Psychology Ch 10/11 Quiz

Which of the following is a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives on personality?

A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following individuals exhibits the trait of openness to experience?

Sarah, who resigns from her well-paid job and sets up her own business

The term _____ refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

Self-efficacy

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as _____.

Social cognition

According to Freud, the ego...

Deals with the demands of reality

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in a defense mechanism called _____.

Denial

Self-report personality tests...

Directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by _____.

Encouraging group conformity

Which of the following defines conformity?

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Roger's humanistic theory?

Self-concept

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups...

Give people anonymity

_____ consists of a series of pictures, each on an individual card or slide. The test taker is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described. The characters' thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out.

The Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following refers to an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group?

Discrimination

The _____ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

False consensus effect

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more liberal as a result of _____.

Group polarization

In the context of sociocultural factors predicting prosocial behavior, Eagly and Crowely (1986) noted that men are more likely than women to _____.

Help in situations in which a perceived danger is present

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that Cookie Monster's behavior reflects the fact that he is ruled by his _____.

Id

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

Internal and external causes

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

Prejudice

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the _____.

Primal memory

A(n) _____ presents individuals with an ambitious stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus.

Projective test

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as _____.

Relational aggression

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling the child "Dennis the Menace" and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called _____.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Stereotype

Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?

The ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the superego, as well as the real world

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach Inkblot test?

The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity

When Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes that is because she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on the exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions for her poor performance. Claudia's behavior is an example of _____.

The self-serving bias

Which of the following is true of the trait theories of personality?

They stress that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses