Psychology Chapter 1
psyche
Greek word for soul
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in _____.
introspection
If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ____ trait.
openness
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
operant conditioning
biopsychosocial model
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health
humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
ology
study of
cognitive psychology
study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
biopsychology
study of how biology influences behavior
personality psychology
study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
PhD
(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
PsyD
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
Gestalt psychology
William James was the ______
First American psychologist
In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Five Factor
In developmental psychology there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur late in life. Why?
Populations of developed nations are living longer
A(n) ______ is a chamber that isolates from the external environment
Skinner box
sport and exercise psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
postdoctoral training program
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
counseling psychology
area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ______ include food, water, and shelter
basic survival needs
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.
biopsychologist
personality trait
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
What kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
developmental psychology
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?
dissertation
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
hypothesis
Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
industrial-organizational
dissertation
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?
mid- and top-level management
introspection
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
American Psychological Association
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
developmental psychology
scientific study of development across a lifespan
psychology
scientific study of the mind and behavior
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
behaviorism
focus on observing and controlling behavior
psychoanalytic theory
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ______
the operations of the whole mind rather than the individual parts