psychology ch 6

operant conditioning

(Skinner) organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence

positive punishment

add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

punishment`

always decreases a behavior

associative learning

an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

negative reinforcement

an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

conditioned response (cr)

behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (dog salivation)- caused by the tone of the bell, not the meat powder

law and effect

behaviors that are followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated. behaviors that are followed by a reward are more likely to be repeated

reflexes and instincts

do not have to be learned

John B Watson

founder of behaviorism

secondary reinforcers

has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer(praise, money)

classical conditioning

learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

reflexes

motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

partial reinforcement

not getting reinforced every time they perform a desired behavior

habituation

occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change (the tv is annoying at first, but after time forget that its on)

classical and operant conditioning

only learned from experience

fixed interval

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor timed pain relief. knows when)

variable interval

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (checking facebook. never knowing when, but being ready)

primary reinforcer

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities(food, shelter, sex, pleasure)

learning

relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

negative punishment

remove an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

shaping

reward successive approximations of a target behavior

variable

the number of responses between reinforcements, or the amount of time between reinforcements, which varies or changes

fixed

the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements, which is set and unchanging

spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

ratio

the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements

interval

the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements

positive reinforcement

a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior

cognitive map`

a mental picture of the layout of the maze

unconditioned response (ucr)

a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus (Dog's salivation)-caused by ucs

neutral stimulus (ns)

a stimulus that does not naturally make a response (tone'bell')-becomes the cs

unconditioned stimulus (ucs)

a stimulus that makes a reflexive response in an organism (meat powder)-makes dog drool-causes unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus (cs)

a stimulus that makes a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (the dog begins to salivate to the tone alone without the meat powder)-was an add on, became the reason it salivated

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning; an organism has two types of responses to its environment: 1)unlearned responses (reflexes) 2)learned responses (conditioned)

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

vicarious punishment

if the model is punished, you will be less motivated to copy him

vicarious reinforcement

if the model is reinforced on his behavior, you will be more motivated to copy him

models

individuals performing the imitated behavior

instincts

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events

second-order conditioning

using the conditioned stimulus to condition another stimulus (using the can opener, and then adding a squeak) the cat responds to both the can opener and the squeak now.

observational learning

we learn by watching others and then imitating or modeling what they do or say

stimulus generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimuli (cannot tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the mixer)

aquisition

when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (eating food(ns), getting sick(ucs), hating food(answer))

stimulus discrimination

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar (being able to identify the sound of a bell, other than the sound of a mixer)

continuous reinforcement

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior (giving a dog a treat after doing good)