Psychology- Chapter 1 Scientific Method

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correlational coefficient

the degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a

Correlational research

the key feature to this type of study is that the variables of interest are measured or observed to see how they relate

Experimental research

this type of research is concerned with establishing causal relationships between variables

Correlational research

this type of research is interested in discovering relationships between variables

descriptive research

this type of research methods include observation, surveys and interviews, and case studies.

random assignment

USED BY Researchers by dividing a study's participants randomly into two different groups.

Descriptive Statistics

Used to describe or summarize sets of data to make them more understandable

data

to test the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing what?

psychology science

uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions

Correlational research

when the variables are measured by the researcher to see how they relate.

positive correlation

when the variables move in the same direction, so that if one variable increases the other variable also increases, and if one variable decreases the other variable decreases as well.

number, - or +

where the ______ determines the strength of the relationship between the variables and the _____ sign determines the direction of the relationship between the variables

because sometimes participants will answer the questions in a way they believe is socially acceptable instead of how they really feel.

why are Surveys and interviews can be problematic?

institutional review boards

Colleges and universities have what are termed ______ that evaluate the ethical nature of research studies before approving them.

causation

Correlation does not equal

causation

Correlation does not equal ____

unethical to carry out in an experiment.

Correlational studies can also be conducted on variables that would be considered

experience sampling method (ESM)

Correlational studies can be used when researchers are interested in everyday experience is called?

internal validity

Demand characteristics can threaten the _____ of a study.

experimenter bias and participant bias

Dr. Aoki used double-blind procedures in his experiments to reduce the potential for ____ and ___.

research variables that cannot be manipulated.

Even with the risk of a third variable, correlational studies are important, because they allow us to

human problems

Experiments using animals as research subjects have provided a better understanding of and solutions for many ____

systematic

For observations to be effective, they must be

systematic

For observations to be effective, they must be ____ Researchers must know what they are looking for, who they are observing, where and when observations will take place, and how observations will be made.

behavior to change.

If the behavior changes when one of the variables is manipulated, then the manipulated variable is considered to have caused the

experimental methods

If there is a relationship between two variables, the researcher must use WHAT to determine the direction of the causality.

double-blind experiment

In a ____, neither the participants nor the experimenter know which group has received the treatment.

experiment

In an ____ the researcher manipulates one of the variables to see if it influences the behavior in question.

independent variable / dependent variable

In an experiment the ______ is manipulated by the researcher and its effects on the _____ are measured.

independent variable / dependent variable

In an experiment, the ____ is conceptualized as the "cause" and the _____ is conceptualized as the "effect. "

control

In an experiment, the group that is NOT subjected to a treatment condition is known as the _____ group.

naturalistic observation

In such research, people's behaviors are being observed in real-world situations. this is called?

double blind experiment

In this type of experiment, neither the experimenter nor the participant is aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group.

manipulated by researchers

Independent variables are ____.

informed consent

Is an ethical guideline where the participants must know in advance what will be involved in the experiment and what, if any, risks there might be.

obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

Longitudinal research involves ______.

strong negative

Professor Mendez found that the correlation between students' life stress scale score and his or her final grade was -. 80. This correlation coefficient indicates a _____ relationship between the two variables.

obtain a random sample

Randomly choosing a group of 50 students from a roster of all students in a school and inviting them to participate in a study would be an example of one way to ____.

confidentiality

Researchers are responsible for the maintaining the _____ of all the data collected from the participants in the experiment.

dependent variable

Researchers measure changes in which variable?

informed consent

Researchers must obtain the _____ of the participants prior to the start of the experiment

ethical guideline

Subjects in a research study should be no worse off after participating in the study. is considered?

Deception

THIS is allowed in an experiment if telling the participants in advance about the expected outcome of the study could potentially alter the participants' behavior and therefore invalidate the results of the experiment.

SURVEY

THIS presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic.

animal

The APA has established guidelines for researchers to use in housing, feeding, and maintaining the psychological and physiological well-being of ____ subjects.

