Psychology

Obedience

Milgrams study examined

Ponzo

Because it deals with perception of line length the muller lyer illusion is most similar to the ___ illusion

Cross wiring between cortical brain centers involved in sensory processing

It is believed that synesthesia is the result of

Konrad Lorenz

___ asserted that all animals, including humans, possess an "aggressive instinct" directed toward their own kind which has survival value and evolutionary significance for their respective species

Absolute

a hearing test that requires a child to respond when here she can first hear a low sound frequency is determining the child's ____ threshold

Theoretical Perspectives: When scientists compare and contrast the attitudes, customs, values and behaviors of people residing in the United States to those living in continental Europe, they are engaged in the practice of _______. A. Gestalt psychology B. Behaviorism C. Humanistic psychology D. Cross-cultural psychology

D. Cross-cultural Psychology

FORGETTING: Which explanation of forgetting states that a " forgotten" memory is not really forgotten, but only inaccessible at the current time? a. anterograde amnesia. b. decay c. interference d. retrograde amnesia

d. retrograde amnesia

Psychology's Precursors: According to the ancient Greek naturalists treatise on psychological topics? A. Direct observation and measurement B. Introspection C. Trial and Error D. Informed Consent

A.Direct observation and measurement; The early Greeks believed in a world they can observe.

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Which memory system briefly holds a largely accurate reproduction of original sensory input? a. sensory memory b. short term memory c. medium-term memory d. long-term memory

a. sensory memory

Psychology's Precursors: The person who compared the human body and mind to the operation of machines was________. A. Aristotle B. Descartes C. Kant D. Hume

A.Descartes;A French philosopher whose "mechanical psychology" compared the operation of the human body to a machine.

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: All of the following scientific methods are forms of descriptive research EXCEPT ______. A. Case Studies B. Experiments C. Naturalistic Observations D. Surveys

B. Experiments; Pg. 24

Theoretical Perspectives: You act impulsively and then wonder why. Freud would tell you that your behavior was influenced by your _______. A. Irritation B. Unconscious mind C. immaturity D. inability to think fast

B. Unconscious mind

Fields of Specialization: An ______ psychologist would be concerned with the workplace being organized for optimal efficiency, whereas an ____ psychologist would be concerned that the workplace provided a satisfying environment. A.engineering/social B. engineering/industrial-organizational C.industrial-organizational/engineering D. industrial-organizational/social

B. engineering/industrial-organizational; pg.20

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: The goal of psychology that is sometimes perceived as controversial is _______ behavior. A. Understanding B.Generating C. Controlling D. Predicting

C. Controlling

THINKING: When we encounter a novel instance of a concept, such as an exotic bird we have never seen before, we correctly label it "bird" on the basis of stimulus generalization. What theory of concept formation supports this view? a. association theory b. hypothesis-testing theory c. exemplar theory d. concept-dominance theory

a. association theory

Pavlovian Conditioning: Which of the following is NOT an important factor in the initial acquisition of a CR? a. the motivation of the individual to perform the CR. b. the timing of the presentation of the CS and the UCS c. that the CS is clearly different from other stimuli. d. how frequently the CS and UCS have been paired.

a. the motivation of the individual to perform the CR.*****

Comparing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: Most learning situations involve both Pavlovian and operant conditioning. The term given to describe this occurrence is ______________. a. two-factor learning b. approach-approach learning c. avoidance-avoidance learning d. social learning

a. two-factor learning

Pavlovian Conditioning: Conditioned taste aversions illustrate the concept of ___________ a. second- order conditioning b. selective associations c. spontaneous recovery d. conditioned punishers

b. selective associations

Operant Conditioning: A developmentally delayed nine-year-old is rewarded for each step of the dressing process until his is able to completely dress himself. This behavioral technique is called_______. a. variable ratio schedules b. shaping c. variable interval schedules d. modeling

b. shaping

PROBLEM SOLVING: Trial and error problem solving is MOST effective when__________. a. there is a wide range of solutions b. there is a narrow range of solutions c. strategies are needed d. there must be a "quick-fix".

b. there is a narrow range of solutions

Information-Processing Model of Memory: The mnemonic device for improving recall of information from long-term memory that involves a meaningful arrangement of letters (for example, "Roy G. Biv" for recalling the colors of the spectrum)is called ________. a.the method of loci b.an acronym c.the peg-word system d.an acrostic

b.an acronym

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Our ______memory contains general, non-personal knowledge concerning the meaning of facts ans concepts. a.episodic b.semantic c.procedural d.iconic

b.semantic

Defining Learning: Learning refers to________. a. a change in behavior that is demonstrated immediately. b. a change in behavior that results from disease or maturation. c. a relatively enduring change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience. d. all changes in behavior.

c. a relatively enduring change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience.

