Psychology chapter 15 and 16

Discuss how culture affects how we think about abnormal behavior.

-In traditional societies human distress is more likely to be seen as an indicator of the need to address important life problems than as a mental disorder requiring treatment. -Western~ Eating disorders and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are almost completely unheard of in many cultures. -In other African cultures many people will have problems with dead ancestors (seeing them hearing them etc.)

What are the three main "types" of drugs used in drug therapy?

1. Anti-psychotic 2. Antidepressant 3. Anti-anxiety

Describe token economy. Give an example of a token economy.

A token economy is when individuals are rewarded for positive behaviors with tokens that they could cash in for real rewards. An example would be a second grade classroom where kids are rewarded with poker chips for picking up toys, doing their work in a timely fashion, and helping others. The kids can later spend these chips at the school store.

Describe the characteristics of dependent PD.

Allows others to take over and run their life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on her own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone; belongs in cluster C

What is meant by electroconvulsive therapy and when is it used?

Also known as ECT is using elictrical shocks to treat depression. It induces seizures to alleviate the effects of severe depression only after all safer forms of drug therapy have failed.

As a child, Mark took pleasure in hurting animals and children smaller than he. Now that he is an adult, he says he likes people to fear him and is considered a bully in his office. Mark could be diagnosed as having _________ personality disorder.

Antisocial

The ________ personality tends to be selfish and lacking remorse.

Antisocial

Describe aversive conditioning. Give an example of aversive conditioning.

Aversive conditioning used unpleasant stimulus to stop the undesirable behavior. An example from the textbook was the pill Antabuse. When taken with alcohol this pill would induce negative consequences like nausea and vomiting. This helped alcoholics quit because they would now associate alcohol with unpleasant consequences.

What are some of the techniques a behaviorist therapist might use?

Behaviorist therapists may use techniques such as: classical counterconditioning. aversive conditioning, virtual reality therapy, exposure therapy, and counterconditioning.

Eugenie's relationships with her friends tends to be very stormy and unstable. She is extremely possessive of their loyalty and is very jealous of other people in her friends' lives. Her moods are intense and unpredictable. Eugenie could be classified as having ________ personality disorder.

Borderline

Melissa is having frequent crises in her relationship with her boyfriend. Sometimes she idolizes him and insists she cannot live without him; other times she is harshly critical of him and wants to end the relationship permanently. What disorder does she most likely have?

Borderline

What would be the focus of behavioral therapy?

Change clients' undesirable behavior by teaching them new, more constructive behavior.

Describe the characteristics of somatoform disorder

Constantly thinking about sympthoms you feel pysically. See the docto a lot and assume the worse about your health. Barely functions b/c you are concern of your health and experience a. Lot of emotional and physical distress Pain is the most comon symthom

Describe the characteristics of antisocial PD.

Continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies before the age of 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings of remorse over misdeeds; belongs in cluster B

Manual used by therapists that is a classification system that categorizes mental disorders on the basis of their symptoms.

DSM

What is DSM?

DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for psychology. The DSM mainly focuses on symptoms of disorders and stats such as general gender and age for disorders. It is used by doctors to diagnose patients.

Describe the characteristics of histrionic PD.

Excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others' attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention; belongs in cluster B

Describe the characteristics of paranoid PD.

Harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders; belongs in cluster A

Describe the characteristics of narcissistic PD.

Overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitles to special treatment form others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy; belongs in cluster B

Freda. Is about to write her LPN Liscencing chest pain, increased pulse,nausea and disorientation. These symptoms are an example what disorder?

Panic

Define personality disorder

People with personality disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment. Generally, individuals with these disorders exhibit enduring personality styles that are extremely troubling and often create problems for them and those they come into contact with. Their maladaptive personality styles frequently bring them into conflict with others, disrupt their ability to develop and maintain social relationships, and prevent them from accomplishing realistic life goals.

Define psychopathology

Psychopathology is the study of psychological and behavioral dysfunction occurring in mental illness or in social disorganization.

Define or discuss psychosurgery, what does psychosurgery mean, when is it used?

Psychosurgery is the most extreme form of bioligical treatment. It is any phsyical alteration of the brain.

Describe the characteristics of avoidant PD.

Socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they prove embarrassing; belongs in cluster C

Define personality

The term personality refers loosely to one's stable, consistent, and distinctive way of thinking about, feeling, acting, and relating to the world.

A type of therapy designed to make a person give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.

aversion conditioning

On Monday, Matt felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. On Tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic, and thought that the future looked very grim. Matt would most likely be diagnosed as having ___________ disorder.

bi-polar

Michael has a low self-esteem and feels that certain areas of his body are hideous. As a result, he has had multiple surgeries to correct his "defects". With each "correction" he discovers a new defect that needs attending. Michael suffers from ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

An unusual state called "waxy flexibility" is sometimes observed in __________ schizophrenia

catatonic

Mutism, stupor, and a marked decrease in responsiveness to the environment are often seen in ___________.

catatonic

Hank from King of the Hill walked in on his mother and her boyfriend engaging in an "adult act". Hank was so disturbed by the experience that he immediately went blind. The physician could not find a physical cause for Hank's sudden blindness. Hank may be suffering from ___________ disorder.

conversion

During the middle ages, abnormal behavior was attributed to supernatural forces. This is called _______.