±1.00

The closer the number is to ___, the stronger the relationship

ethical standards

The consideration of THIS came about after Nazi doctors in concentration camps used prisoners as guinea pigs in their experiments.

its strength and its direction

The correlation coefficient is a statistic that tells us two things about the relationship between two variables which are?

observing some phenomenon

The first step in conducting scientific research

psychological science

The goals of THIS are to describe, predict, and explain behavior.

sample

The group that the study uses is called the ____. It is a subset of the population

values

The issue of ____ in psychological research (the standards for judging what is worthwhile and desirable) is two sided.

survey or questionnaire

When information needs to be taken from a large group of people

naturalistic observation

When research is conducted in a natural setting, it is

operational definition

When trying to formulate a research question from your observation, your variable will be measured by this. you will eliminate any gray areas that might arise when thinking about a problem.

Experiments

Which of the following is NOT an example of a descriptive research method? surveys and interviews, observations, experiments, case studies

Experimental studies

Which of the following research methods allow researchers to determine causality? Survey studies, correlation studies, experimental studies

Descriptive research

This type of research involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable

External validity

___ refers to the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address.

internal validity

____ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and nothing else.

Operational definitions

_____ provide an objective description of how variables are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

Correlational research

____is so named because of the statistical technique, that is typically used to analyze these type of data.

Internal validity

a caution involved in experimental research that refers to whether changes in the dependent variable are actually due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

External validity

a caution involved in experimental research that refers to whether the experimental design is representative of real-world issues

Data

a collection of measurements

Descriptive research

allows researchers to get a sense of something but cannot answer questions about how and why things are the way they are

hypothesis

an idea that is arrived at logically from a theory.

variable

anything that can change

Demand characteristics

are any aspects of a study that communicate to the subject how the researcher wants them to behave.

data

are the information collected in a study

random sample

as a way to more closely resemble the population, a researcher uses a

Correlational studies

can be used when researchers are interested in everyday experience

SURVEY

can measure only what people think about themselves

case study

conducted when a researcher takes an in-depth look at a single individual.

survey

consists of questions about a person's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a topic.

operational definition

establishing this will eliminate any gray areas that might arise when thinking about a problem.

Descriptive research

involves investigating the parameters of a variable

confederate

is a person given a role in an experiment in order to manipulate the social context.

Descriptive research

is about describing some phenomenon—determining its basic dimensions and defining what this thing is, how often it occurs, and so on

case study, or case history,

is an in-depth look at a single individual

placebo

is an innocuous, inert substance that has no effect on the behavior of the participants. However, participants are kept unaware of this, so that they believe they actually received the manipulation.

Correlational research

is conducted when studies are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more variables so it can be understood how the variables change together.

control group

is exactly like the experimental group, except that there is no manipulation of the variable

experimental group

is the group whose variable is manipulated.

dependent variable

is the result of manipulating the independent variable.

Ethnic gloss

is the using of an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

independent variable

is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

case study

is usually conducted by a clinical psychologist when the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated in other individuals.

Correlational Research

looks at a co-relationship

third variable problem

occurs when an extraneous variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two variables.

Experimenter bias

occurs when the experimenter's expectations influence the results of the study.

Research participant bias

occurs when the participant's behavior during an experiment is influenced by how the participant believes he or she is supposed to be behaving

A placebo effect

occurs when the participant's expectations produce an experimental outcome, even though the participant did not receive any manipulation.

negative correlation

occurs when the variables move in opposite directions, so that if one variable increases the other variable decreases, and vice versa.

