Psychology Chapter 1 Test
3
-3, 3, 0, 3, -3
5
10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 3, 10, 5, 2 The numbers above represent the quiz results for a psychology class. What is the median score for the class?
6
12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above?
2
2, 11, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 5 What is the mode of the number set above?
5
8 6 5 10 5 7 1 5 10 A student who scored at the mode would have how many points?
6
8 6 5 10 5 7 1 5 10 Which of the following is the median score?
appear fertile
A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who
participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out
A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that
1.30
A group of ten students took a spelling test on Monday (Test 1), and then the same group of students took the same test again on Friday (Test 2). The scores on the two tests are given in the table. Which of the following is a correlation coefficient that was most likely obtained using the two sets of scores?
a case study
A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is
The feedback about relative performance in coin tossing
A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior.
Violation of the right to withdraw
A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior.
Reliability
A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?
a positive correlation
A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is
statistical inference
A research psychologist generalizes from a particular sample to an entire population. This is an example of
an operational definition
A research team wanted to measure how attractive Chris thought Pat was. The researchers measured how long Chris spent looking at Pat as an indicator of how attractive Chris found Pat to be. This measurement constituted
Good grades in college and high incomes are related.
A researcher finds a .50 correlation between college grades and income at age 30. Which of the following interpretations of these data is correct?
The medicine
A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below.
The medicine was more effective in reducing the severity of the headaches than was quiet rest.
A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below.
A survey
A school's activities committee is planning for the upcoming school year. Which of the following research methods will best help measure student opinions on a variety of activities?
77
A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?
The mode
A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which of the following must have changed as a result of the increase in scores?
Research may not involve deception.
All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:
documenting the poor conditions of mental asylums, which eventually led to their reform
Dorothea Dix was known for
Biological
Dr. Barak's research focuses on how neurochemical makeup affects cognition, behavior, and emotion. Dr. Barak's approach is most likely
Meta-analysis
Dr. Grayson is interested in studying the relationship between weight loss and mood. To conduct the study, Dr. Grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on weight loss and emotional state. Which research strategy is Dr. Grayson using?
an experiment
Dr. Larson was interested in whether classical music helps students perform better on a test. Dr. Larson randomly assigned half of the study's participants to a group that listened to classical music while taking a test. The other half of the participants did not listen to music while taking a test. The research design Dr. Larson used is
survival
An evolutionary psychologist would explainthat humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for
effectiveness of management training
An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the
If the tallest person were taller
Elana recorded the height of all of her classmates and calculated the standard deviation. If everything else stayed the same, what change to the data would make the standard deviation increase?
are protected from physical and psychological harm
Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research
may reveal a causal relation
Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research
rejects free will and focuses solely on observable experiences
Humanists would most likely criticize behaviorists on the grounds that behaviorism
It contains the middle 68% of the distribution.
In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?
Dependent variable
In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the
requires comparatively little time
In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research
Introspection
In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?
Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose
Introspection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by which of the following behaviors?
Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?
naturalistic observation
Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as
Negative correlation
Jeremy recorded his school's consumption of heating oil and the mean outside temperature each day for a month. His analysis showed that as the temperature decreased his school used more oil. Which of the following terms best characterizes the association between these two variables?
Naturalistic observation
Margaret is beginning to plan a research project for her psychology class. She wants to examine whether there is a difference between boys and girls in terms of the frequency with which they throw away their trash in the school cafeteria after they have finished eating lunch. Which of the following methodologies would most accurately measure the behavior of interest in Margaret's study?
Problem-solving strategies in chess
Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study?
effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the
reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark
Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the
10
On a test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the test then realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student's score. The standard deviation of the students' new scores is
They enable researchers to replicate studies by precisely describing the variables and how they are used.
Operational definitions are used for which of the following reasons?
time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario.
Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad's conclusion is that
Method of note-taking
Professor González is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is Professor González' independent variable?
A positive correlation
Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student's college grade point average (GPA). Which of the following best describes this relationship?
Evolutionary
Research has demonstrated that when participants in a study are shown a picture of a snake and a picture of a house, they are more likely to develop autonomic fear responses, such as increased sweating and heart rate, in response to the picture of the snake. It has also been found that fear responses to a picture of a house are quickly extinguished, whereas fear responses to a picture of a snake are maintained at a high level. These findings best support which of the following psychological perspectives?
sampling bias
Research shows that women who are referred by a physician to participate in a study of eating disorders have more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the studies might be limited because of the presence of
The number of helping behaviors
Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?
Both male students and female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video.
Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. What conclusion can be drawn from the graph?
Correlational
Researchers examined injury reports for 480 professional football games and determined there was an association between outdoor temperature and number of concussions reported. Which of the following best describes the type of research method used in this study?
As income increases, the likelihood of dental problems decreases.
Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement?
scores in a group differ from the mean of that group
Standard deviation is a measure of how much
Sampling bias
Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to
Psychoanalytic
The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?
Gestalt psychology
The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?
the sample is not randomly chosen and therefore may not be a representative sample
The results of a correlational study involving student volunteers in a psychology laboratory might not apply to the general population because
Hot weather is related to both ice cream sales and snake activity.
There is a strong positive correlation between ice cream sales and instances of snakebites. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this correlation?
Socioculture
Charlie believes anorexia nervosa is the direct result of the emphasis put on thinness in movies, television, and advertisements. Which of the following approaches is most consistent with Charlie's viewpoint?
the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving
Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study
conscious experience
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of
Industrial/organizational
What field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training?
By using a random selection of people in that population
What is the best way to ensure that results of a study are generalizable to a population?
III, II, I, IV
What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Structuralism Humanism
A scatter plot
What type of graph would a researcher use to represent these data?
A study of how reinforcement affects learning
Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology?
Inferential
Which of the following is a statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?
Precise operational definitions
Which of the following is required for a psychological experiment?
9.5
Which of the following is the median of Rachel's scores?
15
Which of the following is the range of Rachel's scores?
-0.90
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
Random assignment
Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments?
Experimental
Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?
Dr. Mast, a psychologist, has a client, Tim, who threatens to seriously harm his brother, Carl. Tim has a history of serious violence and the means to carry out the threat; therefore, Dr. Mast must inform Carl.
Which of the following scenarios is regulated by federal law?
It can be brought about by the individual's expectations.
Which of the following statements best describes the placebo effect?
The mean, the median, and the mode will be the same value.
Which of the following statements describes the mean, median, and mode of a test whose scores are normally distributed?
R=-.90
Which of the following statistics best approximates the relation between the variables?
A study to see if women were more attracted to men who liked children than men who did not like children
Which of the following studies is from an evolutionary perspective?
