy. c.) Stage N3. d.) narcolepsy.

Stage N3.

Explain the 2 major theories of color vision.

The trichromatic theory of color vision and the opponent-process theory of color vision.

Which statement about sound waves is true? a.) They are used by machines such as CT scanners to generate pictures of the inside of the body. b.) They are well below absolute thresholds. c.) They are the rhythmic vibrations of molecules traveling through forms of matter. d.) They are the weakest stimuli that can be detected 50 percent of the time.

They are the rhythmic vibrations of molecules traveling through forms of matter.

law of effect

Thorndike's principle stating that behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by pleasurable outcomes and less likely to be repeated when followed by unpleasant outcomes

Today in class, Dr. Morozov explained how humans process all perceptual information using an example he had read in a book. _____ processing occurs when the brain constructs a representation of the world based on what has been learned and experienced in the past. a.) Top-down b.) Visual c.) Opponent d.) Bottom-up

Top-down

habituation

a basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it

retinal disparity

a binocular cue that uses the difference between the images the two eyes see to determine the distance of objects

convergence

a binocular cue used to judge distance and depth based on the tension of the muscles that direct where the eyes are focusing

figure-ground

a central principle of Gestalt psychology, involving the shifting of focus; as attention is focused on one object, all other features drop or recede into the background

stimulants

a class of drugs that increase neural activity in the central nervous system

opiates

a class of psychoactive drugs that cause a sense of euphoria; a drug that imitates the endorphins naturally produced in the brain

depressants

a class of psychoactive drugs that depress or slow down activity in the central nervous system

opoids

a class of psychoactive drugs that minimize perceptions of pain

flashbulb memory

a detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic, event

sleep terrors

a disturbance of non-REM sleep, generally occurring in children; and usually non memory of the episode the following morning

conditioned taste aversion

a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness

hallucinogens

a group of psychoactive drugs that can produce hallucinations (auditory, visual, or kinesthetic), distorted sensory experiences, alterations of mood, and distorted thinking

blind spot

a hole in the visual field caused by the optic disc (the location where the optic nerve exits the retina)

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

implicit memory

a memory of something you know or know how to do, which may be automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express

successive approximation

a method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior

narcolepsy

a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, which includes lapses into sleep and napping

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus

unconditional response (UR)

a reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus

learning

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences

variable-ratio schedule

a schedule in which the number of desired behaviors that must occur before a reinforcer is given changes across trials and is based on an average number of behaviors to be reinforced

variable-interval schedule

a schedule in which the reinforcer comes after an interval of time, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial

fixed-ratio schedule

a schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before a reinforcer is given

continuous reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement in which every target behavior is reinforced

partial reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea

a serious disturbance of non-REM sleep characterized by complete absence of air flow (apnea) or reduced air flow (hypopnea)

REM sleep behavior disorder

a sleep disturbance in which the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep is not functioning, resulting in the acting out of dreams

sensory memory

a stage of memory that captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time

short-term memory

a stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information

long-term memory

a stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences

unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed

neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response

signal detection theory

a theory explaining how internal and external factors influence our ability to detect weak signals

retrograde amnesia

a type of memory loss; an ability to access memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain, or difficulty retrieving them

anterograde amnesia

a type of memory loss; an inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain

explicit memory

a type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express in words or declare, including memories of facts and experiences

The average person starts dreaming around 90 minutes into sleep and then goes on to have about _____ dreams during the night. a.) 4 to 6 b.) 2 to 3 c.) 10 to 12 d.) 7 to 9

a.) 4 to 6

Dr. Hoskins has found a true case of eidetic imagery in John. How old is John most likely to be? a.) 5 years old b.) 12 years old c.) 15 years old d.) 30 years old

a.) 5 years old

Which statement about lucid dreaming is true? a.) A lucid dream is a dream in which you are aware you are dreaming. b.) Lucid dreams are a very rare occurrence, with most people reporting they have never had one. c.) Lucid dreams can be confirmed by a person's subjective report of its content. d.) Lucid dreams only occur during Stage N1 sleep.

a.) A lucid dream is a dream in which you are aware you are dreaming.

___________ refers to the inability to lay down new long-term memories, generally resulting from damage to the brain. a.) Anterograde amnesia b.) Retrograde amnesia c.) infantile amnesia d.) Long-term potentiation

a.) Anterograde amnesia

Which statement about hearing loss is false? a.) Conduction hearing loss is due to damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve. b.) Initially, high frequencies become hard to hear. c.) Everyone experiences some degree of hearing loss as they age. d.) It is extremely common, affecting 16 percent of American adults under 70.

a.) Conduction hearing loss is due to damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve.

David likes to text in class. One day his professor says, "Some people have compared eidetic memory to a photograph" while David is texting. His professor goes on to talk about other types of sensory memory for a few minutes and then asks David directly, "What did I say about eidetic memory earlier?" What is David likely to say? a.) I'm sorry I have no idea. b.) Some people have compared eidetic memory to a photograph. c.) Eidetic memory is like a phonograph. d.) Short-term memory has a capacity limit.

a.) I'm sorry I have no idea.

Which statement BEST characterizes signal detection theory? a.) It explains how various factors influence the ability to detect weak signals in the environment. b.) It is the process by which eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and other tissues receive and detect stimuli. c.) It is the ability of the eyes to adjust to dark after exposure to brightness. d.) It is the natural tendency for the brain to organize stimuli into a whole, rather than perceiving the parts and pieces.

a.) It explains how various factors influence the ability to detect weak signals in the environment.

Which statement about conduction hearing loss is true? a.) It is due to damage to the eardrum or the middle-ear bones that transmit sound waves to the cochlea. b.) It is due to damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve. c.) It is caused by a lack of rods and cones. d.) It is due to sensory receptors becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli.

a.) It is due to damage to the eardrum or the middle-ear bones that transmit sound waves to the cochlea.

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of the cochlea? a.) It is home to the three tiny bones of the middle ear. b.) If its hair cells are damaged or destroyed they do not regrow. c.) It is the location of the auditory receptors. d.) It is an extremely delicate structure.

a.) It is home to the three tiny bones of the middle ear.

Sadie has just finished a delicious dinner and is enjoying an after dinner drink. She is feeling a little "high" right now. How does alcohol make her feel that way? a.) It releases social inhibitions, which can lead to feelings of euphoria. b.) It increases social inhibitions, which can lead to feelings of euphoria. c.) It decreases GABA activity, which then increases the activity of networks that regulate social inhibition. d.) It increases the activity of GABA receptors, thus increasing social inhibition.

a.) It releases social inhibitions, which can lead to feelings of euphoria.

Which statement BEST characterizes the volley principle? a.) Neurons can work together so that their combined firing can exceed 1000 times per second. b.) Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea. c.) Hair cells toward the end of the basilar membrane farthest away from the oval window vibrate more to lower-frequency sounds. d.) Hair cells toward the end of the basilar membrane near the oval window vibrate more to higher-frequency sounds.

a.) Neurons can work together so that their combined firing can exceed 1000 times per second.

_____ is the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment. a.) Priming b.) Procedural memory c.) Perception d.) Phonological loop

a.) Priming

How are secondary reinforcers linked to primary reinforcers? a.) Secondary reinforcers are used to obtain primary reinforcers. b.) Secondary reinforcers are not as effective as primary reinforcers. c.) Secondary reinforcers are a subset of primary reinforcers. d.) Primary reinforcers are preferable to secondary reinforcers.

a.) Secondary reinforcers are used to obtain primary reinforcers.

Tara ranked in the top three in a recent memory competition. If Tara represents the findings of the study cited in the text, what did researchers find about Tara in comparison with "normal" people? a.) Tara had a better than average imagination. b.) Tara had greater intelligence. c.) Tara had more knowledge of the models of memory d.) Tara had more years of education.

a.) Tara had a better than average imagination.

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of the average American's sleep? a.) The great majority of Americans spend most of the night in Stage N1 sleep. b.) The average American sleeps 6 hours and 40 minutes. c.) About 20 percent of the American population gets fewer than 6 hours of sleep. d.) Around 28 percent of Americans sleep longer than 8 hours.

a.) The great majority of Americans spend most of the night in Stage N1 sleep.

A researcher trains a rat to run through a maze and then lesions the rat's brain to determine whether or not the rat can remember the maze. What is the researcher likely to find? a.) The rat will be able to remember how to run the maze. b.) The rat will be able to run the first few turns of the maze but likely not much more. c.) The rat will be unable to run the maze if the researcher has lesioned the hippocampus. d.) The rat will be unable to run the maze if the researcher has lesioned the amygdala.

a.) The rat will be able to remember how to run the maze.

Which statement BEST summarizes how sleep helps memory? a.) We don't fully understand how sleep helps memory. b.) Sleep helps memory because all memories improve with time. c.) Sleep doesn't actually help memory; it has no effect on memory. d.) Sleep helps memory through dopamine.

a.) We don't fully understand how sleep helps memory.

When you were 15 years old you were in a house fire. You had always remembered running to your neighbor's house to call for help. One day your father says, "Thank goodness Ned spotted the fire and called for help before we even left the house." Based on what you learned about memory, how are you most likely to feel given your father's statement? a.) You may question your memory of the events that happened on the night of the fire. b.) You will adopt your father's version of events, and no one and no evidence will be able to change your mind after that. c.) You will be unsettled by what your father said, but because you have a clear memory of running to your neighbor's house his statements won't affect your recall of that night. d.) Your father's statement won't affect your recollection of that night because it was so emotional.

a.) You may question your memory of the events that happened on the night of the fire.

As a joke, your brother uses a computer to create a fake picture of you as a child sitting on the lap of a very scary looking clown. After seeing the picture, you are convinced that you had a horrible encounter with the clown and develop an intense dislike for clowns after that. What is this an example of? a.) a rich false memory b.) an implicit memory c.) an infantile memory d.) a flashbulb memory

a.) a rich false memory

Avoiding foods that induce sickness has _________. This taste aversion helps organisms survive. a.) adaptive value b.) stimulus generalization c.) stimulus discrimination d.) higher order conditioning

a.) adaptive value

In color vision, the opponent-process theory was developed to explain the __________, which could not be explained by the _________ theory. a.) afterimage effect; trichromatic b.) blind spot; place c.) feature detectors; trichromatic d.) color deficiencies; frequency

a.) afterimage effect; trichromatic

Which of these is an example of a reinforcer? a.) anything that makes a specific behavior more likely to be repeated b.) anything that changes future behavior c.) anything that produces classical conditioning d.) anything that makes a specific behavior less likely to be repeated

a.) anything that makes a specific behavior more likely to be repeated

Maya is a big coffee drinker. She has a couple of cups in the morning and then one or two more in the afternoon. The coffee makes her feel physically and mentally alert because it: a.) blocks the normal activity of the neurotransmitter adenosine. b.) increases sensory adaptation. c.) increases the normal activity of the neurotransmitter adenosine. d.) suppresses appetite and the immune system.

a.) blocks the normal activity of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

According to research, there is a strong association between physical aggression and exposure to violent music, video games, and TV. However, this association between media portrayals and violent behaviors does not mean a _________ exists. There could be other factors like parenting involved. a.) cause-and-effect relationship b.) prosocial relationship c.) neutral stimulus d.) conditioned emotional response

a.) cause-and-effect relationship

A professor gives students poor grades when they submit poorly written essays. In the most general sense, the professor is hoping that the _____ will shape future efforts. a.) consequences of poor grades b.) classical conditioning c.) poorly written essays d.) poor test performance

a.) consequences of poor grades

Your friend remarks that her scores are better when she studies and takes the quiz in Starbucks than if she studies in Starbucks but takes the quiz at home. Lauren is exhibiting: a.) context-dependent memory b.) proactive interference c.) retroactive interference d.) mood-congruent memory

a.) context-dependent memory

The encoding and storage of information with conscious effort or awareness is called: a.) effortful processing. b.) transduction. c.) neurogenesis. d.) repression.

a.) effortful processing.

