Psychology Chapter 10
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of__________.
Carl-Rogers
Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.
False
Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.
False
Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.
False
Describe the structure of personality as proposed by Freud.
Freud believed that there are three psychic structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is present at birth and represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious. The ego is the second structure characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification. Superego functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior.
Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development?
Genital stage
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
Humanistic theorists
__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.
Individualists
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.
Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.
Observational learning is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory. It refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others. For operant conditioning to occur, and organism must first engage in a response, and that response must be reinforced.
The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.
True
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.
anal-stage
The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.
unconscious
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:
collectivists.
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely__________.
conscious--unconscious--and-preconscious
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
feelings of inferiority and the creative self.
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits:__________and emotional stability-instability.
introversion-extraversion
According to Freud, the id follows the__________.
pleasure-principle
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the__________.
reality-principle
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.
self-actualization
According to Carl Rogers,__________refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.
oral stage
The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the__________.
psychosocial-development-theory
__________is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.
Standardization
Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.
True
Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?
A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.
When is the id first present in the mind?
At birth
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses?
Latency stage
Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?
She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.
Explain social cognitive theory.
Social cognitive theory is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables, such as values and expectances, play major roles in individuals differences. It focuses on learning by observations and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.
Describe the focus of the sociocultural perspective. Explain the characteristics of the individualists and the collectivists.
Sociocultural perspective is the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental process. The individualist is a person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to his or her own goals. A collectivist is a person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals.
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?
The five-factor model uses five basic personality factors, not two. These include extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. It is used to describe certain personality structures.
Discuss the differences between the learning-theory perspective and the humanistic-existential perspective of personality.
The learning-theory perspective focuses on behaviors and presume that those behaviors are largely learned. They do NOT theorized in terms of traits. Humanistic-existential perspective focus on self-awareness. It argues that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior.
Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study?
The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor
The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another.
True
The _________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of__________.
unconditional-positive-regard
In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy expectations
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.
self-awareness
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.
self-efficacy expectations