Pavlovian Conditioning: Young children frequently cry when their mothers leave them. Sometimes they start to cry as soon as the babysitters arrives. This occurs because the_________. a. babysitter is an UCS associated with mother leaving. b. babysitter uses negative reinforcement. c. babysitter is a CS associated with the mother leaving. d. child dislike the babysitter.

c. babysitter is a CS associated with the mother leaving.

Cognitive Influences on Learning: The basic premise underlying observational learning is that__________. a. behavior learned through observational learning is never extinguished. b. insight into the model's motivation is gained c. learning ignores the rules of reinforcement d. all learning results from modeling

d. all learning results from modeling

Operant Conditioning: For punishment to be effective, it should___________. a. be administered every time the inappropriate behavior occurs. b. not be too severe c. be administered immediately after the inappropriate behavior occurs. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Defining Learning: A cat learns to jump into a child's lap in exchange for a piece of food. What type of learning has occurred in this example? a. cognitive social learning b. Pavlovian conditioning c. motor-skill learning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Pavlovian Conditioning: Years ago, a young woman's boyfriend broke up with her while they were watching the movie Top Gun starring Tom Cruise. Today, whenever the woman hears any mention of Tom Cruise with regard to this specific movie only, she starts to cry. Her behavior illustrates_______. a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus neutralization c. latent learning d. stimulus discrimination

d. stimulus discrimination

MEMORY AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS: Advertisers, who suggest that consumers had certain pleasurable experiences as a child ,are trying to_______ a.elicit implict memories b.alter our schemas c.elicit explicit memories d.plant false memories

d.plant false memories

Fields of Specialization: You see an article titled "The Effect of Peer Pressure on Alcohol Consumption by Teenagers." The psychologist who conducted this research was most likely a(n)_____psychologist. A. social B.educational C. organizational D.personality

A. social

Theoretical Perspectives: The approach to psychology that emphasized the practical nature of the mind and believed that processes such as consciousness helped people adapt was _____. A. Gestalt Psychology B. Functionalism C. Humanistic Psychology D.Structuralism

B. Functionalism; because greatly influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Theoretical Perspectives: Which of the following is a false statement? A. Humanistic psychologists emphasize the role of free choice. B. Humanistic psychologists view people as being controlled by events in their environment. C. Humanistic psychologists have interest in topics such as self-esteem and personal fulfillment. D.Humanistic psychologists de-emphasize the influence of unconscious process.

B. Humanistic psychologists view people as being controlled by events in their environment.

Two Longstanding Debates: In terms of the mind-body problem in psychology, the mind route in psychology has its roots in ________, whereas the body route has its origins in __________. A. Physiology/Philosophy B. Physics/Theology C. Philosophy/Physiology D. Medicine/Metaphysics

C. Philosophy/Physiology; This controversy has its roots in both philosophy and physiology, a division of biology concerned with the systemic study of bodily processes.

Which of the following is NOT addressed specifically in the ethical guidelines for psychological research involving humans and other animals? A. intentional deception B. risk of physical or mental harm to subjects C. the scholarly publications record of the researcher (s) D. post-experimental debriefing

C. the scholarly publications record of the researcher (s) ;pg. 26

Theoretical Perspectives: __________ psychology focuses on the study of environmental events and an organism's responses to them. A. Psychoanalysis B. Humanism C. Behaviorism D. Gestalt psychology

C.Behaviorism

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Echoic memories last longer than iconic memories probably because____________. a.unlike light, energy sound waves produce echoes to which we can refer. b. we do not have a second chance to review auditory information, whereas it is usually possible to refer back to visual information. c. visual information is continually being replaced, but auditory information is not. d. it is easier to concentrate on visual information

b. we do not have a second chance to review auditory information, whereas it is usually possible to refer back to visual information.