The ___________ suggests that retrieving memories is easier in the context in which they were made. a.) encoding specificity principle b.) retroactive interference c.) proactive interence d.) curve of forgetting

a.) encoding specificity principle

Which type of memory helps you describe what you did on your last birthday? a.) episodic memory b.) procedural memory c.) implicit memory d.) semantic

a.) episodic memory

According to the levels of processing framework, there is a ___________ that corresponds to the depth at which information is processed, as well as reflecting how durable and retrievable a memory may be. a.) hierarchy of processing b.) computer metaphor c.) method of loci d.) phonological loop

a.) hierarchy of processing

Tanis is concerned about cognitive decline, at what age is the LATEST that she should begin a consistent exercise plan if she wishes to have better cognitive performance than her peers when she is in her sixties? a.) in her thirties b.) in her fifties c.) in her twenties d.) in her forties

a.) in her thirties

A researcher asks participants to indicate whether each word in a series rhymes with "name." According to Craik and Tulving, what type of processing will this initiate? a.) intermediate processing b.) shallow processing c.) perceptual processing d.) deep processing

a.) intermediate processing

The behaviors learned with classical conditioning are _________, whereas those learned with operant conditioning are ___________. a.) involuntary; voluntary b.) voluntary; involuntary c.) voluntary; innate d.) involuntary innate

a.) involuntary; voluntary

Rats allowed to explore a maze, without getting reinforcers until the 11th day of the experiment, subsequently behaved in the maze as if they had been given reinforcers throughout the entire experiment. Their behavior is evidence of: a.) latent learning b.) observational learning c.) classical conditioning d.) operant conditioning

a.) latent learning

An accurate analogy for the process of memory consolidation would be: a.) moving receipts from on top of your desk into the appropriate file folders. b.) coloring in a black and white picture. c.) hammering a sign in place. d.) fixing a broken ladder.

a.) moving receipts from on top of your desk into the appropriate file folders.

You want to learn how to play basketball, so you watch videos of Seth Curry executing plays. If your game improves as a result, this would be considered an example of: a.) observational learning b.) association c.) prosocial behavior d.) your cognitive map

a.) observational learning

You teach a dog to roll over by giving him treats whenever he rolls over. This is an example of: a.) operant conditioning. b.) difference conditioning. c.) classical conditioning. d.) extraneous conditioning.

a.) operant conditioning.

Your professor is demonstrating an experiment in which an array of letters is shown and a cue indicates which row of letters to report. What is the name of the specific paradigm being shown to you? a.) partial report paradigm b.) iconic memory paradigm c.) whole report paradigm d.) sensory memory paradigm

a.) partial report paradigm

A child disrupts class and the teacher writes her name on the board. For the rest of the week, the child does not act up. The teacher used _________ to decrease the child's disruptive behaviors. a.) positive punishment b.) negative punishment c.) positive reinforcement d.) negative reinforcement

a.) positive punishment

All your friends tell you that you look fabulous in your new jeans, so you start wearing them all the time. This is an example of : a.) positive reinforcement b.) negative reinforcement c.) postive punishment d.) negative punishment

a.) positive reinforcement

One study found that diffusing an orange essence through the waiting room of a dental office _____ and lightened _____. a.) reduced anxiety; moods b.) increased anxiety; moods c.) decreased internal factors; interactions d.) increased internal factors; interactions

a.) reduced anxiety; moods

Levels of processing can influence one's ability to: a.) retrieve information. b.) pay attention. c.) divert attention. d.) serial position effect.

a.) retrieve information.

An example of successive approximations for training an animal to press a lever would be: a.) rewarding an animal for touching a lever, and then rewarding the animal for pressing it. b.) rewarding an animal only when it presses the lever, but rewarding the animal more each time it presses the lever. c.) punishing an animal whenever it performs any behavior other than pressing the lever. d.) rewarding an animal less and less for each successful attempt, so that the behavior becomes intrinsically rewarding.

a.) rewarding an animal for touching a lever, and then rewarding the animal for pressing it.

Hamburgers were once your favorite food, but ever since you ate a burger tainted with salmonella (which causes food poisoning), you cannot smell or taste one without feeling nauseous. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? a.) salmonella b.) nausea c.) hamburgers d.) the hamburger vendor

a.) salmonella

According to the information-processing model, which is deemed necessary for information to enter the memory system? a.) sensory memory b.) long-term memory c.) short-term memory d.) implicit memory

a.) sensory memory

Micky is a nurse at a local hospital. She read about a study on how nurses respond and make decisions. The researchers used _____ to explain how background noises influence nurses' ability to hear patient alarm monitors. a.) signal detection theory b.) illusory correlations c.) Weber's law d.) Gestalt psychology

a.) signal detection theory

A group of researchers is studying curare, a poison used by South American natives, and how it paralyzes victims. They report that curare blocks the activity of acetylcholine, which normally: a.) stimulates muscle contractions. b.) inhibits GABA. c.) increases stress hormones. d.) activates GABA.

a.) stimulates muscle contractions.

Jesse's dog salivates when Jesse opens the door to the dog's food cupboard, but not when Jesse opens the door to the cupboard where he keeps the drinking glasses. Jesse's dog is showing: a.) stimulus discrimination. b.) stimulus generalization. c.) higher order conditioning. d.) habituation.

a.) stimulus discrimination.

Hector is staring at the small print on the back of a credit card. Which of the following would be a binocular cue to indicate how close the credit card is to his face? a.) tension of the muscles focusing the eyes b.) relative size of two similar objects c.) two lines initially some distance apart coming together d.) interposition

a.) tension of the muscles focusing the eyes

In a classic study, Godden and Baddeley (1975) asked participants to learn lists of words under two conditions: while underwater and on dry land. Participants were better able to recall the information in the same context in which it was encoded. This finding supports: a.) the encoding specificity principle b.) Baddeley's working memory model c.) the serial position effect d.) the information-processing model of memory

a.) the encoding specificity principle

In one study, Loftus and Paler (1974) found that when they told participants two cars had "smashed" into each other, these same participants were more likely to report they had seen broken glass in a previously viewed film than participants who were told the cards had "hit" each other. This tendency for new and possibly deceptive information to distort one's memory of a past incident is known as: a.) the misinformation effect b.) retroactive interference c.) proactive interference d.) the serial position effect

a.) the misinformation effect

Your 6 year old cousin does not have dreams with a true story line; her dreams seem to be fleeting images. This supports the neurocognitive theory of dreams, as does the fact that: a.) until children are around 13 to 14 years old, their reported dreams are less vivid b.) dream content is not the same across cultures c.) children younger than 13 can report very complicated story lines from their dreams d.) dream content is the same for people, regardless of age

a.) until children are around 13 to 14 years old, their reported

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, children who saw an adult attacking and shouting at the doll __________. a.) were more likely to display aggressive behavior b.) were less likely to display aggressive behavior c.) did not play with the Bobo doll at all d.) began to cry when they saw the adult acting aggressively

a.) were more likely to display aggressive behavior

dark adaptation

ability of the eyes to adjust to dark after exposure to bright light

light adaptation

ability of the eyes to adjust to light after being in the dark

Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold.

absolute threshold is the weakest stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time while the difference threshold is minimum difference between stimuli noticed 50% of the time

One thing that is the same about classical and operant conditioning is that the initial stage is referred to as _________ in both paradigms. a.) encoding b.) acquisition c.) priming d.) shaping

acquisition

During REM sleep, neurons in the brainstem inhibit the voluntary muscles, so that the body is kept still despite the activity of the brain. Researchers who have damaged this group of neurons in cats have found the cats: a.) have a decreased immune system response. b.) act out their dreams. c.) the cats have difficulty learning new tasks. d.) sleep soundly and do not move.

act out their dreams.

Professor Freeman runs a sleep lab where he hooks participants up to EEG machines at night. He notes that during REM sleep there is a great deal of random neural activity in the sensory areas of the brain; this coincides with his participants' reports of meaningful story lines in their dreams. This finding supports the _____ of dreams. a.) activation-synthesis model b.) evolutionary theory c.) psychoanalytic theory d.) neurocognitive theory

activation-synthesis model

Jayden is a healthy young man. He is embarrassed about a problem he is having, so he has decided to go to his doctor. Jayden reports to his doctor that he is having trouble sustaining an erection. His doctor then tells him that _____ may be impairing his sexual performance by causing erectile dysfunction. a.) molecular changes b.) alcohol c.) cataplexy d.) exercise

alcohol

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness allowing for changes in perceptions and behaviors, which result from suggestions made by a hypnotist

stimulus

an event or occurrence that generally leads to a response

afterimage

an image that appears to linger in the visual field after its stimulus, or source, is removed

REM rebound

an increased amount of time spent in REM after sleep deprivation

size constancy

an object is perceived as maintaining its size, regardless of the image projected on the retina

shape constancy

an object is perceived as painting its shape, regardless of the image projected on the retina

The hemp plant Cannabis sativa has long been used as a(n): a.) synthetic painkiller. b.) serotonin pathway. c.) anesthetic. d.) stimulant.

anesthetic.

A psychologist is interested in studying children's _________, which is the term we use for the sense of hearing. a.) wavelength b.) amplitude c.) pitch d.) audition

audition

Gen is learning about cochlear implants. These electronic devices pick up sound waves from the environment with a microphone and turn them into electrical impulses that stimulate the_____, which transmits electrical signals to the brain. a.) eardrum b.) oval window c.) middle ear d.) auditory nerve

auditory nerve

Esther is giving a presentation in class on alcohol dependence and drinking problems. She shows a slide that explains nearly _____ of adults in the United States struggle with this type of difficulty. a.) 3 in 10 b.) 1 in 10 c.) 5 in 10 d.) 1 in 20

b.) 1 in 10

You are a researcher who used the "lost in the mall technique" with 100 participants. How many participants would you expect to show a false memory for being lost in the mall? a.) 75 b.) 25 c.) 10 d.) 50

b.) 25

According to the information-processing model, our short-term memory can hold onto information for up to about ___________ if we are not distracted by something else. a.) 10 seconds b.) 30 seconds c.) 45 seconds d.) 60 seconds

b.) 30 seconds

How do humans distinguish over 10,000 different odors? a.) The brain uses the relative activity of the three cone types. b.) A given scent creates a telltale pattern of electrical activity that the brain recognizes. c.) The brain judges where along the basilar membrane neural signals originate. d.) The brain identifies a precise hue by calculating patterns of excitement among the three cone populations.

b.) A given scent creates a telltale pattern of electrical activity that the brain recognizes.

How can we explain the similarities and differences in responses to color? a.) People inherit color preferences from their parents. b.) Biology, learning, and culture influence these differences. c.) It allows humans to focus on changes in the environment. d.) Fast nerve fibers convey this information.

b.) Biology, learning, and culture influence these differences.

___________ is the process whereby information enters the memory system. a.) Retrieval b.) Encoding c.) Communication d.) Spatial memory

b.) Encoding

Which order BEST characterizes the events for how color is perceived? a.) Eyes take in light energy; image appears to linger in visual field; brain interprets neural code. b.) Eyes take in light energy; energy transformed into neural code; brain interprets neural code. c.) Eyes take in light energy; links between variables not closely related; energy transformed into neural code. d.) Eyes take in light energy; brain interprets neural code; energy transformed into neural code.

b.) Eyes take in light energy; energy transformed into neural code; brain interprets neural code.

You are having a debate with a classmate about sensory memory; you argue that it is a stage of processing. What is one well-accepted argument that your classmate may put forth instead? a.) It is a form of short-term memory. b.) It is a form of perception. c.) It is a form of activation. d.) It is the currently active portion of long-term memory.

b.) It is a form of perception.

Which statement about sensorineural hearing loss is true? a.) It is due to damage to the eardrum or the middle-ear bones that transmit sound waves to the cochlea. b.) It is due to damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve. c.) It is caused by a lack of rods and cones. d.) It is due to sensory receptors becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli.

b.) It is due to damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve.

