Psychology Chapter 16
Roughly, what percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents?
80%
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae conducted the ______ Study, which uses the Big Five factors of personality to track adult personality development.
Baltimore
Which of the following statements is reflective of current trends in family living arrangements for parents in middle age?
Because of uncertain economic times, the refilling of the empty nest is becoming a common occurrence.
Why are middle-aged adults sometimes described as the "sandwich" generation?
Because they must care for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents
Which of the following statements regarding friendships in middle adulthood is true?
Friendships that begin in childhood and remain into middle adulthood are deeper than those formed in middle adulthood.
Which theorist asserted that midlife is not a crisis for most people?
George vaillant
Who conducted the "Grant Study," which involved Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates?
George vaillant
Which researcher headed the study of 132 women at Mills College in the late 1950s?
Ravenna helson
Following the "Grant Study," Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his/her forties?
Reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years
The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors, EXCEPT
excitability
Friendships that begin in childhood and remain into adulthood are often _________ than those that begin in middle adulthood.
deeper
Grandparents who are full-time caregivers for grandchildren are at elevated risk for all of the following, EXCEPT
dementia
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
determining life goals
The finding of a recent study on divorce and relationships with grandparents revealed that when children's relationships with their father deteriorated after a divorce, their relationships with their paternal grandparents were ______.
distant, negative, or nonexistent
When parents experience a sharp drop in marital satisfaction after adult children leave the home, this is known as ___ ___ syndrome.
empty nest
Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing ______.
empty nest syndrome
Which of the following defines the social clock?
the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks
True or false. In their Baltimore Study, Costa and McCrae found relative stability in the big five factors of personality across adulthood; however, recent studies have found greater variability over the course of the life span.
true
Which of the following pairs is most likely to have the closest relationships during their adult years?
mothers and daughters
In general, high scores on the Big Five factor of ______ are associated with less optimal life outcomes.
neuroticism
Having a positive outlook on life and minimizing problems is known as ___
optimism
Who of the following are the most likely to experience a decline in marital satisfaction?
parents who experience the empty nest syndrome after living vicariously through their children
The main way in which grandparenting has changed in recent decades is
more grandparents are raising their grandchildren.
In general, the role demands between work and family are
more intense for women than for men
Grandparents over the age of 65 were ______ grandparents younger than 65 to interact with their grandchildren in a formal style.
more likely than
Recent studies revealed that middle-aged adults were ______ their counterparts in late adulthood to view their relationships with indifference or ambivalence.
more likely than
By 2020, experts project that _____ of children at 30 years of age will still have living grandparents.
80%
Which of the following methods did George Vaillant employ in his longitudinal studies?
1. numerous assessments 2. extensive interviews
Which statements are true about the roles of grandparents in their grandchildren's lives?
1. Caring for children helps parents remain in the workforce. 2. They often play a particularly important role after family crises.
Who among the following groups of adult children are most likely to provide social support for their older parents?
1. Children who spent more time in shared activities with their parents 2. Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives
The Mills College Study distinguished which of the following main groups among the Mills College women?
1. Family-oriented women 2. Career-oriented women 3. Women without children who pursued low-level work
Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
1. He only studied men, but claims his results apply to women as well. 2. He drew conclusions about early adulthood, without actually studying anyone in that age range.
Which statements are true about Mexican families' intergenerational stresses that result from immigration?
1. Immediate family members may be separated, with some immigrating before others. 2. Acculturative stress can be a challenge, when traditional values conflict with those of American culture.
Which of the following are typical outcomes when adult children move back in with parents?
1. Parents and children both complain about loss of privacy. 2. Children appreciate their parents' support. 3. There are logistical challenges surrounding noise, meal planning, etc.
Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
1. Respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their past. 2. The original Levinson data included no females. 3. Levinson's work included no statistical analysis.
Which two theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?
1. Robert mccrae 2. Paul costa
Which of the following statements about grandparenting and longevity are TRUE?
1. The current trend in delaying childbearing is likely to offset the increasing longevity of grandparents somewhat. 2. In 1900, only 4% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents. 3. In 2000, 40% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents.
Which of the following are drawbacks of the contemporary life-events approach?
1. The life-events approach doesn't account for the impact of daily stressful experiences on development. 2. The life-events approach places too much emphasis on change. 3. The life-events approach does not recognize the stability of adult development.
Which of the following are true statements about perceptions of personal control?
1. Young adults are more likely than older adults to feel invulnerable. 2. Perceptions of personal control tend to peak in midlife.
Men are more likely than women to react to stress with a fight-or-flight approach, which can involve ______. (Select all that apply.)
1. alcohol abuse 2. aggressive behaviors 3. social isolation
Research indicates that personality ______ throughout adulthood, but there is greater ______ in personality during middle adulthood.
1. changes 2. stability
According to Erikson, which of the following are ways in which middle-aged adults can develop generativity?
1. cultural generativity 2. biological generativity 3. work generativity
According to Levinson, what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood?
1. developing a stable life structure 2. exploring the possibilities for adult living
In what ways does immigration increases intergenerational stresses on Mexican families?
1. discrepancies between acculturation levels within the family 2. separation of immediate and extended family members 3. relocation to a new community without a social network
The three main styles of grandparenting are fun-seeking, ___, and ___
1. distant 2. formal
Which of the following responses to stress are more common among men than women?
1. drinking 2. isolating themselves 3. trying to solve the problem themselves
Which of the following are part of the Big Five factors of personality?
1. extraversion 2. openness 3. agreeableness
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern, while women are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern.
1. fight or flight 2. tend and befriend
Research has shown that having an optimistic outlook on life is generally associated with which of the following?
1. greater relationship satisfaction 2. longer life 3. better physical health
George Vaillant used data collected from individuals when they were 50 to predict whether they would end up in which of the following categories?
1. happy-well 2. dead 3. sad-sick
According to Vaillant, which of the following behaviors at age 50 were linked to reaching 80 in a good place?
1. healthy weight and exercise 2. mature adaptations and quality education 3. stable marriage 4. not smoking or abusing alcohol
Which of the following are reasons that have contributed to rising divorce rates among middle-aged and older adults?
1. less stigma surrounding divorce 2. the increase in remarriages 3. women are less dependent on husbands for income
In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes the qualities of ______.
1. loyalty 2. security 3. mutual emotional interest
Parents and their adult children are ______ similar in areas of politics and religion and ______ similar in gender roles and work orientation.
1. more 2. less
Because many middle-aged adults today are responsible for their children as well as for their aging parents, what names are given to this generation?
1. overload 2. squeezed 3. sandwich
On average, a sense of personal control _______ in midlife and then ______.
1. peaks 2. declines
In which TWO of the following areas are parents and their adult children most similar?
1. religion 2. politics
George Vaillant performed longitudinal studies of adult development and aging on which threeof the following groups?
1. socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920 2. middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910 3. socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930
Which of the following are some of the main reasons middle-aged and older women gave for initiating a divorce?
1. verbal, physical, or emotional abuse 2. alcohol or drug abuse 3. cheating
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
By middle age, more than ______ percent of middle aged adults provide care for parents or parents-in-law.
40
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
40s
The view that adults experience a midlife crisis was espoused by
Daniel Levinson
Which of the following statements about divorce in middle adulthood is FALSE?
Divorce is more positive in every respect for adults in middle adulthood than for those in early adulthood.
Which of the following statements is true regarding concepts of middle age across cultures?
It is common in nonindustrialized societies to describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged.
Which of the following statements about intergenerational relationships is FALSE?
Married men and women are more likely to have contact with their parents than divorced or never-married individuals.
Which of the following statements regarding the stresses experienced by young adults versus those experienced by middle-aged adults is true?
Middle-aged adults were more likely to experience "overload" stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once.
Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life?
The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies
Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.
What do recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents?
They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.
According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?