MEMORY AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS: If you usually study after is evidence that suggests you would probably do better if you also exercised before taking the exam. This phenomenon is called_______ memory. a.information-sensitive b.state-dependent c.state-delayed d.dual-coded

b.state-dependent

What is memory? The three processes, involved in memory are_____. a. encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval b. memorizing,reciting and recalling c. encoding,storage and retrieval d. recall, recognition and relearning

c. encoding,storage and retrieval

FORGETTING: You took two years of French in high school and then two years of German in college. What would account for the observation that you have more difficulty remembering French vocabulary word than German. a. anterograde interference b. retrograde interference c. retroactive interference d proactive interference

c. retroactive interference

Operant Conditioning: Even after getting 20 doors in a row slammed in his face, a door-to door salesman does not quit because his behavior has MOST likely been reinforced on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. fixed c. variable d. gambler's

c. variable

Information-Processing Model of Memory: The technique that Ebbinghaus used to study LTM was called________. a.recall b.recognition c.relearning d.over learning

c.relearning

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Which of the following memory sets are those included in declarative a.short- term and long- term b.semantic and procedural c.semantic and episodic d.procedural and episodic

c.semantic and episodic

Consistent with the view involving the consolidation of memory, after your finish studying for an exam, you should__________. a. reward yourself with a study break. b. relax by watching TV or visiting with friends. c. read assignments for other classes d. take a nap or otherwise go to sleep.

d. take a nap or otherwise go to sleep.

He or she was the only bystander

Darley and latane (1968) found that we would be more likely to help another person in trouble if

Observation

If a child and a nod of approval from a parent whenever he or she makes an insensitive or derogatory comment about someone that child is likely to develop and accompanying negative attitude about that person through ____

A victim of the false consensus bias

If your professor believes that anyone who doesn't fit applied psychology as fascinating as he does must be misguided he would be ____

IAT

Implicit attitudes are measured by the

Transduction

The process by which sensory organs transform mechanical, chemical, or light energy into electrochemical energy of neural transmission is called

Perception

The process of interpreting and organizing the nervous system's response to stimulus is known as

The vivid image of a small airplane being towed by a truck

The processes involved in selective attention would most likely cause you to perceive which of the following while driving on a highway

outgroup bias

The slogan from the youth movement of the late 1960s in the early 1970s "don't trust anyone over 30" is a classic example of

Psychophysics

The study of relationship between physical aspects of external stimuli and a persons perception of these stimuli is referred to as

Attribution

The theory that describes how we decide if another person's behavior is a result of internal or X ternal factors is the _____ theory

PROBLEM SOLVING: When we are NOT able to think of a novel use for a given object that would aid in solving a problem, we experience___________. a. Functional fixedness b. mental set c. dead-end thinking d. confirmation bias

a. Functional fixedness

INTELLIGENCE: Jonathan has scored extremely low on virtually every measure on intelligence; however, he demonstrates an astonishing ability in the are of creative drawing. What is the name given to this condition? a. Savant Syndrome b. Reyes syndrome c. Down syndrome d. Alpha syndrome

a. Savant Syndrome

HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE: Based on investigations of the correlation (statistical relationship) between hereditary and intelligence, what statement correctly summarizes the overall findings? a. The most genetically similar people perform the most similarly on intelligence tests. b. The least genetically similar people perform the most similarly on intelligence tests. c. The most genetically similar people perform the least similarly on intelligence tests. d. There is no identifiable connection between hereditary and intelligence.

a. The most genetically similar people perform the most similarly on intelligence tests.

Cognitive Influences on Learning: Rescorla's experiment examining the link between stimulus contingency and Pavlovian conditioning showed that ________ relationship between the CS and UCS was necessary for conditioning to take place. a. a contingent b. non-contingent c. either a contingent or non-contingent d. neither a contingent nor non-contingent

a. a contingent

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Information is coded in STM most commonly in _______ form. a. acoustic b. semantic c. procedural d. visual

a. acoustic

PROBLEM SOLVING: When people systematically move through a series of sub-goals coming closer to a final solution, they are using the problem- solving strategy known as____________. a. working backward b. testing hypothesis c.an algorithm d.a means-ends analysis

a. working backward

Operant Conditioning: Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the longest pause before its next bat press? a.FR b.VR c.FI d.VI

a.FR

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Eidetic imagery is most similar to the "typical" memory in _______memory. a.iconic b.echoic c.short-term d.long-term

a.iconic

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Memories that are not available to our conscious awareness are known as ________memories . a.implicit b.false c.explicit d.iconic

a.implicit

Cognitive Influences on Learning: A mother attempts to take her five-year-old son to a birthday party at a bowling alley that they have been to only once before. While the mother is frantically reading the directions, her son says, "You should have turned at the McDonald's and again at the church". He is correct. What MOST likely explains his behavior? a.latent learning b. Pavlovian conditioning c. modeling d. positive reinforcement

a.latent learning

Information-Processing Model of Memory: The capacity of STM is about ______________pieces of information if the information has been encoded according to how it sounds. a. 3 b. 7 c. 15 d. unlimited

b. 7

LANGUAGE: The chimpanzee Washoe was taught_____________. a. to speak b. American sign language c. Yerkish d. to manipulate plastic symbols and combine them in an apparently meaningful fashion.

b. American sign language

Comparing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: Pavlovian conditioning involves learning associations between _________, whereas operant conditioning involves learning associations between______. a. behavior and consequence/CS and UCS b. CS and UCS/behavior and consequence c. consequent/antecedent d. reinforces/punishers

b. CS and UCS/behavior and consequence

Cognitive Influences on Learning: If you believe the Pavlovian conditioning develops because the CS provides information about the UCS, you agree with ___________. a. Thorndike b. Rescorla c. Pavlov d Skinner

b. Rescorla

REASONING AND DECISION MAKING: Reasoning in which we reach a general conclusion by beginning with specific instance is called____________ reasoning. a.deductive b.inductive c. syllogistic d. tranductive

b.inductive

HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE: What overall conclusion do the research findings on intelligence support with respect to the nature-nurture controversy? a. Nature alone is the primary determining factor. b. Nurture alone is the primary determining factor. c. Both nature and nurture are determining factors. d. Neither nature nor nurture is a determining factor.

c. Both nature and nurture are determining factors.

Defining Learning: What type of learning involves forming an antecedent (occurring before a response) connection between two stimuli that result in behavior change? a. operant conditioning b. latent learning c. Pavlovian conditioning d. cognitive social learning

c. Pavlovian conditioning

Pavlovian Conditioning: Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the UCR and CR? a. They are identical in all respects. b. The CR is generally more intense. c. The UCR is generally more intense. d. The CR only occurs following the presentation of the UCS.

c. The UCR is generally more intense.

REASONING AND DECISION MAKING: With __________, you can never be absolutely certain that you have reached a correct conclusion. a. algorithms b. syllogisms c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning

c. deductive reasoning

Operant Conditioning: The most commonly used measure of the strength of an operant response is _______. a. the variety of stimuli that elicit the response b. a specific calculation from the Law of Effect c. the rate of response. d. how much generalization is shown.

c. the rate of response.

THINKING AND LANGUAGE: The observation that young children do not talk about objects that are not present in their immediate environments until they have mastered object permanence supports the position that______________. a. mental images are necessary for thought to occur. b. children have a limited vocabulary c. thought has an impact on the structure of language. d. language determines thought

c. thought has an impact on the structure of language.

PROBLEM SOLVING:_____________ in contrast to ________________ do (does) not guarantee a correct solution to a problem, but when they work they tend to allow for more rapid solutions. a.Incubation/heuristics b.Heuristics/incubation c.Algorithms/heuristics d. Heuristics/ algorithms

d. Heuristics/ algorithms

Unpredictability of the behavior

According to Kelly's covariation principle which of the following is not one of the three potential causes of a behavior we examine when making an attribution

Psychology's Precursors: Who wrote the book De Anima as a far-reaching treatise on psychological topics? A. Descartes B. Aristotle C. Locke D. Kant

B. Aristotle; Aristotle's psychology can be found in two far-reaching works; one of which being De Anima.

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: As a scientific method in psychology, _______ involve(s) variable manipulation and control, whereas _______ do(e) NOT. A. Case Studies/ Experiments B. Experiments/ Naturalistic Observation C. Surveys/ Experiments D. Naturalistic observation/ experiments

B. Experiments/ Naturalistic Observation

Fields of Specialization: The psychology profile of John Hinkley, former President Reagan's attempted assassin, would most likely have been performed by a(n) ______ psychologist. A. Personality B. Forensic C. Environmental D. Organization

B. Forensic

Theoretical Perspectives: An empirical, objective science of behavior that ignores the existence of mind and argues against the importance of personal freedom characterizes______. A. Gestalt psychology B. Humanistic psychology C. Structuralism D. Behaviorism

B. Humanistic psychology

Theoretical Perspectives: The psychoanalytic approach has been widely criticized because______. A. psychoanalysis does not help patients. B. its assertions cannot be tested conclusively in the laboratory. C. It ignores mental processes D. it does not include the study of animals

B. its assertions cannot be tested conclusively in the laboratory.

sensory adaptation

On an extremely hot summer day you are instantly perspiring heavily as you walk from class to class across campus but then you appear to perspire increasingly less as you spend more and more time outdoors throughout the day. What accounts for this finding

Birds of a feather flock together

Regarding interpersonal interactions which of the following old adages is is most correct