Which statement about the fovea is false? a.) Rods are found everywhere in the retina except for in the fovea. b.) It is where the optic nerves exit at the optic disc, which lacks rods and cones. c.) The color-sensing cones are mostly in the fovea. d.) The cones in the fovea excel at sensing detail and operate best in ample light.

b.) It is where the optic nerves exit at the optic disc, which lacks rods and cones.

Why do people report feeling "high" when they drink if alcohol is a depressant? a.) Alcohol decreases the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, leading to euphoria. b.) Its effects are due to slowing certain activity in the central nervous system. c.) Alcohol increases the activity of the muscle-to-fat ratio in men so that they achieve higher blood alcohol levels. d.) An alcohol-metabolizing enzyme in the female stomach leads to a weaker "buzz" than men experience.

b.) Its effects are due to slowing certain activity in the central nervous system.

___________ refers to the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories. a.) Memory consolidation b.) Long-term potentiation c.) Memory trace d.) Priming

b.) Long-term potentiation

_____ is involved in daily activities, tasks, and virtually everything people do. a.) Individualistic culture b.) Memory c.) Language benefit d.) Infantile amnesia

b.) Memory

__________ is the process of memory formation, which moves a memory from the hippocampus to other areas of the brain. a.) Long-term potentiation b.) Memory consolidation c.) Priming d.) The memory trace

b.) Memory consolidation

Critics cite which argument against the "pipeline" aspect of Atkinson and Shiffrin's model? a.) Long-term memories can develop without sensory memories. b.) Memory may not go in a straight line. c.) Long-term memory is capacity limited. d.) Short-term memory can follow long-term memory.

b.) Memory may not go in a straight line.

In which of the following stages of sleep do adults spend the most time at night? a.) Stage N1 b.) Stage N2 c.) Stage N3 d.) Stage W

b.) Stage N2

Your friend describes a flashbulb memory of a car accident she witnessed 3 years ago. What is reasonable for you to conclude about the details? a.) The account is extremely accurate because your friend saw it first-hand. b.) The account likely contains some inaccuracies. c.) The account is not at all accurate. d.) The account is extremely accurate because your friend was affected emotionally by the event.

b.) The account likely contains some inaccuracies.

Which statement about the wavelength of electromagnetic energy is false? a.) It is the distance from one hump to the next. b.) The light humans can see falls at the far right of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the long wavelengths. c.) The various types of electromagnetic energy can be distinguished by their wavelength. d.) It plays an important role in determining the colors humans and animals can detect.

b.) The light humans can see falls at the far right of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the long wavelengths.

Which statement BEST characterizes gamma waves? a.) They are a form of electromagnetic energy that is evident in the heat emitted from human bodies. b.) They have short wavelengths and are located on the far left of the electromagnetic spectrum. c.) They are a form of electromagnetic energy that can tan the skin through the rays of the Sun. d.) They are at the far right of the electromagnetic spectrum, and they are long waves.

b.) They have short wavelengths and are located on the far left of the electromagnetic spectrum.

How does transduction occur in the chemical sense of olfaction? a.) There is a transformation of the physical motion of sound waves into the electrical and chemical signals of the nervous system. b.) When enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, it fires. c.) When photoreceptors fire, their messages are sent to the brain. d.) There is a calculation of patterns of excitement among the three cone populations.

b.) When enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, it fires.

Which would Sperling (1960) say is MOST like the contents of iconic memory? a.) a hard drive b.) a photograph c.) an mp3 d.) a short video

b.) a photograph

Observational learning research suggests that: a.) helping behaviors cannot be learned through observation. b.) a wide variety of behaviors can be learned through observation. c.) only aggressive behaviors are learned through observation. d.) classical conditioning is more likely to produce aggressive behaviors.

b.) a wide variety of behaviors can be learned through observation.

Retrogade amnesia is generally caused by some sort of trauma to the brain. People with retrograde amnesia generally cannot: a.) form memories of events that occur following the trauma b.) access memories of events created before the trauma c.) form semantic memories following the trauma d.) use procedural memories

b.) access memories of events created before the trauma

Hannah has lost her ability to remember new things. What general diagnosis can be given to Hannah? a.) Aplysia b.) amnesia c.) amyloid plaque d.) depression

b.) amnesia

Which type of amnesia can be generally described as a "learning disability'"? a.) retrograde amnesia b.) anterograde amnesia c.) retroactive interference d.) proactive interference

b.) anterograde amnesia

You have to memorize the structure of the nervous system. Which method says you could recall three times as many parts of the nervous system as you would remember without using this method? a.) the method of loci b.) arranging by hierarchy c.) the astrocytes method d.) repetition

b.) arranging by hierarchy

You are an advertiser who wants the message in your commercial to be easily recalled immediately after it is shown. At what point during a commercial break will you ask the broadcasting company to air your commercial? a.) at the beginning b.) as the last commercial c.) anywhere in the middle d.) as the second commercial

b.) as the last commercial

While studying for an exam, your sensory systems absorb an inordinate amount of information from your surroundings, most of which escapes your awareness. Because of ___________, you generally do not get overwhelmed with incoming sensory data. a.) consciousness b.) automatic processing c.) depressants d.) inattentional blindness

b.) automatic processing

Dana has trouble remembering her friends' phone numbers. She notices most of her friends have the same area code and first three digits for their number. What has she done to help her memory? a.) episodic memory b.) chunking c.) seriation d.) correlation

b.) chunking

Every time you open the pantry where dog food is stored, your dog starts to salivate. His reaction is a(n): a.) unconditioned response b.) conditioned response c.) stimulus discrimination d.) reaction based on observational learning

b.) conditioned response

Your fist love wore a musky-scented perfume, and your heart raced every time he or she appeared. Even now when you smell that scent, your heart speeds up, suggesting the scent is a(n): a.) unconditioned stimulus b.) conditioned stimulus c.) conditioned response d.) unconditioned response

b.) conditioned stimulus

Ebbinghaus reported that his memory of word lists plunged the first hour after he learned them; he displayed this in his: a.) encoding-specificity principle b.) curve of forgetting c.) recency effect d.) serial position effect

b.) curve of forgetting

People are capable of storing a vast fund of information, sometimes for a very long time. However, these memories are subject to: a.) keyword associations. b.) distortions. c.) echoic memory. d.) explicit memories.

b.) distortions

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are a form of wish fulfillment because: a.) dreams have irregular, fast brain waves. b.) dreams play out forbidden unconscious desires. c.) dreams can foretell the future. d.) the stories played out in dreams very often come true.

b.) dreams play out forbidden unconscious desires.

A _____ is a schedule in which the reinforcer comes after a response once a preestablished interval of time passes. a.) variable-ratio schedule b.) fixed-interval schedule c.) variable-interval schedule d.) fixed-ratio schedule

b.) fixed-interval schedule

Which of these could indicate a person is developing a problem with alcohol? a.) males metabolizing alcohol more quickly than females b.) guilty feelings about drinking behavior c.) friends and relatives ignoring one's drinking behavior d.) females metabolizing alcohol more quickly than males

b.) guilty feelings about drinking behavior

One basic form of learning occurs during the process of ___________, which is evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it. a.) insight b.) habituation c.) classical conditioning d.) operant conditioning

b.) habituation

Dr. Arnold is interested in a very brief form of memory that can last up to 1 second. What type of memory is Dr. Arnold most likely studying? a.) echoic memory b.) iconic memory c.) eidetic memory d.) short-term memory

b.) iconic memory

You know something but can't describe it. What kind of memory is this? a.) semantic memory b.) implicit memory c.) explicit memory d.) episodic memory

b.) implicit memory

Memory operates in a series of stages according to the: a.) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. b.) information-processing model. c.) encoding specificity principle. d.) levels of processing framework.

b.) information-processing model.

Wolfgang Kohler's research on chimpanzees suggests that animals are capable of thinking though a problem before taking action, and having sudden coming together of awareness of a situation, leading to a solution. This is called: a.) observational learning b.) insight c.) modeling d.) higher order conditioning

b.) insight

Which of these is associated with an increase in processing efficiency? a.) maintenance rehearsal b.) long-term potentiation c.) hierarchy of processing d.) language benefit

b.) long-term potentiation

Giovanni and his girlfriend Maria have just had two drinks with dinner. Maria seems to have a significantly stronger "buzz" than Giovanni. This is because: a.) most of the alcohol is broken down by a man's liver after it clears the stomach. b.) most of the alcohol enters a woman's bloodstream and brain before it is broken down. c.) men have less of an alcohol-metabolizing enzyme in their stomachs. d.) women start to break down alcohol almost immediately after its ingestion.

b.) most of the alcohol enters a woman's bloodstream and brain before it is broken down.

Chimpanzee A sees chimpanzee B use a stick to get at some (tasty) termites. Chimpanzee A finds a stick and starts digging. What has occurred? a.) classical conditioning b.) observational learning c.) individual conditioning d.) operant conditioning

b.) observational learning

A child is reprimanded for misbehaving, but then she seems to misbehave even more! This indicates that reprimanding her was: a.) negative punishment b.) postive reinforcement c.) postive punishment d.) an unconditioned response

b.) postive reinforcement

Megan gives water to her thirsty rat, and he repeats the behavior he has just completed. Water is a: a.) neutral stimulus. b.) primary reinforcer. c.) secondary reinforcer. d.) negative reinforcer.

b.) primary reinforcer.

Operant conditioning uses _____ to increase target behaviors, and punishment applies _____ to decrease unwanted behaviors. a.) extraneous variables; future outcomes b.) reinforcers; aversive stimuli c.) aversive stimuli; reinforcers d.) future outcomes; extraneous variables

b.) reinforcers; aversive stimuli

London was preparing a presentation for her psychology class on the use of barbiturates. She was surprised to learn that these depressants are extremely dangerous when used in combination with other drugs like alcohol, because their combined effect may: a.) cause narcolepsy. b.) relax the muscles of the diaphragm to the point of suffocation. c.) lead to prescription drug abuse. d.) increase central nervous system activity too much.

b.) relax the muscles of the diaphragm to the point of suffocation.

Hypnosis has been used in therapy settings, in which a therapist tries to help a client remember an abuse the therapist believes has been _____, or unconsciously pushed below the threshold of awareness. a.) diagnosed b.) repressed c.) fabricated d.) distinctive

b.) repressed

In studies by Loftus and colleagues, around 25% of participants are able to "remember" an event that never happened. This type of __________ shows us how the malleability of memory can influence recall. a.) hyperthymestic syndrome b.) rich false memory c.) proactive interference d.) serial position effect

b.) rich false memory

According to Sperling (1960), which type of memory changes the most rapidly? a.) long-term memory b.) sensory memory c.) short-term memory d.) implicit memory

b.) sensory memory

If you are studying large memory capacity, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin, what type of memory would you be observing? a.) short-term memory but not sensory or long-term memory b.) sensory or long-term memory but not short-term memory c.) long-term or short-term memory but not sensory memory d.) sensory memory but not short-term or long-term memory

b.) sensory or long-term memory but not short-term memory

Fabian is a prosecutor who just lost a trial. An interview with the jury indicated that the main reason they failed to convict the defendant was because two key witnesses were roommates and reported discussing what they saw with one another. What psychological phenomenon can Fabian attribute the loss to? a.) the false visual memory effect b.) the misinformation effect c.) the witness confabulation effect d.) the corroboration effect

b.) the misinformation effect

Paul is learning "the months of the year" song at preschool and remembers "January, February, March and April" more accurately than "May, June, July and August." This is an example of which phenomenon? a.) the threshold of awareness b.) the primacy effect c.) the recency effect d.) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

b.) the primacy effect

As you enter the airport, you try to remember the location of the baggage claim area. You remember the last time you picked up your friend at this airport, and using your visuospatial sketchpad, realize the area is to your left. This ability demonstrates the use of your: a.) sensory memory b.) working memory c.) phonological loop d.) flashbulb memory

b.) working memory

Baddeley and colleagues proposed that the purpose of ___________ is to actively maintain information while the mind is performing complex tasks. The phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, and episodic buffer all play a role in this process. a.) eidetic imagery b.) working memory c.) short-term memory d.) semantic memory

b.) working memory

According to place theory, the brain determines the pitch of high-frequency sounds by judging where along the _____neural signals originate. a.) eardrum b.) basilar membrane c.) cochlea d.) thermoreceptors

basilar membrane

Because of ____________, animals and people are predisposed to form associations that increase their chances of survival.

