Psychology Chapter 1

theory; hypothesis

A _____ is a proposed explanation for observed events, while a _____ is a prediction that can be tested. theory; hypothesis theory; operational definition hypothesis; theory operational definition; hypothesis

correlation coefficient

A _____ is the statistic used to show the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

A _____ is the statistic used to show the relationship between two variables. mean regression equation correlation coefficient standard deviation

both researchers and participants are unaware of the groups to which participants are assigned.

A double-blind procedure is a way of conducting an experiment in which: the experimental group knows they are receiving the treatment but the control group does not know they are receiving the placebo. only one of the two groups knows the purpose of the study. both researchers and participants are unaware of the groups to which participants are assigned. both researchers are unaware of the groups to which participants are assigned.

one variable automatically causes the other

All of the following are potential reasons for a correlation between two variables EXCEPT: the cause and effect may be reversed. the connection could be coincidental. there could be another cause for the effect found. one variable automatically causes the other

positive correlation

As the temperature increases, so does a person's irritability. This illustrates a: zero correlation. mean value. negative correlation. positive correlation.

antiquity fallacy

Believing that things should remain the same because people before you held that belief is an example of what thinking error? confirmation bias belief perseverance emotional reasoning antiquity fallacy

industrial/organizational

Dr. Garcia, a _____ psychologist, creates training programs for executive leadership in a large multinational corporation.

clinical

Dr. Nguyen, a _____ psychologist, administers intelligence and personality tests to children in order to diagnose certain psychological disorders.

health

Dr. Smith, a _____ psychologist, studies how nutrition and vitamin deficiencies impact our physical and mental wellness.

Biopsychosocial

Emma believes it is important to consider the influence of our brain, genes, thoughts, feelings, family, and culture on our behaviors. What psychological perspective is this an example of? evolutionary positive psychology multiculturalism biopsychosocial

belief perseverance

Even though you don't have enough money in your bank account to pay your bills, you still think you will be able to pay them on time. This illustrates what thinking error?

the meditation group

George wants to see if meditating reduces aggressive behaviors. He randomly assigns 100 second and third graders who have never meditated to one of two conditions: a group that takes a 10-minute nap or rest period, and a group that is taught to meditate for 10 minutes a day. During a 4-week period he asks teachers to track the number of aggressive behaviors per child on a daily basis via a strict protocol he has designed. What is the experimental group?

There is a near-zero correlation, which means there is no real relationship between breaking a mirror and your luck.

Harry read an article on the superstition of breaking a mirror resulting in seven years of bad luck. The correlation coefficient given in the article for this relationship was -0.10. What might he conclude from this information?

-Psychologists are more likely to pursue careers in research

How does psychology differ from psychiatry?

placebo (effect)

If a person takes a sugar pill, which they believe to be an antianxiety drug, and end up with decreased anxiety, they are demonstrating the _____ effect. random placebo double-blind independent

evolutionary; cognitive

In explaining what caused your phobia of snakes, a(n) _____ psychologist would blame your genes and the instinct to survive, while a _____ psychologist would blame your repetitive thoughts about a horror movie you saw with deadly snakes.

Meditation

Mia wants to see if meditating has an impact on happiness levels. She randomly assigns 40 middle-aged men who have never meditated to one of two conditions: a group that does not meditate and a group that is taught to meditate for 10 minutes a day. After 4 weeks, she measures their level of happiness. What is the independent variable in this study?

The explanations for human behavior are universal.

Multiculturalism challenged what assumption of old-school psychological perspectives? The influence of nature is not as important as that of nurturing. The explanations for human behavior are specific and unique. The influence of race is not as important as sex. The explanations for human behavior are universal.

humanism

Noah believes everyone has the ability to reach his or her full potential and true self. What psychological perspective is this an example of? functionalism humanism positive psychology behaviorism

maximizing assets and virtues.

Positive psychology differs from mainstream psychology because it focuses on: realistic assessment of failings. disorders and treatments. maximizing assets and virtues. people's problems and weaknesses.

confirmation bias

Prior to the mayoral election in your city, you seek out stories about your favorite candidate, ignoring those that are about the other candidates. This illustrates what thinking error? bandwagon fallacy belief perseverance confirmation bias emotional reasoning

using science to ground the study of

Psychology expanded on the study of philosophy by _____ the human mind and behavior. ignoring the influence and study of questioning inner workings and reasoning of using science to ground the study of improving our ability to speculate about

global, with most countries having some professional association.