IMPROVING ACADEMIC MEMORY: When studying for an exam, you should overlearn the material up to __________ of your total study time. a.0% b.25% c. 50% d. 75%

b.25%

What is memory? The process of locating and recovering an item from a person's "memory bank" is termed______. a.mnemonic b. storage c. retrieval d. a "hit"

c. retrieval

figure-ground

while attending a cocktail party, you find that you can clearly hear one particular conversation above all the others, even though that conversation is not very loud. To a gestalt psychologist the conversation represents the _____ and the rest of the party is the ___

Equilibrium

while traveling in an airplane during which velocity is kept at a constant rate motion is not usually detectable. Which body sense is most directly accountable for this phenomenon

Fields of Specialization: Computer hardware that is similar to the "writing" of the neurons in the brain is/are_____. A. Connectionist Machine B. Biological Computers C. Artificial Intelligence D. PCs

C. Artificial Intelligence

Definition Of Psychology: Today, psychologists are interested in studying_____. A. Behavior B. Mental Processes C. Both Behavior and mental processes D. Neither behavior nor mental processes

C. Both behavior and mental processes; It is hoped by many that theories about mental processes can be based on direct observations of behavior.

Theoretical Perspectives: Internal mental processes are of interest to ______ psychologists. A. Biological B.Cross-cultural C. Cognitive D. Behavioral

C. Cognitive; focus on ways in which we process information.

Theoretical Perspectives:Which individual is incorrectly paired with an approach to psychology? A. Skinner-behaviorism B. Maslow-humanistic psychology C. Watson-Gestalt psychology D. Freud-psychoanalysis

C. Watson-Gestalt psychology; Watson was a behaviorist

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: ______ CANNOT yield causal relationships between variables, whereas _____ can. A. Correlation/ Experiments B. Experiments/ Case Studies C.Experiments / Surveys D. Experiments/ Correlation

D. Experiments/ Correlation

Psychology's Precursors: The concept of Tabula rasa ("blank slate") was popularized by ______. A. Plato B. von Helmholtz C. Fechner D.Locke

D. Locke; A British empiricist borrowed the idea from Aristotle that we are a product of our environment.

Theoretical Perspectives:Gestalt psychology focused on ____. A. Basic element of experiences B. Understanding the unconscious C. Connecting stimuli and responses D. Perception of the whole

D. Perception of the whole

It would be more difficult to detect a signal

Signal detection theory states that as "external noises" increases

When that behavior is focused on achieving a unique outcome that will unlikely at her as the result of some other behavior

When would you be most likely to attribute a persons behavior to a correspondent influence (or underlying dispositional cause)

Ames room

When you incorrectly perceive the relative size of two people in a specifically designed non-rectangular room you are experiencing what is called the ____ illusion

The vestibular sacs

Which bodily structure is most directly related to motion sickness

An architect who works with line construction and graphic illustrations all day

Who would be least likely to exhibit forming behavior in aschs experiment involving line comparison judgment

Operant Conditioning: Your child gets a gold star on her perfect spelling test. The gold star is a(n)_______. a conditioned reinforcer b. primary reinforcer c. UCS d. discriminative stimulus

a conditioned reinforcer

INTELLIGENCE: Who among the following persons formulated a tri-part classification of intelligence in the form of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence? a. Charles Spearman b. Robert Stern berg c. Howard Gardner d. Jean Piaget

b. Robert Stern berg

REASONING AND DECISION MAKING: When making a decision, how easily you can recall a piece of information is an important component of ______________. a. the farming heuristic b. the availability heuristic c. the representative heuristic d. a means-ends analysis

b. the availability heuristic

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: ________ is the scientific method known as the "science of self- report". A. Survey B. Naturalistic Observation C.Case Study D. Experimentation

A. Survey

Avoid unconscious conflicts

According to cognitive dissonance theory people are motivated to ____

Closure

According to the gestalt perceptual Principle known as ____ a young child can successfully play the game "connect the dots" in arriving at a complete image

dispositional attribution

An assumption that behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal attitudes or goals is referred to as ___

The primacy effect

First impressions are most directly related to

social loafing

In one study blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone then when they thought they were clapping with others in a group. This best illustrates

frustration-aggression hypothesis

In the ____ there is an emphasis on the process of reinforcement and imitation of the role models in explaining aggressive behavior