biological preparedness

The rods and cones are in close proximity to _____, which are also a specialized type of neuron located approximately in the middle of the retina. a.) bipolar cells b.) Meissner's corpuscles c.) papillae d.) thermoreceptors

bipolar cells

The absolute threshold for _____ is lower than the threshold for_____. a.) sweet; bitter b.) bitter; sweet c.) slow-nerve fibers; fast-nerve fibers d.) green; red

bitter; sweet

Nyota is thinking about her psychology class today, where her instructor was discussing sensation and perception. She remembers that _____ describes how the brain takes basic sensory information and processes the incoming stimuli. a.) bottom-up processing b.) top-down processing c.) knowledge d.) vision

bottom-up processing

Fenji is sitting quietly listening to the sounds coming from his window. What he doesn't realize it that his brain is always taking all types of basic sensory information and processing the incoming stimuli through: a.) bottom-up processing. b.) top-down processing. c.) sensory thresholds. d.) sensory adaptation.

bottom-up processing.

memory

brain processes involved in the encoding storage, and retrieval of information

One small study compared memory competitors to "normal" people and found nothing extraordinary about their intelligence or: a.) multiple channels. b.) massed practice. c.) brain structure. d.) heightened activity.

brain structure.

delta waves

brain waves that indicate a deep sleep

alpha waves

brain waves that indicate a relaxed, drowsy state

beta waves

brain waves that indicate an alert, awake state

theta waves

brain waves that indicate light sleep

Nancy's professor asks her for the term that describes the period of time between the start of learning and when learning is complete. Nancy answers: a.) "Initial learning." b.) "Primary learning." c.) "Acquisition." d.) "Reinforcement."

c.) "Acquisition."

Exact copies of the sounds we hear linger longer than visual impressions, and they can last about: a.) 5 to 15 seconds. b.) 1 to 4 seconds. c.) 1 to 10 seconds. d.) 5 to 20 seconds.

c.) 1 to 10 seconds

Which statement about hypnosis is false? a.) People in hypnotic states can experience temporary blindness and deafness. b.) While in a hypnotic state, a person may be open to posthypnotic suggestions. c.) Hypnosis can cause long-term amnesia. d.) Hypnosis can be used to help treat phobias.

c.) Hypnosis can cause long-term amnesia.

What is the main difference between an information-processing approach model and a levels of processing model? a.) Information processing contains a hierarchy; levels of processing does not. b.) Information processing is a system; levels of processing is stages. c.) Information processing involves stages; levels of processing involves a hierarchy. d.) Information processing predicts rehearsal will improve memory, whereas levels of processing does not predict this.

c.) Information processing involves stages; levels of processing involves a hierarchy.

Which statement BEST characterizes ultraviolet light? a.) It is a type of electromagnetic energy used in televisions and wireless Internet. b.) It is emitted by radioactive substances, such as the glucose tracers used in PET imaging. c.) It is a form of electromagnetic energy that can tan the skin through the rays of the Sun. d.) It is used by machines such as CT scanners to generate pictures of the inside of the body.

c.) It is a form of electromagnetic energy that can tan the skin through the rays of the Sun.

Which statement about the olfactory epithelium is false? a.) It is a patch of tissue around the size of a postage stamp. b.) It is home to millions of olfactory receptor neurons. c.) It is a snail-shaped structure filled with liquid. d.) It is the location of tiny docking sites for odor molecules.

c.) It is a snail-shaped structure filled with liquid.

Which statement about the vestibular sense is false? a.) Motion sickness is caused by conflicting information coming from the eyes and the vestibular system. b.) Fluid moves the hairlike receptors in the structures of the vestibular system, causing neurons to fire. c.) It occurs in the opponent cells serving the brain. d.) It helps the body deal with the effects of gravity, movement, and position.

c.) It occurs in the opponent cells serving the brain.

Your friend is writing a paper on childhood sexual abuse arguing that sexual abuse likely occurs in 2 out of 3 girls and 1 in 4 boys and is largely underreported because of repressed memories. Based on what you learned in your text, what would you say to your friend before he submitted his paper? a.) Keep in mind that most researchers believe fewer than one in ten girls and one in twenty boys is actually abused. b.) Make sure you reference Loftus and Pinker who show at least half of all sexual abuse victims repress their experience. c.) Keep in mind that there isn't a lot of evidence that sexual abuse is repressed. Most victims seem to remember the abuse, and your estimates may be high. d.) Make sure you include a discussion of how hypnosis has been proven an accurate way to uncover lost memories.

c.) Keep in mind that there isn't a lot of evidence that sexual abuse is repressed. Most victims seem to remember the abuse, and your estimates may be high.

An acquaintance described an odorless, tasteless, and colorless substance he took many years ago. He discussed a variety of changes to his sensations and perceptions, including seeing colors and spirals. It is likey he had taken which of the following hallucinogens? a.) alcohol b.) nicotine c.) LSD d.) cocaine

c.) LSD

Which statement about the evolutionary influences on taste is false? a.) Humans have gravitated toward umami, which signals the presence of proteins. b.) Our absolute threshold to bitter is lower than the threshold for sweet. c.) Olfactory data is relayed through the thalamus before going to higher brain centers. d.) Taste has been essential to survival of the species.

c.) Olfactory data is relayed through the thalamus before going to higher brain centers.

Dr. Ummel conducts a memory experiment where he shows a fight between two men and describes the contact as "punching" to one group and "tapping" to the other group. A week later Dr. Ummel asks each group to estimate how much blood was shed during the fight, even though no blood was ever shown. What is Dr. Ummel likely to find? a.) Participants in the tapped group would be more likely to report blood than participants in the punched group. b.) Both groups would report having seen blood. c.) Participants in the punched group would be more likely to report blood than participants in the tapped group. d.) Neither group is likely to report having seen blood.

c.) Participants in the punched group would be more likely to report blood than participants in the tapped group.

Which statement BEST characterizes place theory? a.) Perception of pitch is made possible by neurons working together to fire in volleys. b.) Neurons fire at the same rate as vibrations, sending signals through the auditory nerve at this rate. c.) Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea. d.) Pitch is determined by the vibrating frequency of the sound wave, basilar membrane, and associated neural impulses.

c.) Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea.

_____ is the addition of something unpleasant after an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior. a.) Negative reinforcement b.) Negative punishment c.) Positive punishment d.) Positive reinforcement

c.) Positive punishment

_________ causes problems with the retrieval of memories because of information you learned in the past and ___________ causes problems with retrieval due to recently learned information. a.) The Recency effect; the primary effect b.) The primary effect; the recency effect c.) Proactive interference; retroactive interference d.) Retroactive interference; proactive interference

c.) Proactive interference; retroactive interference

Which statement about reactions to colors is false? a.) Learning is a key factor shaping the cultural meanings of color. b.) Biology, learning, and culture influence differences in responses to color. c.) Reactions to colors are the same across cultures. d.) Seeing certain colors can elicit measurable biological responses.

c.) Reactions to colors are the same across cultures.

_____ is a type of memory loss that involves difficulty retrieving memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain. a.) Retroactive interference b.) Anterograde amnesia c.) Retrograde amnesia d.) Infantile amnesia

c.) Retrograde amnesia

A friend insists that you should test yourself frequently to guarantee success on an upcoming final worth 75 percent your course grade. What is a problem with this argument? a.) Testing actually has a negative impact on later recall. b.) Frequent testing is only effective in the lab; it has never been shown to work in classroom settings. c.) The stakes are too high for testing to have an effect. d.) Testing does not improve memory performance.

c.) The stakes are too high for testing to have an effect.

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of illusions? a.) Studying illusions is useful for detecting distortions in perceptual processes. b.) Illusions allow us to examine knowledge-based processing. c.) They are constantly being replenished. d.) They are perceptions that are incongruent with sensory data.

c.) They are constantly being replenished.

Which statement about supertasters is false? a.) They tend to eat fewer vegetables because of their slightly bitter taste. b.) They tend to eat few vegetables because of their texture. c.) They are prone to interferences from outside and within. d.) They are more sensitive to bitter-tasting foods.

c.) They are prone to interferences from outside and within.

You can study a number of different responses using Pavlov's original approach, but they would all have one thing in common. What would that be? a.) They would all involve voluntary responses. b.) They would all be pleasurable stimuli. c.) They would all be involuntary responses. d.) They would all be sound/food pairings.

c.) They would all be involuntary responses.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a.) working hard to get an A on a paper b.) a child getting more computer time when he finishes his homework c.) a dog whining in the morning, leading an owner to wake up and take it outside d.) getting a speeding ticket and then not exceeding the speed limit afterward

c.) a dog whining in the morning, leading an owner to wake up and take it outside

Which of these is MOST likely to help you be a "memory athlete"? a.) many years of education b.) knowledge of the models of memory c.) a good imagination d.) intelligence

c.) a good imagination

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, movement through stages is most like: a.) an artist carving a sculpture from a piece of marble. b.) a fire burning a piece of wood into ash. c.) a log moving down a river. d.) rain falling and then evaporating back into clouds.

c.) a log moving down a river.

Even turtles can learn through operant conditioning, as evidenced by their: a.) innate urge to get food b.) reaction to an unconditioned stimulus c.) ability to learn through positive reinforcement d.) reactions to predators

c.) ability to learn through positive reinforcement

According to the ________, dreams have no meaning whatsoever. Instead, the brain is responding to random neural activity as if it has meaning. a.) psychoanalytic perspective b.) neurocognitive theory c.) activation-synthesis model d.) evolutionary perspective

c.) activation-synthesis model

According to your text, what group of people is able to acquire exceptional memories? a.) people in their 20s and 30s b.) musicians c.) almost anyone d.) people with above average intelligence

c.) almost anyone

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that: a.) operant conditioning is learning, and classical conditioning is not. b.) operant conditioning does not involve consequences. c.) classical conditioning does not involve consequences. d.) classical conditioning deals only with voluntary behavior.

c.) classical conditioning does not involve consequences.

Little Albert was a baby who originally had no fear of rats. In an experiment conducted by Watson and Rayner, he was classically conditioned to fear white rates through the parking of a loud nose with exposure to a rat. His resulting fear is an example of a(n): a.) unconditioned stimulus b.) operant conditioning c.) conditioned emotional response d.) biological preparedness

c.) conditioned emotional response

A researcher asks participants to indicate whether each word in a series is a type of mammal. According to Craik and Tulving, what type of processing will this initiate? a.) shallow processing b.) intermediate processing c.) deep processing d.) perceptual processing

c.) deep processing

Max is interrupted when he is reviewing vocabulary for his French test. He later does poorly on the French test. What memory stage is MOST likely to blame for his poor performance? a.) implicit memory issues b.) retrieval issues c.) encoding issues d.) storage issues

c.) encoding issues

Isabella has decided to cut back on her use of social media. She found herself checking Facebook so often that it was interfering with her concentration. She went online and read about a study that found participants' urge to use social media was: a.) a psychological dependence for some, as they showed evidence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when they quit. b.) a physiological dependence for some, as they showed no evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms when they quit. c.) harder to resist than sex, spending money, alcohol, coffee, or cigarettes. d.) not an addiction and most people find it easy to quit using it.

c.) harder to resist than sex, spending money, alcohol, coffee, or cigarettes.