Psychology is a science that is: global, with most countries having some professional association. primarily studied in the United States. lead by one overarching professional association located in Europe. studied in only a few countries in the world.

representative of the population.

The goal of random sampling is to get a sample that is: more likely to participate in the study. different from the population. most convenient to the researcher. representative of the population.

clinical, educational, counseling, and cognitive.

The top four specializations for psychology doctoral degrees, starting with the highest, are:

Causality

Using random assignment and the double-blind procedure allows a researcher to more accurately draw conclusions regarding: errors. descriptions. correlations. causality.

Old-school perspectives are still influential but new-school perspectives more accurately capture the current and future foci of the field.

Which MOST accurately describes the difference between old-school and new-school psychology? New-school perspectives focus on what is most important in the field and are more scientific than old-school perspectives. Old-school perspectives are still influential but new-school perspectives more accurately capture the current and future foci of the field. Old-school perspectives are no longer relevant in today's society, while new-school perspectives capture the past, present, and future focus of the field. New-school perspectives are more accurate and realistic in their approach, while old-school perspectives were either too positive or negative in their approach.

Certain brain activity can help us reliably predict specific behavioral patterns.

Which is NOT a critique of neuroscience? The link between brain and behavior is more complex than brain scans indicate. Brain activity doesn't necessarily cause behavior just because they coincide. Images of the brain make the link between brain and behavior seem simple. Certain brain activity can help us reliably predict specific behavioral patterns.

behaviorism

Which is NOT a perspective of new-school psychology? behaviorism multiculturalism evolutionary cognitive

multiculturalism

Which is NOT a perspective of old-school psychology? psychoanalysis multiculturalism humanism behaviorism

speculate and use introspection to explore variables and their relationships

Which is NOT an aim of psychological studies? correlate two variables with each other describe people in terms of a particular variable experiment by manipulating one variable and measure how another variable responds speculate and use introspection to explore variables and their relationships

Personality

Which of the following is NOT a type of applied psychologist? forensic counseling industrial/organizational personality

Clinical

Which of the following is NOT a type of basic research psychologist? comparative clinical social developmental

philosophy and physiology

Which older fields influenced the creation of psychology?

It lacked a scientific foundation.

Why was pseudopsychology dangerous to the perception of psychology? It was founded in science. It focused too much on body parts. It lacked popular support. It lacked a scientific foundation.

proved the usefulness and reliability of introspection.

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of psychology because he did all of the following EXCEPT: created the word psychology with a focus on science. created the first psychology research lab. proved the usefulness and reliability of introspection. taught the first psychology course.

Explain that Freud was a central figure in psychology, but less than 10 percent of psychologists today practice what he preached.

Your sister criticizes your choice to major in psychology since she disagrees with Freud's view of women and the role of sexual urges in our psychology. How might you respond to her and clarify the field of psychology for her?

Critical thinking

_____ is an inquisitive, challenging approach to ideas and assumptions.

Functionalism

_____ is the perspective that the study of psychology should focus on the purpose of our mental processes and behaviors. Structuralism Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Functionalism

Psychoanalysis

_____ is the perspective that the study of psychology should focus on the study of unconscious mental activity and the influence of childhood experiences. Structuralism Behaviorism Functionalism Psychoanalysis

Behaviorism

_____ is the perspective that the study of psychology should involve only that which we can observe and measure.

Structuralism

_____ is the perspective that the study of psychology should involve the breaking down of mental process into their basic parts.

Basic research

_____ specializations are areas in which psychologists conduct studies for the sake of enhancing the understanding of behaviors and mental processes.

Applied

_____ specializations are areas in which psychologists utilize their expertise to solve real-world problems.

"Focus on your studies only, not college life."

our sister is getting ready to go to college and you want to give her advice on how to be successful academically. What might you NOT recommend? "Show up to class and study consistently!" "Focus on your studies only, not college life." "Go to bed early and get up early." "Believe that with hard work you can succeed!"

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes