Psychology Ch. 2 Sections 3-4 Review

What represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-0.9

What is the least amount of participants are needed to do a basic experiment?

2

What sample is most likely to yield generalizable results?

a large and randomly selected sample

On a graph of correlation coefficient, what do points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate?

a strong correlation

What is the possible range for a correlation coefficient?

between -1 and +1

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

What is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs?

confirmation bias

What is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

What group does not get the experimental treatment?

control

What has a relationship between two or more variables?

correlation

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

What is a variable that measures effects of the independent variable?

dependent

Harrison and associates are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g. sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.,

dependent variable

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

What species are most commonly used for animal research?

rodents

What is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation?

scatterplot

What is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study?

statistical analysis

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

What assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

Inter-rater reliability

What was the with the research that described a link between childhood vaccines and autism?

It was retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

________ can be used to assess ________.

Statistical analyses; reliability

If many studies cannot be conducted ethically with human participants, what can they use instead?

They are possible to test with animal studies

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Who are peer reviewers?

They help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

In what study do both the researchers and participants are unaware of the group assignments?

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

What statement is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

What is controlled by the experimenter?

independent variable

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

looking for flaws in the way a study was conducted

What does a negative correlation mean?

one variable decreases as the other increases

What is description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest?

operational definition

Who are subjects of the psychological research?

participants

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

placebo effect

26. Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

What refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result?

reliability

Devine and associates are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

What refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure?

validity

When does ethics need to be considered?

when designing, conducting, and reviewing scientific research