When they believe they have done nothing for the next generation
George Vaillant asserted that ______ experience a midlife crisis.
a minority of people
According to Levinson, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to terms with during the transition to middle adulthood?
being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands
The ___ Longitudinal Studies profiled more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life.
berkeley
The ______ study found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.
berkeley
In an AARP survey of 40- to 79-year-olds who were divorced at least once in their 40s, 50s, or 60s, which of the following was the MAIN reason they stayed married as long as they did before divorcing?
children
The majority of sibling relationships in middle adulthood can be described as
close
Historical contexts are also known as ___ effects.
cohort
The term ______ refers to the fact that groups of individuals born during the same time period act and react according to a shared set of historical and social expectations.
cohort effects
According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age?
commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both
Romantic love tends to be stronger in early adulthood, while ______ love tends to be stronger in middle adulthood.
companionate
Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily hassle in middle age?
concerns about weight
According to recent research, which of the Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?
conscientiousness
Compared to younger adults, most individuals in midlife who are married voice ______ with their marriages.
considerable satisfaction
The ___ context of adult development includes the ways in which a society defines adulthood.
cultural
Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of
extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men.
A limitation of the contemporary life-events approach is that it
fails to address daily experiences that may also be a source of stress.
Which of the following responses was the most common reason men cited for initiating a divorce?
falling out of love
What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?"
family
In a recent study of part-time grandparent caregivers, _____ effects were found.
few negative
Men are more likely than women to react to stress with a ______ approach, which can involve isolating themselves, turning to alcohol or drugs, or being aggressive.
fight-or-flight
Which grandparenting style is associated with the avoidance of giving parenting advice?
formal
In which of the following areas are parents and adult children LEAST similar?
gender roles
According to Erikson, ___ occurs in middle adulthood and encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves.
generativity
Forty year old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of ___
generativity
Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop ___ according to Erikson
generativity
When adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward ______.
generativity
Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have ______ contact with grandchildren.
more
George Vaillant's study, called the " ___ Study," involved Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates.
grant
Which of the following is one of the three longitudinal studies conducted by George Vaillant?
grant study
Which of the following is NOT a life characteristic reported by women in their fifties as opposed to women in other age periods?
greater self-doubt
According to Vaillant, which of the following characteristics at the age of 50 was NOT predictive of being in the "happy-well" category at 75 to 80 years of age?
having wealth and income
Stage theories of adult development have, collectively, been criticized for
ignoring individual variation in people's experiences.
In the past few decades, divorce rates in the United States have
increased for older adults, but decreased for young adults.
Marital satisfaction typically ______ after adult children leave home.
increases
Which of the following is not a style of grandparenting described by researchers?
intermittent
According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a
midlife consciousness.
The ______ profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development.
mills college study
Which of the following is NOT a common reason that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role for their grandchildren?
personal preference
The Baltimore Study by Costa and McCrae assessed ______ in adulthood.
personality
As opposed to the model of the "sandwich" generation, in which the middle generation cares for grown children and aging parents simultaneously, some experts believe middle-aged adults belong to a "______" generation that alternates between the care of grown children and aging parents.
pivot
The term "___" generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.
pivot
As adult children become middle-aged, they often develop more ______ perceptions of their parents.
positive
Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily uplift in middle age?
relating well with a spouse or lover
Women are more likely than men to react to stress with a tend-and-befriend approach, which can involve
seeking social alliances
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
self-control
According to Neugarten, the ___ ___ is the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.
social clock
According to Erikson, ___ develops when middle-aged adults sense they have not done anything for the next generation.
stagnation
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of ___
stagnation
Women are more likely than men to react to stress with a ______ approach, which focuses on seeking out social support.
tend-or-befriend
The process by which, over time, people become more adept at interacting with the environment and in ways that promote increased stability in personality can be described as
the cumulative personality model.
Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician's assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this ______.
the dream
Which of the following views states that middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give meaning to their lives?
the individual variations view
What was the name of Daniel Levinson's report on his extensive interviews with middle-aged men?
the seasons of a mans life
The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following, EXCEPT
the stability of one's personality over time.
True or false: As divorce and remarriage have become more common, most states have passed laws giving grandparents the right to petition a court for visitation privileges with their grandchildren, even if a parent objects.
true
True or false: It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood.
true
Married men were more likely to be involved with which family group?
wives kin
Which of the following is NOT a main group of women identified in Helson's Mills College Study?
women who wanted to be single and raise a child
Which of the following groups experiences the highest rate of daily stressors as opposed to "overload" stressors?
young adults
