Psychology Ch. 1 Review Quiz

generally accurate.

An analysis of 30,000 general election political predictions in 45 countries between 1942 and 2017 concluded that election polls are

assuming that association proves causation.

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

placebo

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

100

Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between 3 and +3 standard deviations from the mean?

scientific inquiry

Commonsense thinking has several flaws. Which of the following is NOT one of those flaws?

prediction

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

an experiment.

Determining a cause-effect relationship is the main purpose of conducting

having a scientific attitude.

Dr. Tate is an excellent professor. She is curious, humble, and skeptical. These are all characteristics of

a meta-analysis

Dr. Vaughn has publicly communicated her planned research design and hypotheses. She has also communicated how she plans to collect data and anticipated analyses that will be used to test her study hypotheses. This is known as

operational definition.

Dr. Wertheim is studying the effect of studying at night or during the day on high school students' test performance and has defined time of day as before 5 P.M. or after 5 P.M. This definition is an example of a(n)

both manipulating the factors of interest and controlling for factors that are not of interest.

Experiments enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by

median

When Mr. Junea calculated his students' geometry test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely high scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

random sampling.

When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as

exploratory

When investigators gather data and then seek to identify patterns in the data that can be used to guide theories in the field, they are engaging in ________ research.

+.01

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and physical appearance would enable you to most accurately predict physical appearance from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

that there is a complete lack of difference between groups

Which of the following is often incorrectly assumed about nonsignificant results?

inferential statistics

Which of the following provides the best guidance on the significance of an observed difference between two research samples?

Common sense

________ describes, after the fact, what has happened better than it predicts what will happen.

less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +.60 would indicate that

a positive correlation

A direct relationship in which two sets of scores increase together or decrease together represents

a positive correlation.

A direct relationship in which two sets of scores increase together or decrease together represents

correlation does not prove causation.

A recent report stating that "Eighty percent of prisoners in the United States were spanked as children" is problematic because

organizes; predicts

A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ________ observations and ________ behaviors or events.

debriefing

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called

hindsight bias.

Francis is talking to her husband about their son, Marcus, who is in the tenth grade. Marcus seems to have changed dramatically. He has found a new group of friends, he stays out past curfew, and he has been caught smoking marijuana. Also, his grades have dropped significantly. Francis' husband remarks, "Of course! Bad associations spoil useful habits." This best demonstrates

the availability of powerful examples

Gabriella is telling her grandmother about a concert she plans to attend. Her grandmother replies that she should not go because a mass shooting could occur. When Gabriella asked why her grandmother would make such a statement, her grandmother replied that mass shootings are always in the news. This demonstrates how ________ can lead to the acceptance of misinformation.

the age of parents and children is positively correlated.

If psychologists discovered that older parents have smarter children than younger parents, this would demonstrate that

lack practical significance.

If results are statistically significant but have a small effect size, the results may

the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.

Illusory correlation refers to

independent variable.

In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the

naturalistic observation.

James, a graduate student, is observing parents as they interact with their children on a playground. He is not trying to change or manipulate the situation. Rather, he is recording their interactions without interruption or influence. This is referred to as

They are a reliable representation of her performance in the class.

Jenn earned a 72 on her first psychology exam, a 70 on the second exam, and a 71 on the third exam. What can be said about her exam scores?

He is of average intelligence.

Jerome scored 100 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. What does this mean?

sampling bias

Mark is reviewing recent applications for an opening at his company. The first few he reviews do not meet the minimum qualifications for the position, and Mark thinks to himself, "There is not one qualified applicant this time." Mark has demonstrated

false news.

Misinformation that is given intentionally can be called

naturalistic observation.

New technologies such as phone apps, social media, and Google searches have enabled the collection of "big data" by means of

experimentation

One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings. Which research method did they use?

overconfidence

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates

meta-analysis.

Professor Bryson is combining the results of multiple studies that have examined the prosocial effects of media. He is conducting a(n)

a correlation coefficient

Professor Terrance has conducted a study that examined the relationship between level of physical activity and academic performance among children. He is most likely to use ________ to determine if a relationship exists.

theory

Professor Valetta believes that identical twins have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

replication

Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called

animals can benefit from research.

Research on animal subjects has demonstrated that

minimize any differences between groups of participants.

Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to

random sequences of events often don't look random.

Six of the people in Mr. Martin's office were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as amazing and unlikely. In this instance, he should be reminded that

sample to a population.

Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a

perceiving patterns in random events

Statisticians Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller commented, "But with a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen." What were they referring to?

discovered to be fraudulent.

Studies conducted in the late 1990s in which the researcher concluded that children who were administered the MMR vaccination developed autism were

a large representative sample of the population of women.

Suppose you want to find out which candidate women will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample you survey is representative of the population of women, you should survey

Correlation does not prove causation.

The conclusion that "playing violent video games leads to violent crime" has been refuted by the American Psychological Association. Why was this statement problematic?

predictions

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

experimental

The group of people who are exposed to the treatment being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.

post-truth

The idea that "people's emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts" is expressed in the dictionary definition of

mode

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the

develop general principles that help explain behavior.

The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to

psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

confirmatory

Theories in psychology can be tested with ________ research.

random sampling

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using

inferential statistics.

To determine whether a difference between groups is reliable and statistically significant, you would use

the double-blind procedure.

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of

the case study

To understand the anxiety experienced by his 30-year-old client, Dr. Vince, a clinical psychologist, carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

group identity

Vishal believes that the Earth is flat and has befriended several people on social media who also hold this view. This is an example of how ________ can feed the acceptance of misinformation.

hindsight bias

giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite finding is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of