Psychology Ch. 1

Sigmund Freud was of Jewish ancestry, a fact that became important to his life story when

Nazis invaded Austria, & he had to flee.

Which of these theories is associated with the idea that Psychology is a pure science that can be studied experimentally and that there is no meaningful difference between human and animal behavior?

Behaviorism

Rene Descartes is a notable example of the historical period known as the-

Enlightenment

The Humanistic Perspective in psychology is an extension of Humanist philosophy, which was influenced by figures from the Renaissance such as

Erasmus

Which of these theories is based on the idea that thoughts and behaviors are influenced by genetic factors and have changed over time to increase survivability of the human species?

Evolutionary Theory

How has Sigmund Freud influenced popular culture's portrayal of psychology?

He shaped how we perform therapy- chair/couch

Abraham Maslow argued that a person's psychological well-being depended on-

Hierarchy of Needs- having their needs met

Conditioned dogs to drool at the sound of a bell

Ivan Pavlov

Conditioned Little Albert to be afraid of rabbits, dogs, and even fur coats

John Watson

In order to treat clients independently or teach psychology at the college level, it is necessary to-

earn a PhD in psychology

The founder of psychology 140 years ago was

William Wundt

According to the beliefs of the Middle Ages, human destiny was determined by-

a person's relationship with God

Stanley Hall was one of the most significant early psychologists. Among his achievements-

he was the first to receive a PhD in psychology.

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural theory of learning, "scaffolding" is the idea that-

learning new information is achievable by building onto prior learned information

Radical behaviorism, as demonstrated by B.F. Skinner, was the belief that-

no free will, behavior is the result of your environment

Sigmund Freud was the first psychologist to

perform therapy

A Freudian psychologist is most likely to

study a person's personal thoughts & dreams

Freud used the metaphor of an iceberg to describe the mind because

the mind is complex

According to the mythology of the Ancient Greeks, human destiny was determined by-

their fate

Because of the religious changes that had occurred, during the medieval era, philosophy was largely replaced by-

theology

Psychology is best described as the study of-

thought & behavior

Because psychology is to be a science, it is important that psychologists-

use the scientific method to study psychology

Freud argued that the dominant desires in the mind were those relating to

sex & aggression

Q: What does a school psychologist do?

A school psychologist deals with psychological problems within a school environment. These can be emotional problems, learning disabilities, & at-risk behaviors.

The APA is the leading professional organization of psychologists. These initials stand for-

American Psychological Association

Conditioned pigeons to read and play ping-pong

B.F. Skinner

Conditioning is accomplished through the use of reinforcements (rewards)

B.F. Skinner

European culture had changed in many ways by the time of the Middle Ages (500-1500 AD). One of the most notable changes was the rise of _______________ as the dominant force in European society.

Christianity

Conditioning is accomplished through repetition of a desired stimulus-response behavior

Classical conditioning

Approaches: Carl Rogers developed the humanistic approach to treatment emphasizing the individuality of each individual-

Client-centered Approach

The largest single subfield of psychology is made up of those who specialize in therapy-

Clinical Psychology

Approaches: The study of psychology should focus on understanding how people learn and think differently.

Cognitive Approach

Approaches: Which of these theories is associated with the idea that learning depends on a person's progression through stages of mental development?

Cognitive Approach

The branch of psychology that deals with criminal behavior

Forensic Psychology

Approaches: The study of psychology should focus on understanding mental processes, especially ideas, feelings, and urges centered in the unconscious mind-

Freudian Approach (psychoanalysis)

Which of these theories is associated with the idea that thoughts and behaviors can be understood by determining the purpose that they serve in the mind of the person?

Functionalism

William James should most be associated with the theory / perspective of-

Functionalism

Approaches: The study of psychology should focus on understanding how people perceive situations and events differently.

Gestalt Approach

Which of these theories is most applied to the study of perception and optical illusions?

Gestalt Theory

Approaches: The study of psychology should treat people as individuals and should emphasize opportunities for happiness, well-being, and individual fulfillment.

Humanistic Approach

How did society change during the Enlightenment?

People started using science & reason to understand the world.

The primary difference between psychologists and psychiatrists is that-

Psychiatrist- MD, can prescribe medicine Psychologist- PhD

Which of these theories is based on the idea that complex thoughts or behaviors can be understood through the process of introspection and breaking the thoughts / behaviors into their component parts?

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt should most be associated with the theory / perspective of-

Structuralism

Know the major perspectives of psychology!!

Structuralism- conscious experiences can be understood by analyzing their component parts using introspection Functionalism- conscious experiences can be understood by analyzing their function Behaviorism- psychology is a pure science- only study observable behavior; behavior is conditioned through environmental stimuli (repetition or reinforcement) Psychoanalysis- thoughts & behaviors are the outcome of desires & urges in the unconscious mind, generally about sex/aggression; study the mind by analyzing dreams Gestalt Approach- thought & behavior can be understood in terms of individual differences in deception Cognitive Approach- thought & behavior can be understood in terms of individual differences in learning/thinking Evolutionary Approach- thought & behavior can be understood in terms of evolutionary principles, such as genetics & adaptation to the environment

A counselor is someone who must obtain-

a masters degree & state exams/licenses, can provide therapy SUPERVISED

The Behaviorist Perspective on Psychology is best summarized as-

behavior is the result of stimuli in your environment

A school psychologist

deals with psychological problems in a school environment: emotional, learning disabilities, at-risk behaviors

Stanley Hall is largely ignored by modern psychology because of his outspoken support for-

eugenics.

Carl Rogers believed that the most important need that an individual has is the need for

positive acceptance, being treated well & w/ dignity