Deindividuation

Individuals who are normally law abiding citizens may vandalize and loot when they become a "face in the crowd" as part of a mob. This changes in behavior is best understood in terms of

social facilitation

Jean knows how to dance well so she selects a visible area on the of the dance floor on which to dance at a packed night club. While the crowd watches her, jean dances better than she ever has in the past. What most likely accounts for jeans improved dance performance in the situation

perceptual set

Subjective factors (such as your expectancies and preconceived ideas) that influence your perceptions are referred to as

Weber's law

The discovery that the difference threshold tends to be a constant fraction of the original stimulus intensity is called

Convergence

The feeling of tension in the eye muscles provide a binocular cue for depth when attempting to focus on a nearby object. this is referred to as

stereogram

What is the name given to an optical illusion of three-dimensional images that is created from flat two dimensional images

fallacy of positive instances

What is the term given to describe the general lack of understanding of how correctly apply the mathematical laws of probability to every day events (dreams)

Am implicit attitude

When it comes to her roommate Samantha holds an attitude about which she is not consciously aware. What type of attitude does Samantha hold

Both monocular and binocular cues

When watching a travelogue video of the Grand Canyon you perceive depth as a result of

Subliminal messages have a subtle and transitory impact on our thinking

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to subliminal messages

Cognitive Influences on Learning: Which line of research demonstrates the distinction between learning and performance by using experimental rates performing ? a. Bandura's observational learning b. Tolman's latent learning c. Thorndlike's puzzle box d. Skinner's operant conditioning

b. Tolman's latent learning

PROBLEM SOLVING: Which of the following makes it MORE difficult to solve a problem. a. The problem contains a syllogism b. The problem is deceptively simple c. The problem involves basic concepts. d. The problem is ill-defined.

d. The problem is ill-defined.

Operant Conditioning: "Any event that increases the probability that a response will occur" is the definition of ___________. a. punishment b. classical conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

d. reinforcement

THINKING AND LANGUAGE: The experiment comparing memory for colors between American and Dani individuals found that _________________. a. Americans were more successful in selecting the correct hue. b. the Dani were more successful in selecting the correct hue c. both Americans and Dani viewed the task very easy and made few mistakes. d. the performance of the Americans and Dani did not significantly differ.

d. the performance of the Americans and Dani did not significantly differ.

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Which statement is true of long-term memory? a.Old information is "displaced" by new information. b.Its is limited to several hundreds items. c.Information is stored by rote only. d.There is no evidence for any functional limit to the amount of information that can be stored in long-term memory.

d.There is no evidence for any functional limit to the amount of information that can be stored in long-term memory.

Theoretical Perspectives: Past and Present: An approach to psychology that attempted to break down experience into its basic elements was_________. A. Structuralism B.Psychoanalysis C. Functionalism D.Behaviorism

A. Structuralism; uses a technique called introspection, uses the basic foundation of an individual.

proximity

As a person who lives in Georgia, probably the most basic reason that you will not fall in love with and marry someone who lives in New Zealand is

Social adjustment

At times the attitudes we express allow us to identify with or gain approval from our peers. This statement describes the ____ function of attitudes

Men place greater value on physical attractiveness than women

Buss Cross cultural study of sex differences and meat selection found that

Door in the face

A career woman would like her husband to help a little more with the housework. If she first request that her husband is 75% of the work she would be using the ____ technique

Implicit personality theories

A friend tells you about a clumsy person who sits next to him in class who is always dropping their pencil and stepping on their friends foot. As a result of ___ you expect that person is not very bright

Not cross over from the shallow side to the deep side of a visual cliff

A newly hatched chick would be most likely to

Telepathy

A parapsychologist is interested in systematically investigating a persons claim to be able to read others minds. Which of the following examples of extrasensory perception (esp) will the researcher study

A person schema

A person believes that elementary school teachers are nurturing people. this is an example of

Informational social

And shares experiment in which subjects were asked to estimate how far a light moved in group testing situations subjects estimates become progressively more similar. Following the group test when tested alone subjects made judgments similar to those made in the group situations, indicating a presence of ___ influence

Two Longstanding Debates: In most instances, the nature-nurture debate in psychology can be resolved by saying:_______ A. Nature alone determines who we are B. Nurture alone determines who we are C. Both nature and nurture interact D Neither nature nor nurture matters

C. Both nature and nurture interact; such a debate is typically not a either-or proposition.

Informational social

Changing your behavior to be constant with the behavior of a group because you believe that the group is more knowledgeable than you illustrates ___ influence

Elevated frustration

Due to the process of scapegoating prejudice tends to increase during periods of

All of the above are included in the definition

Which of the following is included in the definition of attributes

Flawed research methodology

Which of the following is not a problem with research into the paranormal

Realistic conflict theory

Which of the following offers the best explanation for prejudice in a situation where two people from different backgrounds become suspicious and mistrustful of each other when placed in a position to interview for the same job opening