The ____________ is a pair of curved structures in the Brian that play a central role in memory. a.) engram b.) temporal lobe c.) hippocampus d.) aplysia

c.) hippocampus

Using the partial report method, Sperling (1960) showed that participants could recall 76% of the letters briefly flashed on a screen. The findings from this study indicate the capabilities of: a.) eidetic imagery b.) depth of processing c.) iconic memory d.) the philological loop

c.) iconic memory

Oliver cannot remember events that occurred in the past 10 years, but he is able to ride a bicycle. This is an example of _____ memory being intact even when _____ memory is disrupted. a.) retrograde; anterograde b.) semantic; episodic c.) implicit; explicit d.) explicit; implicit

c.) implicit; explicit

Memories from a long time ago are subject to a variety of: a.) data flooding sensory memory. b.) early treatment. c.) inaccuracies and distortions. d.) third factors.

c.) inaccuracies and distortions.

One study indicated that people who have some _____of a language benefit from this memory by showing a memory savings if they try to learn the language again. a.) sensory adaptation b.) primacy effect c.) knowledge d.) spatial memory

c.) knowledge

Although Skinner believed that reinforcement is the cause of learning, there is robust evidence that reinforcement is not always necessary. This comes from experiments studying: a.) positive reinforcement b.) negative reinforcement c.) latent learning d.) stimulus generalization

c.) latent learning

Dr. Arnold is studying the biological basis for learning. What aspect of memory is Dr. Arnold most likely to be interested in? a.) mood congruence b.) encoding specificity c.) long-term potentiation d.) maintenance rehearsal

c.) long-term potentiation

Which psychoactive drugs are considered stimulants? a.) alcohol, barbiturates, and valium b.) alcohol, barbiturates, and heroin c.) methamphetamine, tobacco, and cocaine d.) methamphetamine, LSD, and cocaine

c.) methamphetamine, tobacco, and cocaine

Susan is grounded from going out with her friends because she did not come home by her curfew last night. This is an example of: a.) negative reinforcement. b.) positive punishment. c.) negative punishment. d.) positive reinforcement.

c.) negative punishment.

Frequency theory of pitch perception suggests it is the number of ________ that allows us to perceive differences in pitch. a.) sound waves greater than 1,000 Hz b.) the timbre c.) neural impulses firing d.) the amplitude

c.) neural impulses firing

If a person is unable to repeat words that they hear, which aspect of working memory might they have a problem with? a.) episodic buffer b.) visuospatial sketchpad c.) phonological loop d.) central executive

c.) phonological loop

Theresa is able to name the four lobes of the brain without being given retrieval cues. What process has Theresa just demonstrated? a.) repression b.) perception c.) recall d.) recognition

c.) recall

Your friend tells you she prefers multiple-choice tests because she is able to identify an answer when she sees it listed as one of the choices for a question. She is describing her ____________, which is the process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory. a.) relearning b.) recall c.) recognition d.) retrieval

c.) recognition

Traumatic experiences that are though to be pushed out of consciousness are often referred to as ___________ memories. a.) long-term b.) short-term c.) repressed d.) sensory

c.) repressed

Information constantly streams through sensory channels, and some of the sensory stimuli get registered in _____, which is the first stage of the information-processing model. a.) short-term memory b.) semantic memory c.) sensory memory d.) proactive interference

c.) sensory memory

Data from sensory memory that capture one's attention can move into _____ storage, but most everything else disappears quickly. a.) sensory stimuli b.) echoic memory c.) short-term memory d.) iconic memory

c.) short-term memory

Marcus has a methodical approach to studying. He skims, questions, recalls, and rereads all the material over and over again all night before an exam, creating short quizzes every couple hours. What is one crucial step that Marcus is forgetting? a.) surveying b.) reviewing c.) sleeping d.) testing

c.) sleeping

Mary is about to read about an experiment that used Pavlov's paradigm. Before she even begins, she knows that she will read about: a.) punishment or reinforcers. b.) adaptive behavior and punishment. c.) stimuli and responses. d.) voluntary animal behavior.

c.) stimuli and responses.

Dr. Lorenzo is interested in the commonalities between classical and operant conditioning. Which behavior might he be studying? a.) positive reinforcement b.) negative reinforcement c.) stimulus discrimination d.) voluntary responses

c.) stimulus discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are sufficiently different from it is called: a.) higher order conditioning. b.) habituation. c.) stimulus discrimination. d.) stimulus generalization.

c.) stimulus discrimination.

With operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a previously learned response to one stimulus occurs in the presence of a similar stimulus. a.) instinctive drift b.) stimulus discrimination c.) stimulus generalization d.) latent learning

c.) stimulus generalization

One study by Sparrow and colleagues found that people use computers as _____ for information they would otherwise have to remember. a.) neurogenesis b.) primary components c.) storage places d.) neural simplicity

c.) storage places

If you had damage to the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which aspect of memory would you likely have difficulty with? a.) maintenance rehearsal b.) involuntary responses c.) the creation of long-term explicit memories d.) language

c.) the creation of long-term explicit memories

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and other sleep-related disturbances such as ____________, which refers to an abrupt loss of muscle tone that occurs when a person is awake.

cataplexy

By Matt Utesch's junior year, his body would become completely disabled around 60 to 100 times per day due to loss of muscle tone. However, he was fully conscious and could still hear people talking about him during these: a.) circadian disturbances. b.) lucid dreams. c.) cataplexy attacks. d.) hypnagogic hallucinations.

cataplexy attacks.

A correlation between media portrayals and violent behaviors doesn't mean there is a _____ relationship. a.) primary b.) cause-and-effect c.) biological d.) neurological

cause-and-effect

Dr. Julien might premedicate patients to calm them down by administering a depressant that slows the activity of the: a.) peripheral nerves. b.) stress hormones. c.) serotonin pathways. d.) central nervous system.

central nervous system.

People with the rare condition of anosmia are unable to perceive odors. They have lost their sense of smell, which is considered a: a.) perceptual set b.) vestibular sense c.) chemical sense d.) hue

chemical sense

If you are trying to memorize a long password, you could use __________, by grouping the numbers and symbols into meaningful units of information.

chunking

Simone gets sleepy at the same time every afternoon, around 2:00 PM. She also falls asleep at the same time every night. She seems to be following a daily pattern driven by her: a.) circadian rhythm. b.) manifest content. c.) frontal lobes. d.) beta waves.

circadian rhythm.

Dr. Becker studies thinking and problem solving at a university near Chicago. His research would be conducted in which department? a.) neurophysiology b.) cognitive psychology c.) anesthesiology d.) human factors engineering

cognitive psychology

Qawiya is learning about sensation and perception in her psychology class. She realizes as she is listening to her instructor that the normal connection between sensation and perception allows her to experience the world as: a.) coherent and meaningful. b.) synesthetic. c.) generic. d.) depersonalized.

coherent and meaningful.

automatic processing

collection and sometimes storage of information without conscious effort or awareness

saturation

color purity

Sally's cat runs to her whenever she opens a can of food. Sally's cat runs because he has been _____ the sound of the food can as a signal that food will be available shortly. a.) conditioned by b.) awakened by c.) habituated to d.) prepared for

conditioned by

John never used to care about the phone ringing. Ever since he got some bad news over the phone last week, which made him nervous, however, hearing the phone ring makes him nervous. In classical conditioning, the term that describes the ringing of the phone is a(n): a.) reinforced stimulus. b.) neutral stimulus. c.) conditioned stimulus. d.) unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus.

An anesthesiologist is a medical doctor whose primary responsibility is to monitor a patient's vital functions and manage pain by administering drugs. These drugs can also induce a sleeplike state, thus altering one's: a.) consciousness. b.) inattentional blindness. c.) optic chiasm. d.) opioids.

consciousness.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their: a.) extraneous variables. b.) consequences. c.) origins. d.) relative strength.

consequences

reinforcers

consequences, such as events or objects, that increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Dr. Alvarez is doing research on how sleep might facilitate memory and learning. Without sleep, the ability to lay down complex memories and learn difficult concepts is hampered. These findings support the: a.) consolidation theory of sleep. b.) restorative theory of sleep. c.) psychoanalytic theory of dreams. d.) evolutionary theory of sleep.

consolidation theory of sleep

Weber's law states that each of the five senses has its own _____ determining difference thresholds. a.) feature ratio b.) ground ratio c.) constant ratio d.) feature detector

constant ratio

The gestalt principle of _____ states that parts tend to be perceived as members of a group if they head in the same direction. a.) closure b.) figure-ground c.) continuity d.) proximity

continuity

Theo is explaining the gestalt organizational principles to his sister. He draws on a piece of paper a bunch of dots. He tells her that those heading in the same direction are seen as members of a group based on the principle of: a.) continuity. b.) figure-ground. c.) similarity. d.) closure.

continuity

One binocular cue called _________ is based on the brain's interpretation of the tension in muscles of the eyes. a.) convergence b.) retinal disparity c.) interposition d.) relative size

convergence

Braulia is studying a drawing of the human eye in her textbook. She is trying to memorize the structures of the eye. She starts with the _____, which is the clear outer layer of the eye that shields it from damage and focuses incoming light waves. a.) cornea b.) iris c.) retina d.) pupil

cornea

While rollerblading outside, you get something in your eye. As the day goes on, your eye still feels irritated. It is possible you've scratched your ___________, which is the transparent outer layer, the function of which is to protect the eye and bend light to help focus light waves. a.) lens b.) retina c.) iris d.) cornea

cornea

What is the smallest number of items that is likely to be "too much" for a person to attend to at the same time? a.) 14 b.) 9 c.) 7 d.) 5

d.) 5

Which statement about acetylcholine is false? a.) Too little acetylcholine causes paralysis. b.) Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter. c.) Acetylcholine stimulates muscle contractions. d.) Acetylcholine relays messages from sensory neurons to muscles.

d.) Acetylcholine relays messages from sensory neurons to muscles.

Dr. Wescott studies amyloid plaques. What area of memory research is Dr. Wescott MOST likely involved in? a.) mnemonics b.) retrograde amnesia c.) anterograde amnesia d.) Alzheimer's disease

d.) Alzheimer's disease

Greta is an advisor who works with children who have to give testimony in court. What suggestion might Greta give to a young girl who is about to testify, in order to increase the accuracy of her recall? a.) Look directly at the accuser. b.) Imagine you are somewhere else. c.) Look directly at the judge. d.) Close your eyes.

d.) Close your eyes.

How does ecstasy cause feelings of euphoria, love, and openness? a.) Ecstasy triggers a decrease in endorphins in response to pain. b.) Ecstasy triggers an increase in acetylcholine in the brain. c.) Ecstasy triggers a decrease in GABA in the brain and peripheral nerves. d.) Ecstasy triggers a sudden general unloading of serotonin in the brain.

d.) Ecstasy triggers a sudden general unloading of serotonin in the brain.

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of frequency theory? a.) Humans perceive lower pitches based on how frequently they are firing. b.) The neurons fire at the same rate as the vibrations, sending signals through the auditory nerve at this rate. c.) The entire basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as a sound wave. d.) Frequency theory tells us that hair cells near the oval window vibrate more to higher frequency sounds.

d.) Frequency theory tells us that hair cells near the oval window vibrate more to higher frequency sounds.

_____ suffered from amnesia and served as a research participant for some 100 scientists. a.) Endel Tulving b.) Clive Wearing c.) George Sperling d.) Henry Molaison

d.) Henry Molaison

You have been asked to draw a conclusion about how memory is structured based on the case of Henry Molaison. What could you suggest as a theory? a.) Memory for learning new things is completely distinct from memory for the past. b.) Neurogenesis is possible. c.) Episodic memory operates separately from short-term memory. d.) Implicit memory operates independent of explicit memory.

d.) Implicit memory operates independent of explicit memory.

In which case will extinction occur the MOST slowly? a.) if a rat is given variable interval reinforcement and then it is stopped b.) if a rat is given fixed interval reinforcement and then it is stopped c.) if a rat is given continuous reinforcement and then it is stopped d.) In which case will extinction occur the MOST slowly?

d.) In which case will extinction occur the MOST slowly?

How are motor neurons involved in gustation? a.) Receptor neurons stimulate the olfactory bulb. b.) Neural signals are processed by the central nervous system. c.) These neurons work together so that their combined firing can exceed 1000 times per second. d.) Information can be sent through motor neurons signaling to take a bite of food.

d.) Information can be sent through motor neurons signaling to take a bite of food.

_____ occurs without evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. a.) Recovery sleep b.) Heroin abuse c.) Physiological dependence d.) Psychological dependence

d.) Psychological dependence

Suppose you were trying to replicate Pavlov's original conditioning experiments. Which statement would be the MOST important characteristic of the stimuli you chose? a.) The stimuli were food. b.) The stimuli were easy to manipulate. c.) The stimuli were loud. d.) The stimuli were controlled.

d.) The stimuli were controlled.

What messages are sent to the brain by the slow nerve fibers? a.) They help the body deal with the effects of gravity, movement, and position. b.) They transduce sound into the electrical and chemical signals of the nervous system. c.) They indicate a sharp clear feeling where impact occurred, signaling arousal and the need for a reaction. d.) They carry messages about the pain that lingers after initial injury, often generating an emotional response.

d.) They carry messages about the pain that lingers after initial injury, often generating an emotional response.

Which statement about slow nerve fibers is false? a.) They are made up of smaller, unmyelinated neurons. b.) They convey information about pain that is like a dull ache, not necessarily in a specific region. c.) They convey information at a speed of 8 to 40 meters per second. d.) They contain about 16,000 hair cells.

d.) They contain about 16,000 hair cells.

Which is an example of Pavlovian conditioning? a.) the brain growing new neurons to replace damaged ones. b.) a child doing chores so that he can get candy c.) an animal hunting for food for its babies d.) a cat that comes running when someone goes near its food dish

d.) a cat that comes running when someone goes near its food dish

According to ___________, memories can fade over time, becoming more vulnerable to new information. Thus, your memory of an event might include revisions of what really happened. a.) the information-processing model of memory b.) the levels of processing framework c.) Baddeley's model of working memory d.) a deconstructionist model of memory

d.) a deconstructionist model of memory

Miller (1956) reviewed findings from the Digit Span Test and found that short-term memory capacity is limited to between 5 and 9 numbers, that is, the "magical number seven, plus or minus two." However, through the use of _________, we can improve the span of our short-term memory. a.) echoic memory b.) iconic memory c.) multitasking d.) chunking

d.) chunking

Dr. Balotti is interested in a very brief form of memory that can last up to 10 seconds. What type of memory is Dr. Balotti most likely studying? a.) short-term memory b.) eidetic memory c.) iconic memory d.) echoic memory

d.) echoic memory

Methamphetamines were used by soldiers and factory workers during World War II for: a.) treating ulcers and heart disease. b.) suppressing the immune system. c.) sleep needs. d.) energy and to enhance performance.

d.) energy and to enhance performance.

Mandy is training a rat to press a lever. She rewards the rat for the first lever press after every 45 seconds. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a.) fixed-ratio b.) variable-ratio c.) variable-interval d.) fixed-interval

d.) fixed-interval

Jayden works at a gas station most nights. His shift is over just as the Sun is rising. To help avoid trouble sleeping, he should head home and: a.) get some exercise and then go to bed. b.) sit outside in the morning light before going to bed. c.) watch television until he thinks he is ready to fall asleep. d.) go directly to bed in a quiet dark room.

d.) go directly to bed in a quiet dark room.

The _______ is essential for creating new explicit memories, but not implicit memories. a.) parietal lobe b.) amygdala c.) cerebellum d.) hippocampus

d.) hippocampus

Dr. Toews pairs a bell sound with food in a classic Pavlovian experiment. In this experiment, the association between the salivation and food is _____, whereas the association between the bell and food is _____. a.) learned; universal b.) problematic; pleasurable c.) pleasurable; problematic d.) innate; learned

d.) innate; learned

The _____ suggests that the deeper the processing is, the greater is the likelihood of retrieval. a.) visuospatial sketchpad b.) information-processing model c.) recency effect d.) levels of processing framework

d.) levels of processing framework

Which stage of memory would be LEAST disrupted by having to count out loud backward from 100? a.) short-term memory b.) sensory memory c.) iconic memory d.) long-term memory

d.) long-term memory

With _____, the communication among neurons strengthens, allowing for skills to develop and become more natural. a.) neurogenesis b.) encoding specificity c.) priming d.) long-term potentiation

d.) long-term potentiation

You are rushing to class and can't stop to make any notes when a friend tells you the address of a party going on later that night. What type of rehearsal would you likely need to do for the 2 minutes until you arrived in class and could record the address? a.) automatic processing b.) elaborative rehearsal c.) method of loci d.) maintenance rehearsal

d.) maintenance rehearsal

Alex had completely forgotten about what he got angry and argued with his girlfriend about last weekend until they began arguing and he got angry again this evening. Alex's recall is an example of: a.) semantic memory. b.) level of processing. c.) keyword association. d.) mood-congruence.

d.) mood-congruence.

Elias's father takes away his cell phone because he received a low grade on a test. This is an example of: a.) negative reinforcement. b.) positive punishment. c.) positive reinforcement. d.) negative punishment.

d.) negative punishment.

Dr. Pratt shows participants 3 letters and then asks them to count backward from 5000 by fours for 18 seconds. If Dr. Pratt conducts 100 trials, how many trials can he expect participants to correctly report all three letters? a.) 80 b.) 20 c.) 50 d.) none

d.) none

Professor Fowler likes to take polls in his large lecture halls. Yesterday he asked his students to submit the content of their dreams from the night before. He hasn't collated the information yet, but he can expect that his students' dreams were: a.) extremely different from what they thought about when awake. b.) predominantly focused on happy events. c.) overwhelmingly about sexual activity. d.) primarily about ordinary scenarios like sitting in class.

d.) primarily about ordinary scenarios like sitting in class.

Researchers tried to get quolls to stop eating toxic toads by conditioning taste aversion because: a.) they wanted to protect the species of toads. b.) conditioning does not work on quolls. c.) quolls were habituating to the toxins in the toads. d.) quolls could not learn to avoid the toads on their own because eating one toad killed the quoll.

d.) quolls could not learn to avoid the toads on their own because eating one toad killed the quoll.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus obtains its information about day and night from: a.) circadian rythms b.) beta waves c.) K-complexes d.) retinal ganglion cells

d.) retinal ganglion cells

You try to remember the name of a movie you watched last year, but struggle to recall it. When you do finally remember the film was The Martian, which memory process were you using? a.) short-term memory b.) sensory memory c.) encoding d.) retrieval

d.) retrieval

Your uncle claims he attended a school play in which you played the "Cowardly Lion". he has described the costume your wore, the lines you mixed up, and even the flowers he gave you. At first you can't remember the play, but eventually you seem to. Your mother insists you were never in that school play, and your uncle wasn't in the county that year, so he couldn't have attended the performance at all. Instead you have experienced: a.) curve of forgetting b.) state-dependent memory c.) savings score d.) rich flash memory

d.) rich flash memory

Gary is doing two experiments at once. Gary is conditioning a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell as well as conditioning a rat to press a lever. Repeated pairing of_______ will train the dog; repeated pairing of ________ will train the rat. a.) consequences; stimuli b.) punishment; reinforcement c.) reinforcement; punishment d.) stimuli; consequences

d.) stimuli; consequences

A third-grade teacher gives her students prizes for passing math tests. Not only do the students improve their math scores, they also begin studying harder for spelling tests as a result of this reinforcement schedule. Their increased studying of spelling is an example of: a.) classical conditioning b.) an unconditioned response c.) an unconditioned stimulus d.) stimulus generalization

d.) stimulus generalization

Gabriela works at a 24-hour pharmacy. She works the night shift. To help her stay awake and alert while on the job, her doctor suggests she should: a.) not wear sunglasses on the way home from work. b.) wait for daylight and then go for a jog before going to sleep. c.) dim the lights in her workroom during her night shift. d.) take a 20- to 30-minute nap during her break.

d.) take a 20- to 30-minute nap during her break.

You are given the following list: apple, bear, money, harp, wind, meadow, door, boat, monkey, canoe, giraffe, teapot. Which item would you be MOST likely to recall? a.) wind b.) meadow c.) boat d.) teapot

d.) teapot

__________ indicates that if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable outcome, it likely will be repeated. a.) latent learning b.) classical conditioning c.) biological preparedness d.) the law of effect

d.) the law of effect

Evan is training a rat to press a lever. Evan rewards the rat for responding after a certain amount of time passes, but the amount of time is not the same on every trial so the rat presses the bar every few seconds. The schedule that Evan is using is a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a.) variable-ratio b.) fixed-ratio c.) fixed-interval d.) variable-interval

d.) variable-interval

barbiturates

depressant drugs that decrease neural activity and reduce anxiety; a type of sedative

monocular cues

depth and distance cues that require the use of only one eye

Weber's law states that ratios, not raw number values, determine ________, the minimum differences between two stimuli noticed 50% of the time.

difference thresholds

top-down processing

drawing on past experiences and knowledge to understand and interpret sensory information

Certain medications can harm the fragile structures of the ears, as can: a.) ear infections and tumors. b.) myelin. c.) motion sickness. d.) presbyopia.

ear infections and tumors.

Dr. Garrett is listening to one of his students who is asking a question from the back of the lecture hall. The student's voice creates a sound wave that reaches Dr. Garret's ear, it sweeps down his auditory canal, which is a tunnel leading to a delicate membrane called the _____, which separates his outer ear from his middle ear. a.) cochlea b.) eardrum c.) oval window d.) cornea

eardrum

The _____ is the outer layer of the skin, which weighs around 6 pounds on the average adult.

epidermis

Roxanna woke up and realized that she had been dreaming of a high-pitched dentist's drill. She realized that even though she was asleep, the sound of her alarm clock seemed to have entered her dream. The _____ perspective would explain this is because humans can remain aware when asleep, which is an adaptive trait that has developed through natural selection. a.) psychoanalytic b.) behaviorist c.) evolutionary d.) subjective

evolutionary

Aspen is preparing a presentation for class. She is describing how sensory adaption has helped humans survive, using the _____. By ignoring unchanging stimuli, humans are better prepared to detect changes in the environment. a.) biopsychosocial perspective b.) opponent-process theory c.) trichromatic theory d.) evolutionary perspective

evolutionary perspective

echoic memory

exact copies of the sounds we hear; a form of sensory memory

Abigail is thinking about all she knows because of learning. She realizes that this learning would not have been possible without a.) accommodation. b.) belief. c.) experiences. d.) instinct.

experiences

Nicholas has conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. He presents the bell without food several times. Nicholas expects the dog to show: a.) extinction. b.) habituation. c.) more salivating. d.) acquisition.

extinction

According to signal detection theory, our ability to detect weak stimuli in the environment is based on many factors, including which of the following? a.) characteristic of the experimenter b.) fatigue and motivation c.) false alarms d.) hits

fatigue and motivation

_____________ specialize in recognizing specific characteristics of your visual experience, such as angles, lines, and movements. a.) Feature detectors b.) Rods c.) Cones d.) Photoreceptors

feature detectors

cochlea

fluid filled, snail-shaped organ of the inner ear lined with he basilar membrane

Hae is a(n) _____ triplet. She explains to her classmates that she and her triplet siblings came from three distinct egg-sperm combinations, so they each have their own genetic make-up.

fraternal

The pitch of a sound is based on the _______ of its waves. a.) frequency b.) timbre c.) amplitude d.) purity

frequency

nightmares

frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep

chunking

grouping numbers, letters, or other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short-term memory

You eventually begin to ignore a dripping faucet. This is an example of: a.) extinction. b.) habituation. c.) operant conditioning. d.) displacement.

habituation

LaRaoux is hard of hearing. Because her deafness does not involve damage to the hair cells in her inner ear, she is able to use _____, which work by increasing the amplitude of incoming sound waves so the hair cells in the inner ear can better detect them. a.) CT scanners b.) hearing aids c.) cochlear implants d.) nanometers

hearing aids

Alexander conditions a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. He then pairs a buzzer with a bell, and the dog salivates at the sound of the buzzer. This is an example of: a.) stimulus generalization. b.) observational learning. c.) stimulus discrimination. d.) higher order conditioning.

higher order conditioning.

Researchers propose that hypnotized people are: a.) highly responsive to suggestions. b.) less intelligent. c.) short sleepers. d.) long sleepers.

highly responsive to suggestions.

List 5 things that you are doing that involve the use of kinesthesia.

holding my head upright, typing on my keyboard, moving my hand to scratch my arm, moving my head to see the time, sitting upright in my chair

Ms. Holland is studying to be a clinical psychologist. She is taking a class that discusses some alternative treatments for phobias. She is surprised to learn that _____has been found to be somewhat successful with treating phobias. a.) ketamine b.) hypnosis c.) chronic sleep deprivation d.) false perceptions

hypnosis

Emma, Zoe, and Sophie are _____ triplets. They were the result of one fertilized egg that split three ways.

identical

binocular cues

information gathered from both eyes to help judge depth and distance

What data do the retinal ganglion cells provide for the suprachiasmatic nucleus? a.) patterns of hunger and temperature b.) levels of alertness and sleepiness c.) functioning of the endocrine system d.) information on the light and dark cycling of the planet

information on the light and dark cycling of the planet

Yesterday in class, Hieu was learning about the visual cliff, which was used to study the behavior of babies aged 6 to 14 months. Hieu learned that for the most part, babies refuse to move toward what they perceive to be a drop-off, suggesting that their depth perception is: a.) vertigo. b.) innate. c.) urban myth. d.) transduction.

innate

Zoe, Emma, and Sophie suffered from deafness and vertigo very early in life. These conditions both arose from deterioration of the _____. a.) cornea b.) retina c.) inner ear d.) eardrum

inner ear

Most nights Ivan can be found in the fire station, waiting for the tone to go off signaling an emergency in the neighborhood. His shifts are long and he rarely gets any sleep at night. His doctor is worried because shift workers are at risk for a variety of chronic diseases as well as: a.) insomnia. b.) melatonin. c.) genetic mutations. d.) K-complexes.

insomnia

According to Thorndike and the ___________, behaviors are more likely to be repeated when they are followed by pleasurable outcomes.

law of effect

Research suggests that _____ can begin before birth, because babies have already begun to single out the sound of their mothers' voices. a.) learning b.) instinct c.) word recognition d.) biological preparedness

learning

classical conditioning

learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response

operant conditioning

learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associate with their consequences

Jon is reading a book but hears a noise from across the room. He looks up from the book and his cat across the room immediately comes into focus because his _____ changes shape. a.) fovea b.) lens c.) pupil d.) retina

lens

Yumi is learning about how taste preferences have been influenced by evolution, which has been essential to the survival of the species. Her instructor described how humans gravitate toward sweet, calorie-rich foods for their: a.) protein. b.) life-sustaining energy. c.) valuable minerals. d.) umami.

life-sustaining energy.

In a _____, you are aware you are dreaming. a.) mininap b.) microsleep c.) lucid dream d.) hypnagogic hallucination

lucid dream

Freud believed dreams have two levels. The ________ refers to the apparent meaning of the dream, whereas the _________ refers to its hidden meaning.

manifest content; latent content

relearning

materail learned previous is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures

encoding specifically principle

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retreival

Some dogs can detect _____ of odors. a.) hundreds b.) billions c.) millions d.) thousands

millions

The ________ refers to the tendency for new and misleading information to distort memories.

misinformation effect

Last night, Lakeisha was sitting alone in her apartment when she smelled something delicious—someone was baking cookies in a neighboring apartment. Lakeisha didn't realize it but the chemicals involved when she smelled the cookies were _____ riding currents of air. a.) molecules b.) rods c.) nociceptors d.) inverted projections

molecules

Nen is worried about his mother's driving because she has a temporary patch over her right eye. Nen tells her to be careful estimating distances, as she can only use _____ to make judgments about depth and distance, with only the use of her left eye. a.) convergence b.) retinal disparity c.) binocular cues d.) monocular cues

monocular cues

According to the _____ of dreams, people with damage to a certain network of neurons do not dream or do not dream normally. a.) activation-synthesis model b.) neurocognitive theory c.) psychoanalytic theory d.) consolidation theory

neurocognitive theory

Mr. Luo was recently diagnosed with REM sleep behavior disorder. He is worried because he has heard that people with REM sleep behavior disorder often develop _____ as they age. a.) inattentional blindness b.) sleep attacks c.) insomnia d.) neurodegenerative disorders

neurodegenerative disorders

Hering proposed that in addition to the color-sensitive cones, a special group of _____ responds to opponent colors, which are pairs of colors that cannot be perceived simultaneously. a.) perceptual sets b.) vibrations c.) neurons d.) texture gradients

neurons

feature detectors

neurons in the visual cortex specialized in detecting specific features of the visual experience, such as angles, lines, and movements

Which is NOT a major category of psychoactive drugs? a.) stimulants b.) depressants c.) neurotransmitters d.) hallucinogens

neurotransmitters

Over the course of a couple of weeks, Jennifer has three unpleasant experiences with a neighbor's dog. The dog runs directly toward her, snarling and barking. Now, Jennifer is afraid of dogs. Before she met her neighbor's dog, dogs were a(n): a.) conditioned response. b.) unconditioned stimulus. c.) neutral stimulus. d.) conditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus.

color constancy

objects are perceived as maintaining their color , even with changing sensory data

The chemical sense called _________ provides the sensation of smell.

oflaction

Although Kalen isn't aware of it, her olfactory receptor neurons are hard at work as she takes a big whiff of the cookies she is baking. These receptor neurons stimulate the _____, with similar neurons converging in clusters called _____. a.) olfactory bulb; glomeruli b.) hair follicle receptors; interneurons c.) ganglion cells; bipolar cells d.) thalamus; epidermis

olfactory bulb; glomeruli

Your professor is discussing an experiment about learning. He says that in his experiment, "learning" occurs if the animal shows a relatively permanent change in behavior gained through experience. Your professor has just provided you with the ______ of learning. a.) operational definitions b.) dependent variable c.) demand characteristic d.) operational procedure

operational definitions

Riley was surprised to learn that those little black seeds on her bagel came from the opium poppy plant. She didn't realize that these plants provide the poppy seeds eaten in food as well as the latex from immature seed pods used to manufacture: a.) opiates used to block pain. b.) mescaline. c.) hydrocarbons. d.) stimulants like cocaine.

opiates used to block pain.

The _____ of color vision proposes that the perception of color derives from a special group of neurons that respond to pairs of colors. a.) trichromatic theory b.) opponent-process theory c.) place theory d.)frequency theory

opponent-process theory

________ makes the information received by the sensory receptors more meaningful by drawing from experience to organize and interpret sensory data. a.) Perception b.) Transduction c.) Sensation d.) Signal detection

perception

opponent-process theory

perception of color derives from a special group of neurons that respond to opponent colors (red-green, blue-yellow)

Have you ever noticed how the shape of a door seems to change as it opens and closes, yet you know its actual shape remains the same? The term ________ refers to the fact that even though sensory stimuli may change, we know objects do not change their shape, size, or color. a.) perceptual set b.) perceptual constancy c.) convergence d.) texture gradient

perceptual constancy

Itati goes through her day without thinking much about how her phone looks. It doesn't matter where it is located, what angle it is at, or what the lighting is, she always perceives it as her phone. Thanks to _____, she perceives her phone in the environment as stable in terms of shape, size, and color, regardless of changes in sensory data received. a.) perceptual organization b.) continuity c.) connectedness d.) perceptual constancy

perceptual constancy

Cells in the retina that absorb light energy and turn it into electrical and chemical signals are called: a.) opponent-processing b.) photoreceptors c.) fovea d.) feature detectors

photoreceptors

rods

photoreceptors that enable us to see in dim lighting; not sensitive to color, but useful for night vision

cones

photoreceptors that enable us to sense color and minute details

Professor Sosa studies the qualities of sound. He is most interested in measuring the _____ of a sound, which is the degree to which a sound is high or low determined by the frequency of its sound wave. a.) pitch b.) hue c.) loudness d.) saturation

pitch

A researcher studying the location of neural activity in the cochlea finds that hair cells nearest the oval window vibrate more to high-frequency sounds. This supports the ___________ theory of pitch perception.

place

The use of synthetic painkillers like Vicodin and OxyContin can lead to: a.) prescription drug abuse and addiction. b.) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. c.) holes in the brain. d.) narcolepsy.

prescription drug abuse and addiction

Which types of psychoactive drugs are used for pain relief, depression, and insomnia? a.) hormones b.) opiates c.) prescription medications d.) depressants

prescription medications

shaping

process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism perform at a required level

reinforcement

process by which an organism learns to associate a voluntary behavior with its consequences

We are aware of where the parts of our bodies are in space because of specialized nerve endings called _________, which are primarily located in the joints and muscles. a.) proprioceptors b.) Meissner's corpuscles c.) Pacinian corpuscles d.) nociceptors

proprioceptors

One of the gestalt organizational principles suggests that objects close to each other are perceived as a group. This is known as: a.) continuity b.) closure c.) similarity d.) proximity

proximity

Dr. Chandler uses a range of __________ to inhibit memories of surgery and changes of consciousness.

psychoactive drugs

Adriana is writing a report on substances that cause changes in psychological activities such as sensation, perception, attention, judgment, and memory. The chemicals in these substances are often associated with changes in conscious experiences. These substances are referred to as: a.) psychoactive drugs. b.) neurotransmitters. c.) behavioral treatments. d.) neurochemicals.

psychoactive drugs.

Which is NOT a behavioral treatment used for narcolepsy? a.) therapeutic naps b.) pursuing emotion-arousing activities c.) controlling emotional highs d.) avoiding monotonous activities

pursuing emotion-arousing activities

Nancy is rewriting her notes from class today. Her instructor was describing the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, and used _____ to explain the far right of the spectrum with the long wavelengths. a.) radio waves b.) X-rays c.) microwaves d.) gamma waves

radio waves

Lack of sleep in humans can lead to: a.) faster reaction time. b.) rapid deterioration of physical well-being. c.) increased concentration on monotonous tasks. d.) being less prone to microsleeps.

rapid deterioration of physical well-being.

rich false memories

recollections of an event that never occurred, which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details

secondary reinforcer

reinforces that do not satisfy biological needs but often gain power through their association with primary reinforcers

When two objects are similar in actual size and one of these objects is farther away than the other, the object at a distance appears to be smaller than the closer object. This is a monocular cue called: a.) linear perspective b.) interposition c.) relative size d.) texture gradient

relative size

The _____ of sleep suggests we sleep because it allows for growth and repair of the body and brain. a.) psychoanalytic theory b.) activation-synthesis model c.) restorative theory d.) evolutionary theory

restorative theory

The _____ is home to millions of specialized neurons called photoreceptors, and it is the location for the transduction of light energy into neural energy. a.) iris b.) optic disc c.) lens d.) retina

retina

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives signals from a special type of light-sensing cells in the eye, called: a.) delirium tremens. b.) GABAs. c.) retinal ganglion cells. d.) tetrahydracannabinols.

retinal ganglion cells.