demonology

A person who has an extreme lack of self-confidence and who allows others to run his or her life is said to have a(n) __________ personality.

dependent

________ schizophrenia is characterized by silliness, laughter, and bizarre behavior.

disorganized

Carson recently lost his job and has a great debt accumulated from gambling. He also has been feeling extreme pressure about not being able to take care of his eight children. After having too much to drink, Carson ran over a child crossing the street. Immediately following this episode, Carson could not remember who he was. This example illustrates __________.

dissociative amnesia

A rare condition in which separate personalities exist in the same person is called ________.

dissociative identity

_________ disorder often begins in childhood as a result of extreme sexual and physical abuse.

dissociative identity

This treatment is used for extreme depression.

electroconvulsive therapy

Person says whatever comes to mind without censoring thoughts.

free association

Roger has been extremely anxious for much of the past year, but can't explain why. There is a good chance that he is experiencing _______ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Barbara is often noticed for her flair for clothing, her engaging conversations (later perceived by the listener as empty of content), and her charming and extraverted personality. She appears to be self-assured and independent. She enjoys attention. Barbara has a ___________ personality.

histrionic

Poppy was a hungry child who often did not have enough to eat. Now as an adult, she "collects" food. She turned one of the bedrooms in her house into a pantry that is lined with shelves that she has stocked will hundreds of cans and boxes of food. She feels high anxiety when any item runs low. What disorder does she have?

hoarding

John is has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration. He feels that he deserves special treatment in all situations. John has a(n) _____________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Julie can't stop thinking about germs and dirt. She spends all day cleaning her house. Her disorder is the result of an imbalance in neurotransmitters. She is suffering from ____________ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

A person who mistrusts others and is hypersensitive and guarded may be classified as a(n) __________ personality disorder.

paranoid

__________ schizophrenia usually involves delusions of persecution and grandeur.

paranoid

Persons who are excessively narcissistic, dependent, or antisocial are characterized as having a _________ disorder.

personality

Janis is terrified of clowns. She will not attend any event if she thinks there may be a clown present. Janis can be said to have a _________ disorder.

phobic

Bill is a World War II veteran and is awoken every night by nightmares of events that occur when he was fighting overseas.

post-traumatic

When Sara returned from combat in the Gulf War, she began experiencing high anxiety that has persisted without any improvement. This example illustrates which anxiety related disorder?

post-traumatic stress

Terry is a loner. He prefers to work alone, does not like to socialize and seems to take little pleasure in life. Terry may be diagnosed as having a _______ personality disorder.

schizoid

A treatment for phobias in which the patient creates a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations, then is taught relaxation techniques prior to being exposed to items on the hierarchy, beginning with the lowest and moving up the list as he/she becomes comfortable with each feared situation.

systematic desensitization

Jane gives the children in her class room stars for good behavior. At the end of the week they may turn in the stars for access to the "special toy box". Jane is using what type of operant conditioning to promote positive behaviors.

token economy

A hole bored, chipped or bashed into the skull of the patient, presumably to relieve pressure or release evil spirits.

trepanning

Because there is considerable overlap among the types of schizophrenia, and because patterns of behavior shift over time, many patients are simply classified as suffering from __________ schizophrenia.

undifferentiated

Maggie spends most of her day riding the city buses with the pass given to her from her parents. She is often seen wearing layers of clothing, even in the summer and most of the time has her slip on over her dress. She giggles a lot and when talking with you, her words are not in order. Maggie may have ___________ schizophrenia.

undifferentiated

George is a very intelligent man with a successful career. For the past eight months he has had difficulty sleeping, has been extremely tired, irritable and has been having feelings of worthlessness. George may be classified as having _____ disorder.

uni-polar

Allen is meticulous about his work as well as everything else he does. His motto is everything has a place and everything should be in its place. He is constantly straightening his desk and does not like it when someone disturbs his "order". Which personality disorder may Allen have?

Obsessive Compulsive

Discuss some of the early beliefs regarding the causes of abnormal behavior. What were some of the ways our ancestors attempted to cure abnormal behaviors.

Mental illness was believed to be caused by demons or spirits taking over someones body. In order to cure this the "demon" would be tied down and have their skull punctured. It could also be treated with a exorcism or torture.

List the subgroups of somatoform disorder and provide the characteristics of each subgroup

Undifferent Somatoform disorder: When you have pain for over 6 months, but there is no medical condition for it. Hypochondriasis: The belief that even though medical tests proved nothing is wrong with you,you still believe it is Somatoform Autonomic Dysfuction: when you generalized the pain around an organ Conversion Disorder: happens after a traumatic event and causes your sense and sometimes movement to be impaired Pain Disorder: when you have pain all over your body, but there is no cause. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: when you have an obsession with a physical flaw, even if it's fake Unspecific Somatoform Disorder: when you have 2 or more of these disorder

Describe the characteristics of borderline PD

Unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures; belongs in cluster B

Discuss the criteria used to define abnormal behavior.

Unusualness (strange personality) -Social Deviance -Emotional Distress -Maladaptive Behavior -Dangerousness -Anything we wouldn't consider "in the norm"

Jim is in a constant state of anxiety and also has brief, sudden periods of panic. He also believes these periods of panic will occur when he's in a public location; therefore, Jim is afraid to leave his house. Jim's diagnosis is

agoraphobia