It occurs more frequently in men

Which of the following statements is false about synesthesia

person schema

Which term is not directly associated with the other three terms

THINKING AND LANGUAGE: Linguist Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that people think differently in different languages is called the ________________. a. linguistic-relatively hypothesis b. genetic hypothesis c. exemplar hypothesis d. language-accrual hypothesis.

a. linguistic-relatively hypothesis

FORGETTING: There is a difference of opinion among psychologists concerning whether long-term memories are forgotten due to _________ a. motivated forgetting b. decay c. chunking d interference

b. decay

LANGUAGE: In genetic theory, the "prewriting" of the brain, which is presumed to facilitate a child's learning of grammar, is known as the______________. a. programmed language generator b. language acquisition device c. programmed linguistic achiever d. surface/deep structure of language

b. language acquisition device

LANGUAGE: What is an important What is an important attribute of human language (perhaps the most important) that research results indicate primates may also posses in their communications? a. incongruity b.novelty c. relatively d. indefatigability

b.novelty

INTELLIGENCE: One the most basic levels, intelligence can be defined as the ability to_____________. a. verbalize and vocalize b. reason abstractly c. learn and behave adaptively d. solve problems logically

c. learn and behave adaptively

INTELLIGENCE: Which of the following intellectual abilities is not assessed well on traditional intelligence tests? a. verbal intelligence b. mathematical intelligence c.practical intelligence d. Logical intelligence

c.practical intelligence

REASONING AND DECISION MAKING: A syllogism is judged to be true if_____________________. a.both premises are true b. the logically obtained conclusions is also consistent with everyday beliefs c.the conclusion applies to every combination of all possible meanings of the premises d. the conclusion applies to every combination of all possible meanings of the premises

c.the conclusion applies to every combination of all possible meanings of the premises

INTELLIGENCE: You have just complete a major exam on the rise and fall of the Roman Empire in your History of Western Civilization course. What type of intelligence does this example represent? a. aptitude test b. creativity test c. multidimensionality test d. achievement test

d. achievement test

PROBLEM SOLVING: As a result of confirmation bias, people might jump incorrectly to a conclusion in attempting to solve a problem because they____________. a. approach a problem in a predetermined way if the approach has been successful in the past. b. stop n algorithm prematurely c. have a prototype of the correct solution d. do not look for evidence that will disprove their hypothesis

d. do not look for evidence that will disprove their hypothesis

THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY: The mechanism underlying the Hebbian Rule is ______. a. fight- or- flight b. dual-code memory c. state-dependent memory d. long-term potentiation

d. long-term potentiation

Information-Processing Model of Memory: A student who is not doing well in college class would most likely hope that the professor wound use which of the following techniques to measure memory of the material? a.short answer b.recall c.relearning d.recognition

d.recognition

Psychology's Precursors: The birthplace of interest in matters related to psychology is _______. A. Ancient Greece B. 19th-Century America C. The Sumerian Civilization D The Byzantine Empire

A. Ancient Greece; Psychology's prehistoric roots, date back to Greece's Hellenic Period approx. 6th century B.C.

Theoretical Perspectives:Which approach to psychology could explain why some individuals interpret "IX" as the letters "I" and "X" and others interpret it as the Roman numerals for the number 9? A. Humanistic psychology B. Functionalism C. Gestalt psychology D. Structuralism

A. Humanistic psychology

Definition Of Psychology: Which of the Following terms or phrases is NOT included in the definition of psychology? A. Behavior B. Subjective Study C. Scientific Study D. Humans and other animals

B. Subjective Study; The definition of Psychology states that Psychology is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of humans and other animals.

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: As an impediment to the applied science of psychology, the _____ accounts for the fact that is easier to explain events after they have occurred. A. Hawthorne Effect B. Confirmation Bias C. Belief-bias effect D. Hindsight bias

D. Hindsight bias

Fields of Specialization: You see an article title "The Effect of Hawaiian Vacations on the Reduction of Coronary Heart Disease". The psychology who conducted this research was MOST likely a _______ psychology. A. Forensic B. School C. developmental D. health

D. health

Information-Processing Model of Memory: Simply repeating words without any attempt to find meaning in them known as ________. a. maintenance rehearsal b. elaborative rehearsal c.mnemonics d.acrostics

a. maintenance rehearsal

What is memory? Encoding involves translating incoming information into a neural code and ____________. a. organizing the information in a meaningful way. b. rehearsing the information c. retaining the information for a period of time d. sensation

a. organizing the information in a meaningful way.