It's dark in your house, and you are struggling to see what time it is without turning on the light. You notice that if you turn your gaze slightly to the side of your watch, you can make out the large numbers. The ability. to see them is due to your: a.) presbyopia b.) optic disk c.) cones d.) rods

rods

Color purity is referred to as _____, and it is determined by the uniformity of wavelength. a.) hue b.) brightness c.) saturation d.) pitch

saturation

Richard's mother gives him money for mowing the lawn. The money is a _____ reinforcer. a.) secondary b.) negative c.) extraneous d.) primary

secondary

Stimuli are detected through the process called: a.) perception b.) bottum-up processing c.) sensation d.) top-down processing

sensation

Abbott is thinking of examples for class tomorrow. He is going to draw a man almost touching a red burner on a stove to provide an example of _____. He is then going to draw a picture of a man with a thought bubble that says "Hot!" to provide an example of_____. a.) nociceptors; synapses b.) perception; sensation c.) sensation; perception d.) psychology; parapsychology

sensation; perception

A woman standing next to you at the supermarket has some very strong-smelling cheese in her basket. You notice the odor immediately, but within a matter of minutes you can barely detect it. This reduced sensitivity to a constant smell results from the process of: a.) sensation b.) transduction c.) perception d.) sensory adaptation

sensory adaptation

kinesthesia

sensory system that conveys information about body position and movement

In one study, researchers applied _____ to explain how nurses respond and make decisions about patient safety, for example, how background noises influence their ability to hear patient alarm monitors. a.) Gestalt psychology b.) signal detection theory c.) higher brain centers d.) Weber's law

signal detection theory

insomnia

sleep disturbance characterized by an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep, impacting both the quality and quantity of sleep

Delilah's little sister woke up screaming again last night. She does this several times a week. She sits bolt upright in bed, staring fearfully at nothing, and utters a blood-curdling scream. Delilah's parents rush in to the girls' bedroom, but they are unable to get her to calm down. Her little sister remembers none of this in the morning. It sounds like she is experiencing: a.) narcolepsy. b.) REM rebound. c.) sleep terrors. d.) obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea.

sleep terrors.

The hair cells of the basilar membrane are the receptor cells for _____, which have been transformed into liquid waves. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sound waves gamma waves radio waves epidermis

sound waves

photoreceptors

specialized cells in the retina that absorb light energy and turn it into electrical and chemical signals for the brain to process

proprioceptors

specialized nerve endings primarily located in the muscles and joints that provide information about body location and orientation

distributed practice

spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between

place theory

states that pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea

frequency theory

states that pitch is determined by the vibrating frequency of the sound wave, basilar membrane, and associated neural impulses

volley principle

states that the perception of pitches between 400 Hz and 4,000 Hz is made possible by neurons working together to fire in volleys

amphetamines

stimulant drugs; methamphetamine falls in this class of drugs

retrieval cues

stimuli that help in the retrieval of stored information that is difficult to access

According to William James, consciousness is a(n): a.) objective state of mind. b.) stream of thoughts. c.) visual processing area. d.) inappropriate topic for psychologists.

stream of thoughts

massed practice

studying for long periods of time without breaks

Seth read about a neuroimaging study in his textbook. The researchers found that neural activity is evident even with the presentation of _____ stimuli, indicating that the brain does respond to information presented at a nonconscious level. a.) adaptive b.) olfactory c.) subliminal d.) nociceptive

subliminal

Dr. Trimpey is discussing sensation with her class today. She is explaining that a light that is too dim to see or a sound that is to faint to hear would be considered: a.) subliminal stimuli. b.) psychomythology. c.) sensory abilities. d.) reversible figures.

subliminal stimuli.

gate-control theory

suggests that the perception of pain will either increase or decrease through the interaction of biopsychosocial factors; signals are sent to open or close "gates" that control the neurological pathways for pain

Zuri is a _____ because she is more sensitive than others to bitter-tasting foods, and she tends to consume fewer vegetables because of their texture and slightly bitter taste. a.) Pacinian b.) supertaster c.) synesthete d.) Prussian

supertaster

bottom-up processing

taking basic information about incoming sensory stimuli and processing it for further interpretation

maintenance rehearsal

technique of repeating information to be remembered, increasing the length of time it can be held in short-term memory

mnemonic

technique to improve memory

The wiring of the olfactory system is unique, because other sensory systems relay data though the _________ before information is passed along to higher brain centers, but this is not the case for olfactory information. a.) thalamus b.) corpus callosum c.) reticular formation d.) basilar membrane

thalamus

stimulus discrimination

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it

selective awareness

the ability to focus awareness on a small segment of information that is available through our sensory systems

depth perception

the ability to perceive three-dimensional objects and judge distances

serial position effect

the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series

According to _____, if the vestibular system is active during REM sleep, the brain will interpret the activity as floating or flying. a.) homeostasis b.) evolutionary theory c.) the activation-synthesis model d.) psychoanalytic theory

the activation-synthesis model

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

the active ingredient of marijuana

working memory

the active processing of information in short-term memory; the maintenance and manipulation of information in the memory system

positive punishment

the addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior

manifest content

the apparent meaning of a dream; the remembered story line of a dream

punishment

the application of a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring

optic nerve

the bundle of axons from ganglion cells leading to the visual cortex

Alcohol is a depressant, meaning that it is a drug that slows down: a.) aging. b.) the central nervous system. c.) physiological dependence. d.) psychological dependence.

the central nervous system

cornea

the clear, outer layer of the eye that shields it from damage and focuses incoming light waves

hue

the color of an object, determined by the wavelength of light it reflects

circadian rhythm

the daily patterns roughly following the 24 hour cycle of daylight and darkness; a 24 hour cycle of physiological and behaviors functioning

pitch

the degree to which a sound is high or low; determined by the frequency of sound wave

adaptive value

the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive

wavelength

the distance between wave peaks (or troughs)

effortful processing

the encoding and storage of information with conscious effort, or awareness

Maya notices that her sever back pain seems to diminish when friends visit and she is laughing and enjoying their company. This illustrates _________, which suggests a variety of biopsychosocial factors can interact to amplify or diminish pain perception. a.) the theory of evolution b.) an absolute threshold c.) the gate-control theory d.) proprioception

the gate-control theory

amplitude

the height of a wave; distance from midpoint to peak, or from midpoint to trough

latent content

the hidden meaning of a dream, often concealed by the manifest content of the dream

long-term potentiation

the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories

acquisition

the initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning

Weber's law

the law stating that each of the 5 sense has its own constant ratio determining difference thresholds

retina

the layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells, which transduce light energy into neural activity

memory trace

the location where memories are etched in the brain via physiological changes

semantic memory

the memory of information theoretically available to anyone, which pertains to general facts about the world -a type of explicit memory

elaborative rehearsal

the method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in long-term memory -a deep level of encoding

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli that can be noticed 50% of the time

iris

the muscle responsible for changing the size of the pupil

gestalt

the natural tendency for the brain to organize stimuli into a whole, rather than perceiving the parts and pieces

non-rapid eye movement (non-Rem or NREM)

the non dreaming sleep that occurs during sleep stages N1 to N3

frequency

the number of sound waves passing a give point per unit of time; higher frequency is perceived as higher pitch, and lower frequency is perceived as lower pitch

perception

the organization and interpretation of sensory stimuli by the brain

trichromatic theory

the perception of color is the result of three types of cones, each sensitive to wavelengths in the red, green, and blue spectrums

positive reinforcement

the process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again

sensation

the process by which sensory organs in the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin, and other tissues receive and detect stimuli

accommodation

the process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus on objects near and far

retrieval

the process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory

recognition

the process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory

storage

the process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future

recall

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of explicit retrieval cues

transduction

the process of transforming stimuli into neural signals

encoding

the process through which information enters our memory system

sensory adaptation

the process through which sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant stimuli

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the purported ability to obtain information about the world without any sensory stimuli

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

episodic memory

the record of memorable experiences or "episodes" including when and where an experience occurred -a type of explicit memory

negative reinforcement

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of it occurring again

negative punishment

the removal of something desirable following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior

cognitive psychology

the scientific study of mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, and language

vestibular sense

the sense of balance and equilibrium

audition

the sense of hearing

olfaction

the sense of smell

rapid eye movement (REM)

the stage of sleep associated with dreaming; sleep characterized by bursts of eye movements, with brain activity similar to that of a waking state, but with a lack of muscle tone

consciousness

the state of being aware of oneself, one's thoughts, and/or the environment; it includes various levels of conscious awareness

priming

the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment

parapsychology

the study of extrasensory perception

biological preparedness

the tendency for animals to be predisposed or inclined to form certain kinds of associations through classical conditioning

instinctive drift

the tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for behaviors acquired through intermittent reinforcement to be more resistant to extinction that those acquired through continuous reinforcement

proactive interference

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new material

misinformation effect

the tendency for new and misleading information obtained after an incident to distort one's memory of it

retroactive interference

the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past

stimulus generalization

the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

perceptual constancy

the tendency to perceive objects in our environment as stable in terms of shape, size, and color, regardless of changes in the sensory data received

perceptual set

the tendency to perceive stimuli in a specific manner based on past experiences and expectations

primacy effect

the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list

recency effect

the tendency to remember items at the end of a list

procedural memory

the unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities -type of implicit memory

absolute thresholds

the weakest stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

activation-synthesis model

theory proposing that humans respond to random neural activity while in REM sleep as if it has meaning

Issa is taking a singing class in college. He closes his eyes as two classmates sing a note with the same pitch and loudness. He can distinguish their individual voices because he recognizes a difference in the _____ of the two notes. a.) timbre b.) purity c.) brightness d.) hue

timbre

Jack has a problem. He has been drinking alcohol every night after work for a couple of months. He has noticed that it has been taking more and more for him to feel "tipsy," which is what he enjoyed about drinking when he first started. It is likely that Jack has built up a _____ for alcohol.

tolerance

Callen is listening to music. Meanwhile his brain is constructing a representation of the world based on what he has learned and experienced in the past. Callen isn't aware that _____ processing is occurring. a.) top-down b.) opponent c.) visual d.) bottom-up

top-down

Dr. Julien might premedicate patients by administering a(n) _____ to calm them down. a.) prescription medication b.) amphetamine c.) sleep hormone d.) tranquilizer

tranquilizer

Chemicals from food are released in saliva, where they dissolve and bathe the taste buds. The chemicals find matching receptors and latch on, sparking action potentials. This is an example of: a.) olfaction b.) transduction c.) sensory adaptation d.) thermoreceptors

transduction

Professor Solovyov studies olfaction and the brain. She is especially interested in exploring what makes olfactory receptor neurons fire. Professor Solovyov has found in the past that _____ occurs in the chemical sense of olfaction when enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, causing an action potential. a.) ototoxicity b.) transduction c.) priming d.) synesthesia

transduction

When a sound wave hits the eardrum, it causes vibrations in the bones of the middle ear, making the fluid in the cochlea vibrate. Hair cells on the basilar membrane bend in response to the motion, causing nerve cells to fire. This process is known as: a.) the volley principle b.) transduction c.) the frequency theory d.) audition

transduction

You're listening to music on your iPod. The sound waves transmitted through the earbuds lead to vibrations in the fluid in your cochlea. This activity causes the hair cells to bend, which causes nearby nerve cells to fire. This process of transforming stimuli into electrical and chemical signals of neurons is: a.) transduction b.) perception c.) top-down processing d.) convergence

transduction

_____ is the process of transforming stimuli into the electrical and chemical signals of neurons.

transduction

Donte is very careful about spending time in the Sun during the summer. He uses sunblock and stays in the shade as much as he can. Donte is trying to avoid _____, a form of electromagnetic energy from the Sun's rays that can cause cancer. a.) glomerulus b.) infrared light c.) glutamate d.) ultraviolet light

ultraviolet light

The _____ provides a sense of balance and equilibrium. a.) glomerulus b.) blind spot c.) vestibular sense d.) middle ear

vestibular sense

iconic memory

visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second; a form of sensory memory

Hue is determined by the ___________ of the light reflecting off an object.

wavelength

The various types of electromagnetic energy can be distinguished by their ____________, which also play(s) an important role in determining the colors humans can detect. a.) binocular cues b.) wavelength c.) interposition d.) feature detectors

wavelength

withdrawal

with constant use of some psychoactive drugs, a condition in which the body becomes dependent and then reacts when the drug is withheld -a sign of physiological dependence

tolerance

with constant use of some psychoactive drugs, a condition in which the body requires more and more of the drug to create the original effect -a sign of physiological dependence

psychological dependence

with constant use of some psychoactive drugs, a strong desire or need to continue using the substance occurs without the evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms

physiological dependence

with constant use of some psychoactive drugs, the body no longer functions normally without the drug

higher order conditioning

with repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well

delirium tremens (DTs)

withdrawal symptoms that can occur when a person who is physiologically dependent on alcohol suddenly stops drinking -can include sweating, restlessness, hallucinations, severe tremors, and seizures