Case histories

provide dramatic, detailed portrayals of people's lives, but we must be cautious about applying what we learn from one person's life to other people

case study

provides information about one person's goals, hopes, fantasies, fears, traumatic experiences, family relationships, health, or anything else that helps the psychologist understand the person's mind and behavior and can also involve in-depth explorations of particular families or social groups.

controlling or changing; scientific methods

psychologists are often interested in ___ or ____behavior and use ____ to examine interventions that might help, for example, reduce violence or promote happiness.

correlation coefficient

represented as a lowercase r

drawbacks to conducting laboratory research

some aspects of the mind and behavior are difficult to examine in a laboratory. is considered?

longitudinally designed

study in which the measures of the variables are obtained in multiple waves over time

Statistics

summary descriptions of data (i.e., mean, medium, range)

Laboratory research

takes place in a controlled environment from which the complex factors of the real world are removed

Correlational Research

tells us about the relationships between variables, and its purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together

an equal chance of being selected

Choosing a random sample means that each member of the population has an

data analysis

This applies mathematical procedures to understand what the data mean.

survey

This can either be unstructured and open ended, or they can be structured and more specific

negative

A _____ sign means that as one variable increases, the other decreases

positive

A ______sign means that as one variable increases, the other also increases

zero

A _____correlation means that there is no systematic relationship between the variables.

a relationship between the two variables, not that one of the variables causes the other one.

A correlation between two variables states only that there is

the entire group of people researchers want to draw conclusions about

A population is

replicated again and again and yields similar findings

A research finding is considered reliable when a study has been

debriefing

After an experiment has been conducted, the researcher is responsible for _____ the participants

variables

Another challenge in survey construction is that when questionnaires are used to operationally define

longitudinally designed study

Another way of controlling for causation is by conducting a

draw conclusions

Based on what was found after data analysis, researchers can do what from their research?

descriptive research

By itself, this type of research cannot prove what causes some phenomenon, but it can reveal important information about people's behaviors and attitudes

clinical psychologists

Case studies are performed mainly by ______when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals

value-free

ONE SIDE OF VALUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH: people believe that because psychologists are humans, they cannot be _____.

value-free, MORALLY

ONE SIDE OF VALUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH: psychologists believe that psychology should be ____ and ____ neutral

double blind experiment

One method to control for both experimenter and participant bias is to conduct a

interview them directly

One method to gain information about people

data analysis

One of the key aspects of testing a hypothesis is

look good

One particular problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer questions in a way that will make them ____ rather than in a way that communicates what they truly think or feel

debriefing

Part of ethical guideline where the participants are informed of the experiment's purpose and the methods that were used in the experiment.

external validity

Professor Jones is studying drug use among high school students. If she uses random sampling, it will strengthen the ____ of her study.

positive correlation

Professor Jordan has suggested to his students that as study time increases, grades increase. The professor is describing a ____.

The American Psychological Association (APA)

This has developed guidelines for researchers to follow when conducting research involving human participants.

strength

The number or magnitude of the correlation tells us about the _____of the relationship.

-1.00 and +1.00

The numeric value of a correlation coefficient falls between

internal validity

The placebo effect can weaken the ____ of an experiment.

population.

The researcher wants to be able to draw conclusions from the results that will apply to a larger group of people or animals.

hypothesis

The second step in conducting scientific research is stating a

(+ or -)

The sign _____tells us about the direction of the relationship between the variables.

correlation coefficient

The strength of the relationship between two variables is expressed as

test the hypothesis

The third step in conducting scientific research is to

confounds

These "third variables" are also called

SURVEY

if we are interested in studying a variable that we think is unconscious, like a psychodynamic drive, we cannot use a

Descriptive research

this type of research allows the researcher to develop a sense for something but does not answer the how and why of a situation.

drawbacks to conducting laboratory research

the participants know that they are being studied; the laboratory setting is unnatural; is considered?

drawbacks to conducting laboratory research

the participants who go to a university setting to take part in laboratory research may not be representative of the general population; is considered?

science, behavior, and mental processes.

the three key terms in PSYCHOLOGY definition

experience sampling method (ESM)

this can consist of writing in a diary or recording a measurement of some kind upon being reminded to do so by an electronic organizer

control group

this group is used as a comparison group.


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