Operant Conditioning: A child's punishment for raiding the cookie jay successfully suppresses the behavior until the grandparents babysit the child. The child again raids the cookie jar because________. a. punishment suppresses, but does not eliminate the behavior in many cases. b. the child enjoys punishment c. the grandparents were not looking d. the punishment was not strong enough.

a. punishment suppresses, but does not eliminate the behavior in many cases.

Pavlovian Conditioning: If a dog after hearing the sound of bell, salivation would be a(n)_________. a. conditioned stimulus (CS) b. conditioned response (CR) c. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) d. unconditioned response (UCR)

b. conditioned response (CR)

THINKING: Which of the following is the MOST likely prototype for the concept cat. a. Siamese cat b. house cat c. tomcat d. Persian cat

b. house cat

THINKING: When you mentally group objects or events into general cognitive categories, you _____. a. solve a problem b. form a mental image c. form a concept d. make a decision

c. form a concept

THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY: From case-study evidence, it seems likely that the hippocampus and amygdala are _______. a. where LTM is stored b. only involved in sensory memory c. involved in transfer from STM to LTM d. involved in procedural memories.

c. involved in transfer from STM to LTM

MEMORY AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS:As an aging baseball fan, you would most likely have a flashbulb memory of _______. a.a ground ball that you had hit a second base a little league player. b. a loss that you had experienced in the middle of a relatively insignificant season of middle-school baseball. c. which team finished in third place within the confidence in which you had competed during your junior year of high school baseball. d. the televised San Francisco earthquake that occurred at San Francisco's Candlestick Park before the start of Game 3 of the of the 1989 World Series between the Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants.

d. the televised San Francisco earthquake that occurred at San Francisco's Candlestick Park before the start of Game 3 of the of the 1989 World Series between the Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants.

Two Longstanding Debates: Thomas has learned to follow the examples of his best friend interacting with other people. Using the nature-nurture debate, what best accounts for Thomas' actions? A. nature B. blind faith C. nurture D. neither nature nor nurture

A. Nurture; in the nurture aspect the person is learning from its environment.

The Goals and Methods of Psychology: In a psychological experiment examining the effect of alcohol consumption on reaction time, _____ is the independent variable and ____ is the dependent variable. A. amount of alcohol consumed/reaction time B. young versus old/ males versus females C. reaction time/ amount of alcohol consumed D. males versus females/ young versus old

A. amount of alcohol consumed/reaction time

Fields of Specialization: You are interested in studying what makes people feel fulfilled and happy. You would most likely specialize in ____ psychology. A. health B.social C. positive D. enrichment

C. positive; Pg. 21

Theoretical Perspectives: If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc.), you would be utilizing the technique known as _________. A. Empiricism B. Functionalism C. Behaviorism D. Introspection

D. Introspection; Break down experiences into its basic element or structures, the subjects provide scientific reports of perceptual experiences.

Fields of Specialization: You are studying to be a psychologist the chances are greater than 50 percent that you will specialize in ______psychology. A. experimental B. industrial C. educational D.clinical or counseling

D. clinical or counseling;pg. 18

PROBLEM SOLVING: Problems consist of three components. Which of the following is NOT a component of a problem? a. the goal state b. generating possible solutions c. the rules or restrictions that govern possible strategies. d. the original state of the situation.

b. generating possible solutions

Information-Processing Model of Memory: The memories you have of your first day of applied psychology class this semester are stored in your ___________ memory. a. chronological b. long-term c. sensory d. short-term

b. long-term

Operant Conditioning: A reinforcer that is reinforcing because it causes something unpleasant to end is called a _____. a. reverse reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. positive reinforcer d. punishment

b. negative reinforcer

Pavlovian Conditioning: To extinguish a CR, you should__________. a. pair the CS with a second- order stimulus. b. repeatedly present the CS while not presenting the UCS. c. withhold the UCR d. not present the CS for a period of several days'.

b. repeatedly present the CS while not presenting the UCS.

Pavlovian Conditioning: To demonstrate second-order conditioning, it is necessary to ______________. a. pair the CS with a new UCS b. employ discrimination training c. pair a new stimulus with CS d. repeatedly present the CS while not presenting the UCS.

c. pair a new stimulus with CS

THINKING: The concept_____ is subordinate to the concept_________. a. dog/ bulldog b. animal/dog c. teacher/person d. animal/bird

c. teacher/person